Genre

Nonfiction

Comprehension Skill

Alike and Different

Text Features

• • • •

Captions Labels Diagrams Glossary

Science Content

Earth and Space

Scott Foresman Science 2.12

ISBN 0-328-13803-7

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Vocabulary axis constellation crater orbit phase rotation solar system

Picture Credits Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). Opener: Planetary Visions Ltd/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 1 Getty Images; 3 Getty Images; 4 (TR) Getty Images; 5 (Bkgd) Brand X Pictures, (B) image100; 9 ©Comstock Inc.; 10 Brand X Pictures; 14 ©Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; 15 ©Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; 16 (T) Mike Segar/Reuters/Corbis, (BR) Getty Images; 19 (TR) Mike Segar/Reuters/Corbis; 20 NASA Image Exchange; 23 (CR) ©JPL/NASA. Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 17 NASA/DK Images; 19 (CA) NASA/DK Images; 22 (TR, CRB, CLA) NASA/DK Images, (CLB) NASA/Finley Holiday Films/DK Images; 23 (C) Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL)/DK Images. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright © of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson.

ISBN: 0-328-13803-7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

What did you learn? 1. Why is the Sun important for living things? 2. What is a crater? 3.

The solar system is everything that moves, or orbits, around our Sun. On your by Wolf Shelton own paper, write to tell about some of the planets, or other objects in our solar system. Use words from the book as you write.

4.

Alike and Different How are the Sun and the Moon alike? How are they different?

The Sun

a flare of hot gas from the Sun

Stars are made of hot, glowing gases. The Sun is a star. It is made of hot, glowing gases. The Sun is the closest star to Earth. This is why it looks bigger and brighter than other stars. The Sun is so big and bright that you cannot see other stars during the day.

This is a photo of the Sun in space.

2

3

We Need the Sun The Sun is much larger than Earth. It looks small in the sky because it is very far away. One million Earths could fit inside the Sun!

4

The Sun is important for life on Earth. The Sun gives heat and light. People, plants, and animals need heat and light to live.

5

Day and Night This picture shows a line through the center of Earth. The line is not real. It is imaginary. It is called Earth’s axis.

Earth is always moving in a circle around its axis. Moving around an axis is called rotation. Each day Earth makes one rotation.

Earth’s axis

Earth rotates, or moves, around its axis.

6

7

Day and night happen because Earth rotates. For some hours, the part of Earth where you live faces the Sun. Then it is daytime for you. For some hours, the part of Earth where you live faces away from the Sun. Then it is nighttime for you.

Why does the Sun move in the sky? The Sun looks like it moves in the sky. It does not really move. Earth turns on its axis and moves in and out of the Sun’s light. This makes it seem like the Sun is moving across the sky.

light from the Sun Can you see where it is daytime? Can you see where it is nighttime?

8

9

In the morning when the Sun rises, it is low in the sky. We talk about the Sun coming up, but really, the part of Earth where you live is just moving into the Sun’s light. At noon the Sun looks like it is in the middle of the sky.

In the evening, it may look like the Sun is moving down. Really, the part of Earth where you live is moving out of the Sun’s light. The Sun does not go away. It shines on the other side of Earth. You just cannot see it where you live.

noon Sun

sunrise

sunset

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Seasons Earth is tilted on its axis. Earth also moves around the Sun. It takes one year for Earth to move all the way around the Sun. Earth’s movement around the Sun is called its orbit. Earth’s tilt and its orbit around the Sun make seasons happen. Here it is summer for people living in the top half of Earth.

12

When the part of Earth where you live tilts toward the Sun, it is summer or spring. When the part of Earth where you live tilts away from the Sun, you have winter or fall.

Here it is winter for people living in the top half of Earth.

13

The Night Sky

The Sun is a huge star close to Earth. This is why you can see the Sun in the daytime. You can see other stars at night. They look smaller than the Sun because they are very far away.

The bright stars in Orion make the shape of a hunter.

You can see the constellation Orion in the sky. Find the three bright stars in a line that make his belt.

14

People made up stories about stars. They imagined lines connecting groups of stars, like a game of “Connect the Dots.” Each picture they saw is called a constellation. Constellations are groups of stars.

15

The Moon has deep craters. A crater is a big hole. Large rocks from space crashed into the Moon and made craters. The Moon also has mountains. craters on the Moon

The Moon The Moon is the brightest object we can see in the night sky. Sometimes you can see the Moon in the daytime. the Moon in the daytime

16

17

The Moon’s Changes Earth moves in an orbit around the Sun. At the same time, the Moon moves in an orbit around Earth. It takes about four weeks for the Moon to make one orbit around Earth.

Earth Moon

Can you trace Earth’s orbit and the Moon’s orbit with your finger?

The Moon looks like it changes shape each night. Really, the Moon always stays the same shape. When you see the Moon from Earth you are seeing light from the Sun falling on the Moon in different ways.

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19

Sometimes the Moon looks like a circle. You are looking at one lit up side of the Moon. Sometimes the Sun only shines on a little part of the Moon.

Sometimes you cannot see the Moon at all. This is because none of the Sun’s light is touching the Moon. The shape of the light part of the Moon is called a phase.

20

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The Solar System The solar system is everything that moves, or orbits, around the Sun. This includes the nine planets and their moons. Earth is one of the nine planets.

Look at the picture of our solar system. Can you find the Sun in the middle? Can you name the other planets?

Pluto

Saturn Mars Venus

Sun

Jupiter

Neptune Uranus

Mercury

Earth

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Vocabulary

Glossary axis constellation an imaginary line through the axis crater center of Earth orbit phase constellation a group of stars that form rotation a picture solar system crater

a bowl-shaped hole on a moon or planet made by crashing rocks

orbit

a path around something

phase

the Moon’s shape that we can see

Picture Credits Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

rotation

movement around an axis

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). Opener: Planetary Visions Ltd/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 1 Getty Images; 3 Getty Images; 4 (TR) Getty Images; 5 (Bkgd) Brand X Pictures, (B) image100; 9 ©Comstock Inc.; 10 Brand X Pictures; 14 ©Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; 15 ©Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; 16 (T) Mike Segar/Reuters/Corbis, (BR) Getty Images; 19 (TR) Mike Segar/Reuters/Corbis; 20 NASA Image Exchange; 23 (CR) ©JPL/NASA.

solar system

the nine planets and other objects that orbit around the Sun

Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 17 NASA/DK Images; 19 (CA) NASA/DK Images; 22 (TR, CRB, CLA) NASA/DK Images, (CLB) NASA/Finley Holiday Films/DK Images; 23 (C) Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL)/DK Images. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright © of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson.

ISBN: 0-328-13803-7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

24

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

What did you learn? 1. Why is the Sun important for living things? 2. What is a crater? 3.

The solar system is everything that moves, or orbits, around our Sun. On your own paper, write to tell about some of the planets, or other objects in our solar system. Use words from the book as you write.

4.

Alike and Different How are the Sun and the Moon alike? How are they different?

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