Albanian j. agric. sci. ISSN: 2218-2020, (2012), Nr. 4/Vol. 11 © Agricultural University of Tirana

THE EFFECT OF PELLET FEED ON THE PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT’S DIGESTIBILITY OF WEANED PIGLETS. FLUTURA SALA1 ETLEVA DELIA2* 1

Agricultural Regional Directory of Durres, Albania

2

Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania

* Author of correspondence; Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Pig production in Albania was extensive and hygiene conditions in pig stalls were often poor. Under these conditions a positive impact of pellet feed on production parameters of weaned piglets could be expected. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pellet and meal feed on performance parameters: body weight (BW), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ration (FCR) and apparent nutrient digestibility (AND) of weaned piglets. Forty weaned piglets, divided in two groups (control and experimental group) were located on a trial at 28 days of age, for 6 weeks experimental period. The utilization of pellet feed improved growth performance: Body weight 2.5%, daily weight gain 2.7%, feed intake 1.1% and feed conversion ratio, 1.6%, more than control group, for whole experimental period. Fibre digestibility was slightly increased and fat digestibility was slightly decreased. Overall a positive effect of pellet feed on growth performance was observed. There were not statistical significances for all production parameters. Based on the achieved results in the present investigations, it could be concluded that the utilization of pellet feed led to an improvement of the production parameters in pigs, especially under the extremely extensive farm conditions like these in Albanian farms of pig production. Keywords: piglets; pellet feed; performance parameters; nutrient’s digestibility.

1. Introduction The nutritive rations and its ingredients are the biggest input in the total production cost. Feed cost at non ruminant animals is around 80% of the total production cost. The scope nowadays is that: the industrialization of animal production and the increase of animal productivity must be accompanied with low cost of production. This means high effectiveness of feed-utilization via the diet. Pellet production technology is one of different methods of feed-processing, utilized in pigs and poultry nutritive ration. • Some advantages of this method are as follow: • The animals have not possibility to select the special ingredients of nutritive ration. • Improvement of feed-conversion ratio, kg feed/kg weight gain. • Low cost/ production unit The on-growing animals in our farms face with a lot of difficulties such as: drawback of sanitaryhygienic and microclimatic conditions, unbalanced diets which influence in final production. Overall the determination of the right method of feed processing

should influence to minimize the effect of stressing factors also. 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Keeping conditions The animal trials were carried out in a private farm of pigs. Forty piglets (White x Duroc) of four litters were transferred after weaning (28 days) to Flat-Deck and randomly allocated to 2 groups with 20 animals (10 male and 10 female). The basal diet (see Table 1) was the same for control and experimental group. The diet was offered ad libitum and animals had free access to water. All pellets and meal for the same stage of growth were manufactured to the same factory. The environmental and microclimatic conditions have been at optimal levels, according to the requirements for weaned piglets. 2.2. Experiment design: • •

Preparatory period as an adaptation period lasted for 5 days. Experimental period lasted for 42 days. The animals were feed with the same nutritive ration, but different form of feed processing.

Sala & Delia Table 1. Diet composition and calculated nutrient concentration.

Diet composition (g/kg feed) Maize Soybean meal Soya oil Fish meal Limestone Monocalcium phosphate Vitamin -mineral premixa L-Lysine Methionine+cystine Threonine Tryptophane

620 275 50 30 10 15 12 10 10 10 3

Nutrient concentration (g/kg feed) ME (MJ/kg) Crude protein Crude fat Crude fibre Calcium Posphorus Lysine Methionine+Cystine Threonine Tryptophane

12.82 197.8 34.3 31.4 9.10 7.68 11.77 7.64 8.04 2.37

a

Contents in 1 kg: 1,200,000 IE vit. A, 120,000 IE vit. D3, 4000 mg vit. E, 200 mg vit. B1, 600 mg Vit. B2, 2500 mg Niacin, 400 mg Vit. B6, 4500 µg Vit. B12, 20,000 µg Biotin, 1800 mg Pantothenic acid, 160 g Na, 50 g Mg,10,000 mg Zn, 7500 mg Fe, 7500 mg Mn, 150 mg J, 70 mg Co and 40 mg Se. Table 2. The experiment design. Period Preparatory Experimental

Day 5 42

Control group Meal feed Meal feed

Experimental group Meal feed Pellet feed

in this experiment, no significant performance differences were seen between these commercial diets. Pellets were subject to standard quality control procedures in the pellet plant and as such it is known that all pellets produced achieved results greater than 90% when subjected to the Holmen test.

During six weeks period body weight (BW), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), kg feed/kg body weight gain were measured weekly. Recording of live weight and food intake data, piglets were weighed on the day of weaning, followed by weekly weighing thereafter. An ear tag identified individual animals. Once the animals were weaned, feed refusals were weighed back on a weekly basis during the post weaning period. This allowed calculations of apparent feed intake and feed conversion ratios to be made. The apparent nutrient digestibility was determined by the indicator method during the last week of the experiment using chromium (III) oxide (0.5%). Data are presented as arithmetic means with standard deviations (Mean ± SD). One-way analysis of variance "ANOVA" (ANOVA-single factor) and Student’s t-test (P< 0.05) were performed to test the differences between effects of pellet and meal feed.

3. Results and Discussion The utilization of pellet feed improved growth performance: Body weight 2.5%, daily weight gain 2.7%, feed intake 1.1% and feed conversion ratio, 1.6%, more than control group, for whole experimental period. Dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre digestibility was slightly increased respectively 1,2%, 0,6% and 2,8%, compare to the control group. Fat digestibility was slightly decreased 1,4% compare to the control. Caused by the high coefficient of variation the differences were not significant. Similar experiments were performed by different authors and are still performing all around the world regarding the same argument. In 10 experiments with weaned pigs [4] showed that the daily weight gain was increased 12.3±9.4% in the group treated with fermented humid food in comparison with the group fed with dry (non pelletized) food. The same authors showed that the weaned pigs fed with fermented humid food were 13.4±7.1% in group treated with fresh humid food. In two experiments [7] compared

2.3. Pellet characteristics. Pellet diameter is often quoted in the commercial literature used by feed manufacturers to sell their product with the general opinion that smaller diameter pellets are better at promoting feed intake in young pigs [3]. The pellets were made by a commercial piglet starter feed manufacturer and as such are representative of the types of diets that would be available commercially, in such an environment pellets would only be described by their diameter, and

276

The effect of pellet feed on the performance and nutrient’s digestibility of weaned piglets.

the effect of utilization of fresh humid food and pelletized dry food in different categories of pigs:

weaned pigs, on growing pigs and pigs in the last period of growing.

Table 3. The effect of pellet feed on production parameters.

Parameters Production -Initial BW, kg -BW 6th week 2 Feed intake, kg DWG, g ³ FCR 4

n1 10

Control group X ± SD 6.1 ± 1.01 19.8 ± 5.10 25.8 ± 7.04 326 ± 123 1.88 ± 0.48 1

Experimental group X ± SD 6.2 ± 1.07 20.3 ± 5.83 26.1 ± 6.30 335 ± 128 1.85 ± 0.31

Number of animals, (10 piglets/ every group, at the beginning of the experiment) 2 BW at the end of the trial. ³DWG for whole experimental period. 4 FCR for whole experimental period.

.Table 4. Apparent nutrient digestibility, % Parameters Dry matter Crude protein Crude fat Crude fibre

Control group X ± SD 73,24 ± 6,70 77,35 ± 5,06 70,13 ± 3,01 52,03 ± 7,56

Experimental group X ± SD 74,18 ± 6,24 77,80 ± 5,08 69,18 ± 2,58 53,50 ± 7,54

behavioral curiosity, a foodstuff with properties which will encourage approach behavior needs to be found. Whilst it has been shown that when kept in large groups young pigs show higher average daily gains when offered a pellet diet as opposed to meal [6], there is very little data relating to the effects of pellet size or in particular changes in pellet size during the pre/post weaning period. [1] in a preliminary study found that when piglets who were still suckling their dam were offered supplementary solid feed in the form of sow rolls (pellets with a very large diameter), they spent longer periods of time engaged in trough directed behavior than those piglets offered feed in a typical commercial pellet size (2–3 mm diameter.)

In his experiments [2] concluded that the feed conversion ratio was higher in the group treated with dry pelletized food. Because of this the same author proposed that the term “Feed Usage“ should be utilized more often than the term “Feed Intake”. This is because the feeding with humid food has a lot of losing especially in the small piglets after weaning. The improvement of the method of utilization of foods should help to reduce these losing. The food losing should be less when is experimented a method of automatic feeding that distribute in the same ratio the food and the water [8]. The studies of [5] showed that even in the cases when there is a distinguished change in the dynamics of daily weight gain and feed consumption, the influence of pelletized and fresh humid food was showed only in the indexes of carcass (after the animal scarification). Another group of authors [9] showed that the dry matter gained was higher in the group fed with pelletized dry food in comparison with the humid food utilized. The ratio between meat and fat, the percentage of the skin in total were not influenced by the feeding treatments (P>0,05). Piglets by nature however, are very astute, highly inquisitive animals that spend a large proportion of their time investigating their environment [3]. By utilizing and redirecting this exploratory behavior towards the feed trough, it is hypothesized that feed intake would increase. In order to utilize this innate

4. Conclusions •





277

Pellet production technology is one of different methods of feed-processing, utilized in pigs and poultry nutritive ration. Therefore, an intensive research work is carrying out in this topic from many researcher groups in different countries. Based on the achieved results in the present investigations, it could be concluded that the utilization of pellet feed led to an improvement of the production parameters in pigs, especially under the extremely extensive farm conditions like these in Albanian farms of pig production. The utilization of pellet feed has induced slightly the performance parameters like: Body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ration.

Sala & Delia



5. Jorgensen L, Jensen, BB, Poulsen HD: Effects of expanding, pellet and grinding on Salmonella typhimurium infection, growth performance and gastro-intestinal ecosystem in slaughter in pigs (in Danish). Publication no. 426. The National Committee for Pig Production, Copenhagen, Denmark. 1999.

Because of the high coefficient of variation the differences were not significant. Feeding pellet form slightly increased crude fiber digestibility in experimental group. 5. Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the workers and all stuff for technical assistance in the private farm of pigs and also Agrotek -Factory for the support in the manufacturing and pellet production.

6. Laitat M, Vandenheede M, Desiron A, Canart B, Nicks B: Comparison of performance, water intake and feeding behaviour of weaned pigs given either pellets or meal. Animal Science 1999, 69: 491– 499.

6. References

7. Morgan CA, Brooks PH, Campbell A: Influence of in feed antibiotics on the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria starter culture used in the preparation of fermented liquid feed (FLF): In: Proceedings 49-th Annual Meeting of European Associations of Animal Production, Warsaw, Poland 1998: 257.

1. A’Ness P, Horrell R, Chen T: The responsiveness of suckling pigs to solid food presented in different forms. In Animal Choices. Br. Soc. Anim. Sci. Occas. Publ 1997, 20: 115– 116. 2. Brooks PH, Geray TM, Morgan DT, Campbell A: New developments in liquid feeding. Pig Journal 1996, 36: 43-64.

8. Partridge GG, Fischer J, Gregory H, Prior SG: Automated wet feeding of weaned pigs versus conventional dry diet feeding: effects on growth rate and consumption. Animal Production 1992, 54, 484.

3. Edge HL, Dalby JA, Rowlinson P, Varley MA: The effect of pellet diameter on the performance of young pigs. Livestock Production Science 2005, 97: 203-209.

9. Russell PJ, Geary TA, Brooks PH, Campbell A: Performance, water use and effluent output of weaned pigs fed ad-libidum with either dry pellets or liquid feed and the role of microbial activity in the liquid feed. Journal Science Food Agriculture 1996, 72: 8-16.

4. Jensen BB, Mikkelsen LL (1998): Feeding liquid diets to pigs. In: Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman (ed.) Recent advances in Animal Nutrition1998: 107. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.

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the effect of pellet feed on the performance and ...

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pellet and meal feed on performance parameters: body weight (BW), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ration (FCR) and apparent nutrient digestibility. (AND) of weaned piglets. Forty weaned piglets, divided in two groups (control and experimental ...

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