Madras Agric. J. 92 (10-12) : 653 - 659 October-December - 2005

653

STUDY ON THE SLOW RELEASE NPK FERTILIZERS ON THE DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND RHIZOME YIELD OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L.) R. JAGADEESWARAN*, V. MURUGAPPAN and M. GOVINDASWAMY Centre for Soil and Crop Management Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of newly formulated slow release NPK fertilizers (tablets) in turmeric during 2001-2002. Five slow release NPK fertilizers viz., tablet 1, tablet 2, mixture 1, mixture 2 and coated ammonium phosphate, were tested in comparison with conventional fertilizer materials at three NPK levels viz., 75, 100 and 125 per cent of recommended dose. The results of the present study did clearly establish that the wet rhizome yield as well as the dry matter production had increased significantly up to 125 per cent of NPK level applied. Both dry matter production and rhizome yield were significantly higher in plots which received tablet form of slow release NPK fertilizers than other NPK fertilizers. Key words: Turmeric nutrition, Nutrient tablets and mixtures

INTRODUCTION With continuing technological developments and the commercial availability of several slow release fertilizers, their use in agriculture is limited to only about 0.15 per cent of the total worldwide fertilizer consumption (Trenkel, 1997). Only in the past 10 to 15 years, when the use of coated slow release fertilizers / controlled release fertilizers became more common, more emphasis was placed on synchronizing the release pattern of nutrients to the demand of specific crops. There are many forms of slow release fertilizers including those that are coated (sulphur coated, gypsum coated etc.) and chemically modified (ureaform or polyform etc.) which supply either one or two nutrients. The recent introduction of the slow release (SR) fertilizer sources in the form of tablets, mixtures and tar coated ammonium phosphate, which contains all the three major nutrients introduced by Fertilizers And Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT), Cochin, India were tested in the present study. Turmeric being a long duration and high yielding crop, it consumes greater amount of nutrients from the soil as well as from applied fertilizers for a prolonged period. Thus, it is essential

that the fertilizers must be applied in optimal amounts and the release of nutrients from them must be steadily prolonged to match the nutrient needs of the crop over its growth period. Though, turmeric being a high value commercial crop studies on the use of slow release fertilizers are lacking, therefore there is a scope to investigate whether slow release fertilizers may be successfully used in turmeric production. With this background the present experiment was carried out to study the influence of slow release multi-nutrient fertilizers on the dry matter production and rhizome yield of turmeric. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu on a sandy clay loam soil (fine mixed calcareous isohyperthermic Udic Haplustalf) from June 2001 to March 2002 with turmeric (cv. Erode local) as test crop. Representative sample of surface soil (015 cm depth) collected from the experimental field before the start of the experiment was analyzed. The pH of the soil was 8.20 and electrical conductivity (EC) was 0.32 dS/m (1:2.5, soil water suspension). Organic carbon content was 0.963 per cent, KMnO4N was 235 kg/ha, Olsen-P was 24.2 kg/ha and NH4OAc-K was 384 kg/ha.

* Author for correspondence; e-mail: jaga [email protected]

654

R. JAGADEESWARAN, V. MURUGAPPAN and M. GOVINDASWAMY

Five SR NPK sources viz., tablet 1, tablet 2, mixture 1, mixture 2 and coated FACT Ammonium Phosphate (FAP), were tested for their efficacy in the present study. The compositions of these materials are given in Table 1. These five SR NPK sources were tested in comparison with conventional NPK fertilizers viz., urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. These six fertilizer sources were applied at three NPK levels viz., 75, 100 and 125 per cent of recommended dose (150:60:108 kg N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively). Thus, there were totally eighteen treatments (six NPK sources each at three levels), which were replicated three times in a randomized block design. The experimental field was ploughed, leveled and divided into 54 plots of each 20 m2 (5 x 4 m) size. Planting of well matured, disease free turmeric rhizome (cv. Erode local, 10 months duration) was done by following a spacing of 45 cm between the row and 15 cm between hills in each row. The required quantity of N, P2O5 and K 2O as per the level (75, 100 and 125 % of recommended dose) for each plant was satisfied with 4 tablets (in the case of tablets) and its equivalent quantity in the case of mixtures. These slow release fertilizers were applied to their respective plots in two splits, one at 30 th day after planting (DAP) and another at 120th DAP. Two numbers of tablets were placed near the root zone of turmeric crop by making small holes. The mixtures and coated FAP were applied as that of standard fertilizers near to the hill of the turmeric crop on the surface by placement method. The recommended dose of standard fertilizers was applied as urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash. Single super phosphate was applied in a single dose basally on 30th DAP and urea and muriate of potash were applied in five equal splits at monthly interval starting from 30th day after planting. All other routine cultural operations until the harvest of the crop were followed as per the recommendations made in the Crop Production Guide for Horticultural Crops (Anonymous, 2004). Plant sampling was done by destructive method at different growth stages of turmeric crop. Five numbers of turmeric plants were uprooted from the sampling row of each experimental plot at 90th DAP, 180th DAP and at harvest. The uprooted plants were cleaned, separated into shoot and rhizome and

dried in a shade followed by drying in hot air oven at 60°C. The dry weight was recorded and the respective dry matter production was computed. At maturity the dried above ground portion (shoot) was removed 10 days before harvest leaving below ground rhizomes so as to allow the rhizome to mature. The rhizomes were harvested by digging and the wet rhizome yield was recorded. The data were statistically scrutinized as per the method described by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Shoot Data on the influence of different NPK sources on shoot dry matter at various stages of turmeric growth are presented in Table 2. Turmeric crop responded favourably to the tablets and coated FAP, which were significantly superior over mixtures as well as standard fertilizers at 90 DAS. Similar trend was observed at 180 DAS where, tablet 1 (3137 kg/ha) and tablet 2 (3282 kg/ha) at 125 per cent NPK level proved their superiority over other sources. At post harvest stage though there was a reduction in dry matter production, similar trend was observed. The lowest shoot yield was obtained with mixture 1 (1150 kg/ha) at 100 per cent NPK level and the highest with tablet 2 (1790 kg/ha) at 125 per cent NPK level. Rhizome Data on rhizome dry matter production are presented in Table 3. It is evident from the data that tablets form of SR fertilizers significantly influenced the rhizome production at all the three stages. Like shoot dry matter, the rhizome dry matter production was also not significantly influenced by mixture 1. The rhizome production ranged from 888 kg/ha at 90 DAS to 8531 kg/ha at harvest stage with tablet 2 at 125 per cent NPK level. The lowest yield was recorded with mixture 1 at 75 per cent NPK level. Total dry matter The dry matter production at 90 DAS ranged from 1367 kg/ha with mixture 1 at 75 per cent NPK level to 2389 kg/ha with tablet 2 at 125 per cent NPK level (Table 4). The tablet form of SR fertilizers produced significantly higher yield than mixtures. However, the yields obtained with tablet form of fertilizers were at par with coated FAP and standard

STUDY ON THE SLOW RELEASE NPK FERTILIZERS ON THE DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND RHIZOME YIELD OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L.)

fertilizer at the same level. Similar trend was observed at 180 DAS also. The influence of levels of fertilizers on the total dry matter production was also significant. At harvest stage the dry matter production ranged from 7086 kg/ha with mixture 1 at 75 per cent NPK level to 10321 kg/ha with tablet 2 at 125 per cent NPK level. The dry matter production with tablets at 75 per cent NPK level was at par with other SR NPK sources and standard fertilizers at 100 per cent NPK level. Dry matter yield in turmeric shoot, rhizome and total dry matter yield exhibited similar trend. This observation indicated the insufficiency of the presently followed fertilizer optima (blanket fertilizer recommendation) for turmeric and emphasized the need for a more specific study for defining realistic fertilizer optima. Similar increases in the dry matter in turmeric for NPK (graded N up to 200 kg/ha along with 120 kg K per ha) fertilization was reported by Mohanty et al.(1988) and Shashidhar et al. (1997). The tablet form of SR NPK fertilizers were applied by placement at a depth of 5 cm nearer to the rhizosphere. Slow release of nitrogen coupled with reduced losses due to NH3 volatilization and leaching had evidently enhanced nitrogen uptake from the tablets. The mean nitrogen uptake at harvest in mixtures (68 to 76 kg/ha) and standard fertilizer (66 kg/ha), was of low magnitude when compare to tablets (90 to 92 kg/ha) because of increased losses of nitrogen through NH 3 volatilization and leaching due to contact of these sources with larger volume soil as compared to the tablets. Placement of phosphorus fertilizers in the form of tablets in both experiments had significantly enhanced dry matter production as compared to other SR NPK sources and standard fertilizers. Placement of tablets near the rhizosphere soil ensured a higher concentration of P in unit volume of soil solution in the immediate vicinity of turmeric roots. Thus, a higher concentration gradient was set up for the P from the tablets to diffuse faster to the turmeric roots as compared to the P from other sources. Similar beneficial effects of P placement

655

were discussed by Prummel (1957), Reith (1959) and Ryan (1962). In the case of mixtures, coated FAP and standard fertilizers, the volume of the experimental soil, with which these fertilizer materials were in contact on application was large, evidently P reversion reactions had occurred at a faster rate resulting in the fixation of applied P in amounts of higher magnitude as compared to those from tablet form of SR NPK sources. Potassium (muriate of potash) is normally applied by broadcast and very rarely by banded application in soils of low K availability or with high K fixing capacity. Welch et al (1966) have found as much as four times increase in crop response to banded application over broadcast application of K. In the present study, K placed in the form of tablets enhanced K uptake significantly over the uptake from other SR NPK sources. With the high cation exchange capacity of the experimental soils, K loss due to leaching under the experimental situation of garden land condition would never be as significant. Thus, the slow and steady release of K from tablets near the rhizosphere matched the crop uptake. Turmeric being a long duration crop it is essential that the fertilizers must be applied in optimal amount and the release of nutrients from them must be steadily prolonged to match the nutrient needs of the crop over its growth period. The point which deserves mention, is the comparable performance of SR NPK sources viz., tablet 1 and tablet 2 at 75 per cent NPK level to that of straight fertilizer at 100 per cent NPK level. This trend would save 25 per cent of NPK input. The saving of 25 per cent NPK with the use of SR NPK fertilizers has already been realized in rice (Maheswari, 1997) and sugarcane (Mathywathany, 1998). Further, based on the result it is observed that the present day blanket recommendation of 150 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 108 kg K2O per ha is suboptimal and there exist a scope to redefine the fertilizer optima for turmeric.

656

R. JAGADEESWARAN, V. MURUGAPPAN and M. GOVINDASWAMY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited, Cochin, India for their financial assistance to carryout this study. REFERENCES Anonymous. (2004). Crop Production Guide for Horticultural Crops. Department of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India. Maheswari, S.T. (1997). Evaluation of slow release fertilizers on rice. M.Sc.(Ag) thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Mathywathany, G. (1998). Evaluation of slow release fertilizers on sugarcane. M.Sc.(Ag) thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Mohanty, D.G., Sharma, Y.N., Naik, B.S., and Panda, B.S. (1988). Influence of fertilizer-cum-seed rates on yield and performance of ginger clones in the Eastren Ghat highland zone of Orissa. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices J., 4(1), 9-10.

Panse, V.G., and Sukhatme, P.V. (1967). Statistical methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi. Prummel, J. (1957). Fertilizer placement experiments. Plant and Soil, 8, 231-253. Reith, J.W.S. (1959). Fertilizer placement for swedes and turnips. Empire J. Experimental Agriculture, 27, 300-312. Ryan, P.F. (1962). Fertilizer placement for kale. Irish J. Agricultural Research, 1, 231 -236. Shashidhar, T.R., Sulikeri, G.S., and Gasti, V.D. (1997). Effect of different spacing and nitrogen levels on growth attributes and the dry matter production of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) CV. Amalapuram. Mysore J. Agricultural Sciences, 31, 225-229. Trenkel, M.E. (1997). Controlled release and stabilized fertilizers in Agriculture. IFA, Paris. Welch, L.F., Johnson, P.E., McKibben, G.E., Boone, L.V., and Pendleton, I.W. (1966). Relative efficiency of broadcast versus banded potassium for corn. Agronomy Journal, 58, 618-621.

Table 1. Composition of Slow Release NPK sources Formulation

Composition

Tablet 1

Urea formaldehyde, ammonium sulphate, amophos, rock phosphate, muriate of potash and clay (pelletized)

Tablet 2

Phosphogypsum-urea, ammonium sulphate, amophos, rock phosphate, muriate of potash, clay and gypsum (pelletized)

Mixture 1

Mixture of contents of tablet 2

Mixture 2

Mixture of contents of tablet 2 + neem cake

Coated FAP

Coated amophos, urea and muriate of potash (mixture)

STUDY ON THE SLOW RELEASE NPK FERTILIZERS ON THE DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND RHIZOME YIELD OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L.)

Table 2.

657

Shoot dry matter yield (kg/ha) in turmeric with different NPK sources

NPK sources (S) Tablet 1 Levels (L)

Tablet 2

Mixture 1

Mixture 2

Coated FAP

Standard Fertilizer

Mean

90 DAS 75 % NPK

1179

1301

858

951

1183

973

1074

100% NPK

1141

1235

977

1093

1232

1117

1132

125% NPK

1464

1502

1181

1130

1242

1346

1311

Mean

1261

1346

1005

1058

1219

1145

1172

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

53

75

130

CD (p=0.05)

108

153

265 180 DAS

75 % NPK

1986

2049

1901

1948

2002

1918

1967

100% NPK

3106

2918

2436

2376

2363

2323

2587

125% NPK

3137

3282

2415

2357

2600

2425

2703

Mean

2743

2750

2250

2227

2322

2222

2419

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

48

68

118

CD (p=0.05)

98

138

239 Harvest Stage

75 % NPK

1400

1424

1269

1317

1358

1200

1328

100% NPK

1505

1659

1150

1307

1350

1270

1373

125% NPK

1729

1790

1467

1441

1503

1486

1569

Mean

1545

1625

1295

1355

1404

1319

1424

L

S

LxS

SE (d)

17

24

41

CD (p=0.05)

34

48

84

658 Table 3.

R. JAGADEESWARAN, V. MURUGAPPAN and M. GOVINDASWAMY

Rhizome dry matter yield (kg/ha) in turmeric with different NPK sources

NPK sources Levels (L)

Tablet 1

Tablet 2

Mixture 1

Mixture 2

Coated FAP

Standard Fertilizer

Mean

90 DAS 75 % NPK

673

773

509

573

747

583

643

100% NPK

663

741

626

676

706

703

686

125% NPK

872

888

691

664

767

797

780

Mean

736

801

609

637

740

694

703

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

28

39

68

CD (p=0.05)

57

80

139 180 DAS

75% NPK

3120

3450

2438

2778

3053

2671

2918

100% NPK

4408

4680

3126

3281

3385

3338

3703

125% NPK

4768

4930

3650

3690

3599

3506

4024

Mean

4099

4353

3071

3250

3346

3172

3548

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

83

118

205

CD (p=0.05)

170

240

416 Harvest Stage

75 % NPK

6556

6753

5816

5964

6014

5964

6178

100% NPK

7788

8084

6933

6999

6839

7150

7299

125% NPK

8207

8531

7591

7492

7542

7492

7809

Mean

7517

7789

6780

6819

6798

6869

7095

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

127

180

307

CD (p=0.05)

259

367

NS

STUDY ON THE SLOW RELEASE NPK FERTILIZERS ON THE DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND RHIZOME YIELD OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L.)

Table 4.

Total dry matter yield (kg/ha) in turmeric with different NPK sources

NPK sources Levels (L)

Tablet 1

Tablet 2

Mixture 1

659

Mixture 2

Coated FAP

Standard Fertilizer

Mean

90 DAS 75 % NPK

1852

2073

1367

1523

1931

1556

1717

100% NPK

1803

1976

1603

1769

1938

1820

1818

125% NPK

2336

2389

1871

1793

2009

2297

2116

Mean

1997

2146

1614

1695

1959

1891

1884

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

79

112

191

CD (p=0.05)

162

229

NS 180 DAS

75 % NPK

5108

5500

4340

4727

5056

4590

4887

100% NPK

7515

7599

5562

5658

5749

5662

6291

125% NPK

7906

8213

6066

6048

6200

5932

6728

Mean

6843

7104

5323

5478

5668

5395

5968

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

111

158

274

CD (p=0.05)

227

322

558 Harvest Stage

75 % NPK

7956

8178

7086

7282

7372

7165

7507

100% NPK

9294

9743

8083

8307

8190

8420

8673

125% NPK

9936

10321

9058

8934

9045

8978

9379

Mean

9062

9414

8076

8174

8202

8188

8519

L

S

LxS

SE(d)

133

189

327

CD (p=0.05)

271

383

NS

study on the slow release npk fertilizers on the dry ...

field in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu on a sandy clay loam soil (fine mixed calcareous isohyperthermic Udic Haplustalf) from June 2001 to March 2002 with turmeric (cv. .... Empire J. Experimental. Agriculture, 27, 300-312. Ryan, P.F. (1962). Fertilizer placement for kale. Irish. J. Agricultural Research, 1, 231 -236.

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