Recursive linear estimation for discrete time systems in the presence of different multiplicative observation noises C. Sánchez-González1,*, T.M. García-Muñoz1 1

Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa,

Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, s/n, 18011, Granada, Spain

Abstract This paper describes a design for a least mean square error estimator in discrete time systems where the components of the state vector, in measurement equation, are corrupted by different multiplicative noises in addition to observation noise. We show how known results can be considered a particular case of the algorithm stated in this paper

Keywords : State estimation, multiplicative noise, uncertain observations

*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 958 249909; Fax: +34 958 240620. E-mails addresses: [email protected] (C. Sanchez-Gonzalez); [email protected] (T.M. García-Muñoz).

2 1.

Introduction It was back in 1960 when R.E. Kalman (1960) introduces his well known filter. Assuming the dynamic system is described through a state space model, Kalman considers the problem of optimum linear recursive estimation. From this event much other research work was developed including different hypothesis framework about system noises (Kalman (1963), Meditch (1969), Jazwinski (1970), Kowalski and Szynal (1986)). In all studies above mentioned the estimated signal (state vector) in measurement equation is only corrupted by additive noise. Rajasekaran et al. (1971) consider the problem of linear recursive estimation of stochastic signals in the presence of multiplicative noise in addition to measurement noise. When multiplicative noise is a Bernoulli random variable, the system is called system with uncertain observations. Hadidi and Schwartz (1979) investigate for the existence of recursive least-squares state estimators, where uncertainty about observations is caused by a binary switching sequence which is specified by a conditional probability distribution and which enters the observation equation. The proposed solution is revisited by Wang (1984), proposing new formulations for the optimal filter and the one-step predictor. The estimation problem about these systems has been extensively treated (Nahi (1969), Hermoso and Linares (1994), Sánchez and García (2004)). There has been another approaches as Zhang et al. (2008), in which the authors consider the infinite horizon mixed H2/H∞ control for discrete-time stochastic systems with state and disturbance dependent noise. In a very recent study (Sahebsara et al. (2007)), the optimal H2 filtering problems associated respectively with possible delay of one sampling period, uncertain observations and multiple packet drop-outs are studied under a unified framework. In particular Sahebsara et al. (2007) propose the following observation equation: y(t) = ξ(t)z(t) + (1 − ξ(t))y(t − 1) where z(t) is the m-real valued measured output, y(t) is the measurement received by the estimator to be designed, and

ξ(t) is

a

white

binary

distributed random variable with P { ξ(t) = 1 } = α(t) and P { ξ(t) = 0 } = 1 − α(t), where 0 ≤ α(t) ≤ 1, and is uncorrelated with other random variables. The model introduced in Sahebsara et al. (2007) describes packet drop-outs in networked estimation. The model says that the latest measurement received will

3 be used if the current measurement is lost. Some other authors like Nakamori (1997) focus their attention on the recursive estimation technique using the covariance information in linear stationary discrete-time systems when the uncertain observations are given. We propose in this paper a design for a least mean square error (LMSE) estimator in discrete time systems where the components of the state vector, in measurement equation, are corrupted by different multiplicative noises in addition to observation noise. The estimation problems treated include onestage prediction and filtering. The presented algorithm can be considered as a general algorithm because, with particular specifications, this algorithm degenerates in known results as in Kalman (1960), Rajasekaran and Szynal (1971), Nahi(1969), Sanchez and García (2004). It can also be inferred that if multiplicative noises are Bernoulli random variables, such situation is not, properly speaking, a system with uncertain observations because the components of the state can be present in the observation with different probabilities. Therefore, the presented algorithm solves the estimation problems in this new system specification with complete uncertainty about signals.

2.

Statement and Notation We now introduce symbols and definitions used across the paper. Let the following linear discrete-time dynamic system with n × 1 elements be the state vector x(k ) x(k + 1) = Φ (k + 1, k ) x(k ) + Γ(k + 1, k )ω (k ), k ≥ 0 x ( 0) = x 0 and m × 1 observation vector z (k ) be given by z (k ) = H (k )γ~(k ) x(k ) + v(k ), k ≥ 0

(State Equation)

(Observation Equation)

where Φ(k + 1, k ) , Γ(k + 1, k ) and H (k ) are known matrices with appropriate dimensions. Usual and specific hypothesis regarding probability behavior for random variables are introduced to formalize the model as follows: (H.1) x0 is a centered random vector with variance-covariance matrix P(0) . (H.2) {ω (k ), k ≥ 0} is centered white noise with E ω (k )ω T (k )  = Q(k ) .

4

 γ 1 (k )    (H.3) γ% (k ) is a diagonal matrix  O  where {γ i (k ), k ≥ 0} is a  γ n (k )   scalar white sequence with nonzero mean mi (k ) and variance σ ii (k ) , i = 1,...,n . It is supposed that

{γ i (k ),

k ≥ 0} and



j

(k ), k ≥ 0} are

correlated in the same instant and σ ij (k ) = Cov ( γ i (k ), γ j (k ) ) , i,j = 1,...,n . The next matrix will be used later on:

 m1 (k )    O M (k ) =     m ( k ) n   (H.4)

{v(k ),

k ≥ 0} is a centered white noise sequence with variance

E  v(k )vT (k )  = R (k ) . (H.5) x0 , {ω (k ), k ≥ 0} , {v(k ), k ≥ 0} are mutually independent. (H.6) The sequences {γ i (k ), k ≥ 0} , i = 1,..., n are independent of initial state x0 , {ω (k ), k ≥ 0} and {v(k ), k ≥ 0} . As we can observe, the components of the state vector, in the observation equation, are corrupted by multiplicative noise in addition to measurement noise. Let xˆ(k / l ) be the LMSE estimate of x(k ) given observations z (0),..., z (l ) . e(k / l ) = x(k ) − xˆ (k / l ) denotes the estimation error, and the corresponding covariance matrix is P (k / l ) = e(k / l )eT (k / l )  . The LMSE linear filter and one-step ahead predictor of the state x(k ) are presented in the next section.

3.

Prediction and filter algorithm Theorem 1. The one-step ahead predictor and filter are given by xˆ (k + 1/ k ) = Φ (k + 1, k ) xˆ (k / k ), k ≥ 0 xˆ (0 / − 1) = 0

xˆ (k / k ) = xˆ (k / k − 1) + F (k ) [ z (k ) − H (k ) M (k ) xˆ (k / k − 1) ] , k ≥ 0. The filter gain matrix verifies

5 F (k ) = P(k / k − 1) M (k ) H T (k )Π −1 (k ) where Π (k ) = H (k ) S% (k ) H T (k ) + H (k ) M (k ) P (k / k − 1) M (k ) H T (k ) + R (k ) with

 σ 11 (k ) S11 (k ) σ 12 (k ) S12 (k )  σ (k ) S21 (k ) σ 22 (k ) S22 (k ) % S (k ) =  12  M M   σ 1n (k ) S1n (k ) σ 2 n (k ) S 2 n (k )

L σ 1n (k ) S1n (k )   L σ 2 n (k ) S2 n (k )   O M  L σ nn (k ) S nn (k ) 

Sij (k ) = I i S (k ) I Tj where I i = (0 0 L 0

1

(i )

0 L 0)1×n

S (k + 1) = Φ (k + 1, k ) S (k )ΦT (k + 1, k ) + Γ(k + 1, k )Q (k )ΓT (k + 1, k ), k ≥ 0 S (0) = P (0). The prediction and filter error covariance matrices satisfy

P(k + 1 / k ) = Φ (k + 1, k ) P(k / k )Φ T (k + 1, k ) + Γ(k + 1, k )Q(k )Γ T (k + 1, k ), k ≥ 0 P(0 / − 1) = P(0) P(k / k ) = P(k / k − 1) − F (k )Π (k ) F T (k ), k ≥ 0. Proof. By the state equation is easy to prove that the predictor Φ(k + 1, k ) xˆ (k / k ) satisfies the Orthogonal Projection Lemma (OPL) (Sage and Melsa (1971)). In the initial instant, the estimate of x(0) is its mean, so that xˆ(0 / − 1) = 0 . As a consequence of the orthogonal projection theorem (Sage and Melsa (1971)), the state filter can be written as a function of the one-step ahead predictor as

xˆ (k / k ) = xˆ (k / k − 1) + F (k )δ (k ), k ≥ 0 where δ (k ) = z (k ) − zˆ (k / k − 1) is the innovation process. Its expression is obtained below. Since zˆ(k / k − 1) is the orthogonal projection of z (k ) onto the subspace generated by observations

{ z (0),..., z (k − 1)} ,

we know that this is the only

element in that subspace verifying

E  z (k ) z T (α )  = E  zˆ (k / k − 1) z T (α )  , α = 0,..., k − 1.

6 Then, by the observation equation and the hypotheses (H.3)-(H.6), it can be seen that zˆ(k / k − 1) = H (k ) M (k ) xˆ (k / k − 1) and the innovation process for the problem we are solving is given by

δ (k ) = z (k ) − H (k ) M (k ) xˆ (k / k − 1). To obtain the gain matrix F (k ) , we observe that, given the OPL holds,

E  e(k / k ) z T (k )  = 0 , and we have E e(k / k − 1) z T (k )  = F (k )Π (k )

(3.1)

where Π (k ) are the covariance matrices of the innovation. From the observation equation and the hypotheses (H.2)-(H.6), it can easily checked E e(k / k − 1) z T (k )  = P (k / k − 1) M (k ) H T (k ) and therefore F (k ) = P(k / k − 1) M (k ) H T (k )Π −1 (k ). To obtain the covariance matrices of the innovation process, it can be seen that

δ ( k ) = H (k )γ% ( k ) x(k ) + v(k ) − H (k ) M (k ) xˆ (k / k − 1) and by adding and subtracting H (k ) M (k ) x(k ) ,

δ ( k ) = H (k ) ( γ% ( k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) + v(k ) + H (k ) M (k )e(k / k − 1) Then

Π (k ) = E δ (k ) z T (k )  = H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) z T (k )  + E v(k ) z T (k )  + H (k ) M (k ) E e(k / k − 1) z T (k )  . Let us work out each of the terms in previous expression. By the observation equation we have that

H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) z T (k )  = H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) xT (k )γ% (k )  H T (k ) + H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k )vT (k )  and according to hypotheses in (H.4)-(H.6) the second term can be cancelled. Adding and subtracting H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) xT (k ) M (k )  H T (k ) , H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) z T (k )  = H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) xT (k ) ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) )  H T (k ) + H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) xT (k )  M (k ) H T (k )

7 where the second term is zero by (H.3) and (H.6). According to (H.6), if we label Sij (k ) = E  xi (k ) x j (k )  for i, j = 1,..., n , we get

S% (k ) ≡ E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) xT (k ) ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) )  =  ( γ (k ) − m (k ) ) x (k )  ( γ (k ) − m (k ) ) x (k ) T  1 1 1 1 1  1     ( γ 2 (k ) − m2 (k ) ) x2 (k )  ( γ 2 (k ) − m2 (k ) ) x2 (k )   E =     M M     ( γ (k ) − m (k ) ) x (k )    ( γ n (k ) − mn (k ) ) xn (k )  n n n     σ 11 (k ) S11 (k ) σ 12 (k ) S12 (k ) L σ 1n (k ) S1n (k )     σ 12 (k ) S12 (k ) σ 22 (k ) S 22 (k ) L σ 2 n (k ) S 2 n (k )    M M O M    σ 1n (k ) S1n (k ) σ 1n (k ) S 2 n (k ) L σ nn (k ) S nn (k )  Therefore H (k ) E ( γ% (k ) − M (k ) ) x(k ) z T (k )  = H (k ) S% (k ) H T (k ). On the other hand, by the observation equation and (H.4)-(H.6)

E  v(k ) z T (k )  = E v(k ) xT (k )γ% (k )  H T (k ) + E v(k )vT (k )  = R (k ). By the same reasons

H (k ) M (k ) E e(k / k − 1) z T (k )  = H (k ) M (k ) E e(k / k − 1) xT (k )  M (k ) H T (k ) = H (k ) M (k ) P(k / k − 1) M (k ) H T (k ). In short, the covariance matrices of the innovations process verify Π (k ) = H (k ) S% (k ) H T (k ) + R (k ) + H (k ) M (k ) P (k / k − 1) M (k ) H T (k ) . To obtain the components Sij (k ) of the S% (k ) , we only need to observe that

Sij (k ) = I i S (k ) I Tj where S (k ) = E  x(k ) xT (k )  and I i = (0 0 L 0

1

(i )

0 L 0)1×n . The

next recursive expression of S (k ) is immediate given that {ω (k ), k ≥ 0} is a white noise sequence and independent of x(0) S (k + 1) = Φ (k + 1, k ) S (k )ΦT (k + 1, k ) + Γ(k + 1, k )Q (k )ΓT (k + 1, k ), k ≥ 0 S (0) = P (0). The expression of the prediction error covariance matrices P (k + 1/ k ) = Φ (k + 1, k ) P (k / k )ΦT (k + 1, k ) + Γ(k + 1, k )Q (k )ΓT (k + 1, k )

8 is immediate since e(k + 1/ k ) = Φ(k + 1, k )e(k / k ) + Γ(k + 1, k )ω (k ) . In the other hand, given that e(k / k ) = e(k / k − 1) − F (k )δ (k ) then P(k / k ) = P(k / k − 1) − E e(k / k − 1)δ T (k )  F T (k ) − F (k ) E δ (k )eT (k / k − 1)  + F (k )Π (k ) F T (k ). It can be observed that E δ (k )eT (k / k − 1)  = E  z (k )eT (k / k − 1)  − H (k ) M (k ) E  xˆ (k / k − 1)eT (k / k − 1)  where the second term cancels according to OPL and by equation (3.1) it is obtained that E δ (k )eT (k / k − 1)  = Π (k ) F T (k ) and then P(k / k ) = P(k / k − 1) − F (k )Π (k ) F T (k ). □

Next, we see how some known results can be considered as particular specifications of the general model proposed in this paper:

o If

γ 1 (k ) = L = γ n (k ) = 1 the state vector are not corrupted by a

multiplicative noise, then

γ% (k ) = M (k ) = I n×n σ ij (k ) = 0 ∀i, j and our algorithm degenerates in Kalman (1960) algorithm.

o If γ 1 (k ) = L = γ n (k ) = U (k ) where {U (k ), k ≥ 0} is a scalar white sequence with nonzero mean m(k ) and variance n(k ) , we end up with Rajasekaran’s (1971) framework, γ% (k ) = U (k ) I n×n , where the state vector (all components) is corrupted by multiplicative noise. In this case,

M ( k ) = m ( k ) I n× n

σ ij (k ) = n(k ) ∀i, j and the presented algorithm collapses in Rajasekaran’s.

o If γ 1 (k ) = L = γ n (k ) = γ (k ) where {γ (k ), k ≥ 0} is a sequence of Bernoulli independent random variable with P [γ (k ) = 1] = p(k ) , then γ% (k ) = γ (k ) I n×n and we end up with Nahi’s (1969) framework, where the state vector is present in the observation with probability p (k ) . In this case,

9

M ( k ) = p ( k ) I n× n

σ ij (k ) = p(k ) (1 − p(k ) ) ∀i, j and the new algorithm collapses in Nahi’s. o If

γ 1 (k ) = L = γ p (k ) = 1

{γ (k ),

and

γ p +1 (k ) = L = γ n (k ) = γ (k )

where

k ≥ 0} is a sequence of Bernoulli independent random variable

with P [γ (k ) = 1] = p(k ) , the observations can include some elements of the state vector not being ensure the presence of the resting others (Sánchez and García’s (2004) framework). In this case 0 p ×( n − p )   I p× p M (k ) =    0( n − p )× p I ( n − p )×( n − p )  0, i, j ≤ p 0, i ≤ p, j > p  σ ij (k ) =  0, i > p, j ≤ p  p (k ) (1 − p (k ) ) , i, j > p and the new algorithm degenerates in Sanchez and García’s.

Another interesting situation appears when some of the components in the state vector are present in the observation but appear with different probabilities. Such a situation is not a system with uncertain observations. The present algorithm solves estimation problems in this type of system, it is only necessary to suppose that the multiplicative noises are different Bernoulli random variables.

10

4.

Some numerical simulation examples We show now some numerical examples to illustrate the filtering and prediction algorithm presented in Theorem 1. Example 1 We consider the following linear system described by the dynamic equation:  x1 (k + 1)   0.06 0.67   x1 (k )   0.02   =  +  ω (k ), k ≥ 0  x2 (k + 1)   0.60 0.23   x2 (k )   0.24   x1 (0)   x10   =   x2 (0)   x20 

(4.1) (4.2)

0   x1 (k )   γ (k ) z (k ) = ( 0.85 0.42 )  1 + v(k ), k ≥ 0 (4.3) γ 2 (k )   x2 (k )   0 where {ω (k ), k ≥ 0} is centered Gaussian white noise with Q (k ) = 2.89 ; x10 and x20 are centered Gaussian random variables with variances equal to 0.5;

{γ 1 (k ),

k ≥ 0} and {γ 2 (k ), k ≥ 0} are Gaussian white noise with means 2 and

3 and variances σ 11 and σ 22 , respectively; {γ 1 (k ), k ≥ 0} and {γ 2 (k ), k ≥ 0} are independent; {v(k ), k ≥ 0} is centered Gaussian white noise with variance R = 0.1 . Using the estimation algorithm of Theorem 1, we can calculate the filtering estimate xˆ(k / k ) of the state recursively. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 illustrate the state xi (k ) and the filter xˆi (k / k ) , for i = 1, 2 , vs. k for the multiplicative Gaussian

(

observation noises γ 1 → N 2, 0.5

)

(

)

and γ 2 → N 3, 0.1 . The state is

represented with black and the filter with red color.

11

Fig. 1.

x1 (k ) and xˆ1 (k / k ) vs. k

0.75 0.5 0.25 50

100

150

200

-0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1

Fig. 2.

x2 (k ) and xˆ2 (k / k ) vs. k

1 0.5

50

100

150

200

-0.5 -1 -1.5

Tables 1 and 2 shows the mean-square values (MSVs) of the filtering errors xi (k ) − xˆi (k / k ) for i = 1, 2 and k = 1, 2,..., 200 corresponding to multiplicative white observation noises:

γ 1 : N (2, 0.1); N (2, 0.5); N (2, 1) γ 2 : N (3, 0.1); N (3, 0.5); N (3, 1).

12

Table 1. MSV of filtering errors

x1 (k ) − xˆ1 (k / k ), k = 1, 2,..., 200

σ 22 = 0.1

σ 22 = 0.5

σ 22 = 1

σ 11 = 0.1

0.0171184

0.0194455

0.020916

σ 11 = 0.5

0.022236

0.0211678

0.022704

σ 11 = 1

0.0232388

0.023623

0.0237136

Table 2. MSV of filtering errors

x2 (k ) − xˆ2 (k / k ), k = 1, 2,..., 200

σ 22 = 0.1

σ 22 = 0.5

σ 22 = 1

σ 11 = 0.1

0.0556318

0.0656372

0.0671069

σ 11 = 0.5

0.0698304

0.0703345

0.0690113

σ 11 = 1

0.0739651

0.075727

0.0730605

Example 2 We consider a linear system described by equations (4.1)-(4.3) where

{γ 1 (k ),

k ≥ 0} and

{γ 2 (k ),

k ≥ 0} are sequences of independent Bernoulli

random variables being 1 with probabilities p1 and p2 , respectively. Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 illustrate the state xi (k ) and the filter xˆi (k / k ) , for i = 1, 2 , vs. k

for the multiplicative observation noises γ 1 → Bernoulli ( 0.5 ) and

γ 2 → Bernoulli (1) . The state is represented with red and the filter with black color.

13 Fig. 3.

x1 (k ) and xˆ1 (k / k ) vs. k

0.75 0.5 0.25 50

100

150

200

-0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1

Fig. 4.

x2 (k ) and xˆ2 (k / k ) vs. k

1 0.5

50

100

150

200

-0.5 -1 -1.5

Tables 3 and 4 shows the mean-square values (MSVs) of the filtering errors xi (k ) − xˆi (k / k ) for i = 1, 2 and k = 1, 2,..., 200 corresponding to multiplicative white observation noises:

14

γ 1 : Bernoulli (0.1), Bernoulli (0.5), Bernoulli (1) γ 2 : Bernoulli (0.1), Bernoulli (0.5), Bernoulli (1). Table 3. MSV of filtering errors

x1 (k ) − xˆ1 (k / k ), k = 1, 2,..., 200

p2 = 0.1

p2 = 0.5

p2 = 1

p1 = 0.1

0.0948355

0.0696956

0.0273215

p1 = 0.5

0.0616283

0.049987

0.0333839

p1 = 1

0.013194

0.0197576

0.0154067

Table 4. MSV of filtering errors

x2 (k ) − xˆ2 (k / k ), k = 1, 2,..., 200

p2 = 0.1

p2 = 0.5

p2 = 1

p1 = 0.1

0.211223

0.164514

0.0634171

p1 = 0.5

0.184817

0.155435

0.09182

p1 = 1

0.154539

0.130428

0.0708851

As we can observe, the simulation graphs and the MSV of the filtering in both examples show the effectiveness of the new algorithm. 5. Conclusions For linear discrete-time stochastic systems where the component of the state vector are corrupted by different multiplicative noises added to the observation noise we have derived the optimal linear estimators including filter, predictor and smoother in the minimum variance sense by applying the innovation analysis approach. Our solutions are given in terms of general expressions for the innovations, covariance matrices and gain, and have the interesting fact that they result in different well known scenarios, in particular, four of them can be considered particularized cases of our algorithm when different values of the noise are considered, those cases are Kalman (1960), Rajasekaran (1971), Nahi (1970) and more recently Sánchez and García (2004). References Hadidi, M., & Schwartz, S. (1979). Linear recursive state estimators under uncertain observations. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 24, 994–948.

15 Hermoso A. and. Linares J, Linear estimation for discrete-time systems in the presence of time-correlated disturbances and uncertain observations, IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, Vol. 39 (8), 1994, pp. 1636-1638. Jazwinski A.H., Stochastic processes and filtering theory, Academic Press, New York, 1970. Kalman R.E., A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems, Trans. ASME Ser. D: J. Basic Eng., Vol. 82, 1960, pp.35-45. Kalman R.E., New methods in Wiener filtering theory, Proc. Symp. Eng. Appl. random function theory and probability (Wiley, New York), 1963, pp.270-387. Kowalski A. and Szynal D., Filtering in discrete-time systems with state and observation noises correlated on a finite time interval, IEEE Trans. Automatic Control Vol. AC-31 (4), 1986, pp. 381-384. Meditch J.S. Stochastic optimal linear estimation and control, McGraw-Hill, New York. 1969. Nahi N., Optimal recursive estimation with uncertain observations, IEEE Transaction Information Theory, Vol. IT-15, 1969, pp. 457-462. Nakamori, S.

Estimation

technique

using covariance

information with

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Recursive linear estimation for discrete time systems in ...

(1971) consider the problem of linear recursive estimation of stochastic signals in the presence of multiplicative noise in addition to measurement noise. When multiplicative noise is a Bernoulli random variable, the system is called system with uncertain observations. Hadidi and Schwartz (1979) investigate for the existence ...

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