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Arkivoc 2017, part i, 41-66

Recent advances in ipso-nitration reactions Khurshed Bozorov,a,b Jiang-Yu Zhao,a and Haji A. Aisa*a a

Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830 011, PR China b Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Mirzo Ulugbek str. 77, Tashkent 100 170, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]

Received 08-23-2016

Accepted 11-08-2016

Published on line 12-26-2016

Abstract In the present review the various types of ipso-nitration reactions, in particular those advances in ipsonitration reactions that have been reported since the beginning of this century (i.e., from 2000-2015) are discussed. The review highlights the recent developments of the ipso-nitration reactions, a variety of the differences between traditional and modern methods for performing ipso-nitration reactions, as well as the most novel approaches to performing these reactions. In addition, the proposed mechanisms of ipso-nitration reactions are discussed.

RX

Nitrating reagents Various catalysts or catalyst free

X=alkyl, halogens, carboxyl and other functional groups

R NO2

regioselective i pso-nitrating products

Differences of the traditional and modern methods

Keywords: ipso-Nitration, calixarenes, arylboronic acids

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.p009.852

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Table of Contents 1. 2.

3.

Introduction Developments in Traditional ipso-Nitration 2.1 ipso-Nitration of macromolecules (calixarenes) 2.2 ipso-Nitration of heterocycles 2.3.Cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) as nitrating agent Modern Approaches to ipso-Nitration 3.1 ipso-Nitration of carboxylic groups 3.2 ipso-Nitration of halogens 3.3 ipso-Nitration of arylboronic acids

1. Introduction The nitration1,2 of organic compounds (aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, and others) is one of the key reactions of both organic synthesis and organic chemistry in general.3,4 Moreover, nitro compounds are actually used by pharmacists and medicinal chemists in their investigations, most commonly as building blocks, lead compounds, and intermediates for drug discovery efforts.5-7 The functional groups (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, halogens, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and others) that are attached to aliphatic chains or to aromatic rings can be converted to the nitro (NO2) group in a nitrating mixture, and this type of nitration is called ipsonitration.8-10 A key difference between ordinary nitration and ipso-nitration is described in Figure 1. NO2

R H

ipso-nitration

R H

nitration

NO2

R= various functional groups

Figure 1. The key difference between nitration and ipso-nitration. The ipso-nitration of organic compounds was initially developed with the use of nitric acid (HNO3) or nitrating mixtures (HNO3/AcOH or HNO3/H2SO4), approaches which are now referred to as traditional or classical methods. However, there are several problems with these traditional methods when it comes to forming regioselective nitro products. However, in spite of these problems, researchers have nonetheless tried, in the hope of obtaining selective nitro products, to refine these nitrating mixtures by increasing or decreasing the levels of nitric acid in the mixtures, by using catalysts or non-catalytic methods and various metal salts in making the mixtures, and by bypassing poor regioselectivity, low yields, and the formation of undesired by-products. In recent years, several literature investigations have focused on such reported developments of ipsonitration reactions. In this review, we provide a general overview of recent advances and developments in ipso-nitration reactions that have been reported since the beginning of this century (i.e., in the period 20002015).

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2. Developments in traditional ipso-nitration 2.1 ipso-Nitration of macromolecules (calixarenes) The most commonly used ipso-nitration reaction is one that is widely used in calixarene chemistry.11-13 If tertbutylcalix[4]arene is reacted with 63% HNO3 in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) and glacial acetic acid at 15 oC, it was observed the formation of a selective mono ipso-nitrated compound in 85% yield (Scheme 1). In addition, if acetic anhydride is used instead of glacial acetic acid at -10 oC, tert-butylcalix[4]arene generates dinitro products.14 t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu

t-Bu

NO2

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu a

O Pr

O

O

Pr

HO Pr

O Pr b

b t-Bu t-Bu

O2N

O Pr

O Pr

O

NO2

O Pr

HO Pr

85%

t-BuNO2

t-Bu

HO Pr

O

O Pr

63%

O Pr

O

NO2

HO Pr

22%

a) 63% HNO 3, CH 3COOH, DCM, -15 °C b) 63% HNO 3, Ac2 O, DCM, -10 °C

Scheme 1. ipso-Nitration of tert-butylcalix[4]arene. In 2005, Böhmer and colleagues reported the selective ipso-nitration of a tert-butylcalix[4]arene,15 following the by O-alkylation with ω-bromoalkylphthalimides or ω-bromonitriles (for n = 2 N-(βhydroxyethylphthalimide, triphenylphosphine/Cs2CO3) to obtain 5,17-di-tert-butyl-11,23-dinitro-26,28diphthalimidoethoxycalix[4]arenes and the corresponding derivatives for n = 2 or 4 (n = 2,3,4) in good yields (67-75%) (Scheme 2). In this approach, 65% HNO3 in DCM/acetic acid was used as the nitrating agent. t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu

t-Bu

t-Bu

t-Bu

NO2 NO2

65% HNO3, CH2Cl2/AcOH

ω-bromoalkylphthalimides O OH OH (CH2 )n

OH OH OH HO O

N

O

O

O (CH2)n N O

O OH OH (CH 2)n O

N

O

O

O (CH2 )n N O

n=2 (67%),3 (75%),4 (70%)

Scheme 2. Selective ipso-nitration of tert-butylcalix[4]arene.

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Hudecek et al. investigated a simple regioselective ipso-nitration of the nosyl-substituted calix[4]arenes.16 In their approach, they used 100% HNO3 in an AcOH/DCM mixture at room temperature. In the resulting ipsonitration of calix[4]arenes, selective ipso products were formed in yields of 99, 98, and 99%, respectively (Scheme 3). In addition, the 1H NMR spectrum of 11,23-di-tert-butyl-5,17-dinitro-25,27-bis(pnitrobenzenesulfonyloxy)-26,28-dipropoxycalix[4]arene (cone) clearly proves the regioselective formation of a distal p-nitro-substituted product, where both NO2 groups are on the alkyloxylated rings.

O S O

O

O

O

Pr

NO2

Pr

O

O

O

O

Pr

NO2

S O O

O S O

99%

Pr

O

O 2N

O

O

t-Bu

S O O

O S O

O

Pr

NO2

t-Bu

t-Bu

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu

O 2N

a

NO 2 NO2

t-Bu

O S O

t-Bu

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu

S

OO O

O

Pr

NO2

O

98%

S

OO O

O

Pr

Pr

Pr

NO 2

O

O Pr

S

O O

t-Bu

NO 2 NO2

O2 N

Pr

O

O2 N

a

NO2

NO 2 t-Bu

O

O Pr

NO 2

a

O

Pr

t-Bu

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu

O

Pr

99%

O

S

O O

O2 N

(a) 100% HNO3 /AcOH/DCM, 0 °C

Scheme 3. Regioselective ipso-nitration of calix[4]arenes. Another selective ipso-nitration of calix[6]azacryptands involving tosyl, nosyl, and acetyl fragments, was also recently presented.17 In experiments following the traditional method, calix[6]arene derivatives were dissolved in DCM and then a mixture of fuming nitric acid/glacial acetic acid (1:1) at 0 oC was added, which finally resulted in the production of the selective nitro products in high yields (Scheme 4). The authors of this investigation utilized a classical approach to achieve an ipso-nitration reaction; however, they also observed that the electronic connection between the two rims is not the only factor that influences the selectivity. Rather, they noted that the conformational properties of the small rim part can also orient the selectivity of the ipso-nitration and influence the reaction rate. In order to achieve hexa-substitution, the reagent to substrate ratio (acid/calix) had to be increased ten-fold above that of the optimization condition.18

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t-Bu

Bozorov, Kh. et al

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu t-Bu

t-Bu t-Bu

NO2

tBu

NO2 NO2

tBu

HNO 3/AcOH (1:1, v/v), DCM, 0°C then r.t., 4-8 h OMe

O

OMe O OMe

O

OMe

O NR

NR N

NR

OMe O OMe

O

RN

N

NR

RN

R=Ts (93%), Ns (95%), Ac 83%

Scheme 4. ipso-Nitration reactions of N-sulfonamido and N-acetamido calix[6]arenes. Yamato et al. investigated the ipso-nitration of [3n]metacyclophanes (MCPs) with “cone” and “partialcone” conformations.19 The introduction of three nitro groups through the direct replacement of tert-butyl groups via ipso-nitration of 6,15,24-tri-tert-butyl-9,18,27-trimethoxy[3.3.3]MCP (1a) (Table 1) with fuming HNO3 for 0.5 h at room temperature formed 9,18,27-trimethoxy-6,15,24-trinitro[3.3.3]MCP (2a) in a 95% yield. In contrast, if the ipso-nitration of O-(N,N-diethylacetamide) derivative (1b) was attempted under these conditions, no reaction was observed. Table 1. ipso-Nitration of 1c t-Bu

O2N

t-Bu

NO 2 OR RO

OR RO Fuming HNO3

OR

OR

in HOAc/DCM, r.t.

1a-c

2a-c

t-Bu

NO2

where f or a, R = Me; b, R = CH 2CONEt2, c, R = CH 2CO 2Et O 2N

t-Bu

O 2N

t-Bu OR RO

OR RO

OR

OR

3c

Entry 1 2 3 4

4c

t-Bu

Time (h) 24 0.5 1 2

Nitration reagents CuNO3/Ac2O Fuming HNO3/HOAc Fuming HNO3/HOAc Fuming HNO3/HOAc Page 45

NO2

Products (Yield %) 3c 4c 2c 0 86 14 0 75 25 0 52 48 0 0 100 ©

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In addition, they used copper(II)nitrate in an acetic anhydride solution for the screening of cone-6,15,24tri-tert-butyl-9,18,27-tris[(ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy]-[3.3.3]MCP (cone-1c). After 24 h, they obtained a mixture of the dinitration product cone-4c and the trinitration product cone-2c in 86 and 14% yields, respectively (Table 1). The mononitration product (cone-3c) was not obtained under any of the conditions they tested.19 The selective ipso-nitration of tert-butyl[2.2.2]MCP through the use of fuming nitric acid or copper nitrate was reported in 2011 by Sawada et al.20 As detailed in that report, when 2,2',9,9'-tetra-t-butyl-5a,10b-dihydro[1,1](4,7)benzofuro[2,3-b]benzofuranophane interacted with fuming nitric acid, it was observed formation of selective dinitro product, if copper nitrate was used as nitrating agent, it was obtained tetranitro compound in 75% yield (Scheme 5). With regard to selective dinitro products, a 1H NMR signal for tert-butyl protons was observed at 1.26 ppm with an intensity ratio of 18 protons. This indicates that two tert-butyl groups are substituted by two nitro groups. O 2N

H

tBu

tBu

f um. HNO3

O O H H O O

H

AcOH, 45%

O O H H O O

H

tBu

NO2

tBu

H

O 2N

tBu

CuNO3 Ac 2 O, 75%

H

NO2

O O H H O O

H

O 2N

tBu

NO2

Scheme 5. ipso-Nitration of tert-butyl[2.2.2]MCP. Obviously, the nature of the various substituents (R) plays a key role in the determination of the nitration positions in the ipso-nitration of calixarenes in traditional methods, when used nitric acid as nitrating agent. Redon et al. explained a possible mechanism for this in their report.21 In brief, the mechanism is related to the presence of a protonable site at the γ-position of the phenolic oxygen atom. Due to the basic character of calixarenes, all of their nitrogenous arms must be protonated under strongly acidic reaction conditions. This protonated nitrogen group is in an ideal position for hydrogen bonding to the phenolic oxygen atom, and thus deactivating the whole aromatic cycle toward electrophilic attack by removing the electron density (Scheme 6). N

N O

H

t-Bu deactivated site

O

OMe

X

tBu

H

t-Bu O2 N

3

OMe

t-Bu

3

NO2

Scheme 6. Proposed mechanism for the selective ipso-nitration with calix[6]arenes. In general, a more suitable condition or nitrating agent for the conversion of calixarenes in good yields into nitrocalixarenes is to use nitric acid in acetic acid at lower (i.e. 0-5 oC) temperatures. Chawla and coPage 46

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workers22 showed this by applying a comparative analysis to a variety of reaction conditions (Table 2). As indicated, ipso-nitration with acetic anhydride/nitric acid ensures a good yield of p-nitrocalix[n]arenes; however, a similar reaction with p-tert-butylcalix[n]arenes leads to a mixture from which nitrocalix[n]arenes can only be separated in lower yields due to acetylation. Similarly, the use of CAN/acetic acid also produces lower yields due to the oxidation of substrates. Table 2. ipso-Nitration of p-tert-butylcalix[n]arenes using different nitrating reagents Calix[n]arene

Nitrating mixture

Calix[4] Calix[6] Calix[8] Calix[4] Calix[6] Calix[8] Calix[4] Calix[6] Calix[8]

CH3COOH/HNO3 CH3COOH/HNO3 CH3COOH/HNO3 Ac2O/HNO3 Ac2O/HNO3 Ac2O/HNO3 CAN/acetone/AcOH CAN/acetone/AcOH CAN/acetone/AcOH

Temperature (°C) 0–5 0–5 0–5 0 0 0 Reflux Reflux Reflux

Time (h) 4 4 4 5 5 5 8 8 8

Yield (%) 76 79 70 75 78 76 50 55 55

Me

O N

Me S

O

HOOC Me

N

Me S

N Me

N O

Me

n

O

S

Me

O

O 2N NH

Me

HOOC N

Me S

Me

-------------------

2.2 ipso-Nitration of heterocycles Our own research group reported for the first time that, depending on the presence of substituents in positions 2 and 3 of the pyrimidine and thiophene rings, ipso-nitration or oxidation proceeds in various directions, either by the electrophilic ipso-substitution of methyl groups at C-5 by nitro groups or by their oxidation to carboxyl groups with the formation of the corresponding 5-carboxy derivatives (Scheme 7).23-26 This research also revealed that, in the absence of a substituent in position 3, the electrophilic ipsosubstitution of the methyl group by a nitro group with the formation of a 5-nitro derivative would take place. Thus, we found that, when the interaction of the compounds with electron-donating groups at N-3 position of the thienopyrimidine molecule was conducted with a nitrating mixture (HNO3/H2SO4 at 0-5 oC), instead of the ipso-nitration of methyl groups at C-5 the reaction proceeded in an unexpected direction, i.e., there was oxidation of the methyl groups.

NH

Me S

N

N

O N

n

S N n=1,2,3 Reaction condition: HNO3 /H 2SO 4, -5-0 °C N

Scheme 7. ipso-Nitration of thienopyrimidines. Page 47

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2.3 Cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) as nitrating agent Messere et al. described the ipso-nitration reaction of substituted cinnamic acids with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) with the support of silica in a solid-phase approach.27 In their work, substituted-hydroxycinnamic acids were selected as substrates, and among them, only 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, when reacted under the above conditions for 15 min. in methanol, produced an ipso-nitration product in a yield as high as 34%. It was observed, that during the reaction process formed nitration products (57%) and 4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (4%) as a side product in low yields (Scheme 8). When cinnamic acid was reacted with CAN/SiO2, it failed to produce any ipso-nitration product; rather, the retention of the carboxylic functional group was observed. COOH

NO2

(NH 4 )2Ce(NO3) 6 / SiO 2 MeOH, r.t., 15 min.

HO

HO 34%

COOH HO 57%

NO2 HO

NO 2

CHO HO

1%

NO 2

4%

Scheme 8. ipso-Nitration of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid with CAN/SiO2. On the other hand, the ipso-nitration of a vinyl carboxyl group with HNO3 is unusual. Probably, the ipsonitrated product and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid go through hydrolysis and oxidation to yield benzoic acid, which is then susceptible to ipso-nitration with decarboxylation.28,29 LaLonde and colleagues discovered that the use of CAN in acetic acid/water (9:1) results in the conversion of (3aR,4S,9aR) and (3aR,4S,9aS) tetrahydrofurans into ipso-products via simultaneous ipso-nitration and oxidation through the opening of the B-ring of the tetrahydrofurans (Scheme 9).30 MeO

OMe O

R

MeO

O

MeO

OAc

OMe OMe

MeO

O

NO2

OMe

AcO O

(NH 4) 2Ce(NO 3) 6

(NH 4) 2Ce(NO 3) 6 MeO

O 2N

MeO

OMe MeO

OMe

O 2N

OMe

MeO

OMe 28%, aq. HOAc 41%, neat HOAc

R=NO2 (32%, aq. HOAc) R=H (39%, neat HOAc)

Scheme 9. ipso-Nitration of (3aR,4S,9aR) and (3aR,4S,9aS) tetrahydrofurans with CAN When the (3aR,4S,9aS) derivative was treated with CAN in neat acetic acid, the yield of the final product rose to 41%, whereas the treatment of (3aR,4S,9aR) derivative under the same conditions resulted in a similar yield of mononitroburseran (39%) favoring one of two diastereomeric acetates. Page 48

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3. Modern Approaches to ipso-Nitration 3.1 ipso-Nitration of carboxylic groups It has previously been proven that various silver salts can be employed as catalysts for decarboxylative carboncarbon, carbon-silicon, carbon-oxygen, carbon-boron, carbon-sulfur, carbon-phosphorus, and carbon-halogen bond-forming reactions. Proceeding from these facts, Natarajan et al. described a novel and efficient approach for the ipso-nitration of a broad range of carboxylic acids with nitronium tetrafluoroborate (NO2BF4) as a nitrating agent and silver carbonate (Ag2CO3) as a decarboxylation reagent in dimethylacetamide (DMA) (Table 3).31 Table 3. ipso-Nitration of alkyl and aryl carboxylic acids NO 2BF4 /Ag 2CO3 (1.5:0.5)

R COOH

R NO 2

DMA, 12 h, 90 °C R ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O OHC O CHO Cl 78%

82%

79%

87%

80%

78%

81%

87% O

CH3 F CH3 85%

Br

CN

CF3

84%

81%

86%

O

COOCH3 OCH 3 87%

OCH 3

O 86%

78%

79%

O O N

83%

86%

84%

CH3

CH 3

N CH3

N 74%

81%

N

H3 C 69%

CH 3 CH3

88%

H3 C H3 C

CH3 79%

H3C

83%

CH3 H3 C 77%

79%

H 3C

CH3 80%

Reactions in various anhydrous solvents including acetonitrile, chloroform, DCM, dichloroethane, DMA, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrachloroethane suggested that anhydrous DMA was the best medium for the ipsonitration of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. Furthermore, this research group demonstrated the generality of this new protocol by applying it to a series of electronically diversified aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids (Table 3). In those reactions, aryl-/heteroaryl-/polyaryl carboxylic acids with electron donating (CH3, OCH3, C6H5) and withdrawing (F, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, CHO, COOCH3) groups afforded moderate to good yields

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of corresponding nitroarenes. The reactions were all complete within 12 h, affording the desired products in 74−88% yields. Thus, the proposed mechanism (Scheme 10) starts with an anion exchange at the silver center to produce the metal carboxylate, which in turn provides an arylmetal species through the extrusion of carbon dioxide. A subsequent reaction with nitronium ion results in the formation of the desired nitro compound, leaving silver tetrafluoroborate as a byproduct. It is noteworthy to mention that, in the absence of NO2BF4, only the decarboxylated compound was detected, which indicates the formation of an aryl-silver species as an intermediate. O O

O O

-1/2 CO2 -1/2 H 2O

H O

Ag + Ag +

O

R

R

O Ag

0.5

-CO 2

R O2 N

F -AgBF4

F F BF

O

N+

R Ag

O

Scheme 10. Proposed mechanism for the decarboxylative ipso-nitration. Table 4. Effect of copper salts and nitrating agents on ipso-nitration O F

O COOH

F

NO2

Lewis Acid Cl

MNO3, H 2O 100 °C

N

Cl

Me

Entry 1 2 3 4 5

Lewis acid Cu(OAc)2 Cu(OAc)2 Cu(OAc)2 CuOAc Cu(OAc)2

Amount (mol%) 40 50 60 60 60

MNO3 AgNO3 AgNO3 AgNO3 AgNO3 NaNO3

N Me

Yield (%) 65 87 92 72 72

Entry 6 7 8 9

Lewis acid Cu(OAc)2 Cu(OAc)2 Cu(OAc)2 ―

Amount (mol%) 60 60 100

MNO3 La(NO3)3 Ca(NO3)2 AgNO3 AgNO3 La(NO3)3

Yield (%) 66 59 90 ― 66

In 2015, Azad et al. developed an efficient, cost-effective, and green methodology for the ipso-nitration of 3-carboxy-4-quinolones via the quantitative use of copper acetate and silver nitrate in water.32 The effect of the metal nitrating agent, catalyst, and solvent was investigated under the conditions of an open atmosphere and a temperature of 100 oC over 24 h, with 7-chloro-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid used as the substrate. Copper (II) acetate was selected for the condition screening with AgNO3 as a nitrating agent, and water as the solvent. The results indicated that 60 mol% Cu(OAc)2 converted the substrate Page 50

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into a nitro product at 92% yield (Table 4). When NaNO3 and La(NO3)3 were each used as the nitrating agent, the nitro products were formed at yields of 72 and 66%, respectively. The reaction did not proceed at all if no catalysts were used. Copper (I) was also effective, albeit affording lower yields. Further, the same researchers used dihalo (F/Cl, F/F, and Cl/Cl) quinolones related with various alkyl groups at the N1 position for ipso-nitration. Ipso products were obtained in yields 80-96%, when the relevant reactions were allowed proceeded for 12–20 hrs (Table 5). Table 5. ipso-Nitration of dihalo-3-carboxy-4-quinolones O

O COOH

NO 2 Cu(OAc) 2 (60 mol %)

R

R AgNO3 (1.2 eq.), H 2O, 12-20 h N N R R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O F

O NO 2 F

Cl

N 87%

Cl

Me

N 96%

Me

O F N Me

F

N Me 81%

NO 2 Cl

Cl

N 84%

Me

Me

O

N 83%

F Me

N

N 91%

NO 2 N 87% Me O

89% O NO 2 Cl

Cl 82%

NO 2

Cl

N Me

Me

F F

NO 2 Cl

Cl

N 80% O

NO 2

O NO 2 Cl

Cl

Cl

O

N Me 82%

NO 2

Me Me

NO 2 F

F

F

N Me 84%

87% O

NO 2 F

O Cl

Me

O NO 2

Cl

N

O

82%

NO 2 F

Cl Me

NO 2 F

F

O

O NO 2 F

N

Me Me

86%

3.2 ipso-Nitration of halogens In order to circumvent the need for a phase transfer catalyst, Lakshmi Kantam and colleagues studied the copper catalyzed ipso-nitration of iodoarenes, bromoarenes, and heterocyclic haloarenes under ligand-free conditions.33 In their experiments, 4-bromothioanisole was initially selected as the substrate for performing the optimization reaction, while 25 mol% copper salts and 3 equiv of KNO2 were selected as the catalysts and nucleophile, respectively. Among the various optimization studies for the ipso-nitration of 4-bromothioanisole, the most promising result (an 84% yield) was obtained using 25 mol% of Cu(OSO2CF3)2 and 3 equiv of KNO2 in 0.6 mL of DMSO at 130 oC. A wide variety of electron-rich and electron-deficient iodoarenes and bromoarenes were then studied for ipso-nitration after the optimization. It was observed that a lot of electron-rich haloarenes reacted smoothly, irrespective of the nature and orientation of the functional groups present, to produce the nitro products in good yields (Table 6). It is important to note that several functional groups, including NO2, CHO, CN, COPh, NMe2, OCH2Ph, OMe, SMe, Ph, and Me, were tolerated in this condition, except for 4-bromoaniline and 4iodophenol. In addition, this method could be carried out for the ipso-nitration of heterocycles such as 2Page 51

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bromopyridine, 3-bromoquinoline, bromophenyl)pyrimidine.

6-bromoquinoline,

1-(4-iodophenyl)-1H-pyrrole,

and

4-(4-

Table 6. Copper catalyzed ipso-nitration of haloarenes Ar

Cu(OSO2 CF3 )2

X

Ar

DMSO, 48 h

NO 2

X=Br, I ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO 2

NO 2

NO 2

NO 2

NO 2

NO 2

NO 2 O 2N

SMe 84%

NMe 2 73%

NO 2

Ph 73%

NO 2

t-Bu 66%

NO 2

NO 2

COPh 54% NO 2

CN 45% NO 2

CHO 61%

CHO 55%

OMe NO 2

NO 2 68%

NO 2

Me

65%

67%

OMe OMe OBn OMe 72% (X=I) 58% (X=Br) 81% 32%

NO2

82% (X=I) NO 2

NO 2 NO2

NO2 N

71% (X-Br)

70%

82%

O 2N

N

NO 2 N 48%

NO 2 73%

N 62%

N

N 78%

70% NO 2

3.3 ipso-Nitration of arylboronic acids Surya Prakash and co-workers have reported a simple, convenient, and mild method for the ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids using inorganic nitrate salt and chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl) (Table 7).34 In this type of ipsonitration, 2-10% nitrochlorination was observed in certain cases. It was found that when AgNO3 was used instead of NH4NO3 as the nitrate salt, the extent of chlorination was significantly decreased. In addition, it was investigated the effect of various nitrate salts and solvents on ipso-nitration reactions and it was observed that AgNO3 and DCM provided the best results, respectively. TMSCl reacts with nitrate salts to generate TMS-O-NO2 species. The dinitro product, however, was not observed in any such reactions; it is likely that there exists a prominent electronic interaction between the boronic acid group and the intermediate active nitrating agent TMS-O-NO2 species via the boron and the siloxy group due to the high oxophilicity of boron (Scheme 11). This would help the nitration to occur at the ipso position. TMS-O-NO2 can then undergo further reaction with excess TMSCl to produce hexamethyldisiloxane and nitryl chloride, which can also act as the nitrating species. For the generation of nitryl chloride, an excess of TMSCl is required, but it was observed that phenylboronic acid can undergo nitration completely with 1 equiv of TMSCl. Generally, this reaction takes 72 h for completion. It should be noted, that this method was found more selective than the method in which Crivello’s reagent35 were used to provide the ipso-nitration products in moderate to high yields. Another significant feature of this method is the complete absence of dinitro product. Page 52

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Table 7. ipso-Nitration of arylboronic acids using TMSCl/nitrate salts

B(OH) 2 R

Entry

2.2 eqv. TMSCl DCM, r.t., 30-72 h

Arylboronic acid

1

2.2 eqv. MNO3 M = Ag, NH4

B(OH)2

NO2 R 20-98 %

Nitrate salt Time (h) AgNO3

30

Products

Yield (%)

NO 2

98

2

F

B(OH)2

NH4NO3

48

F

3

Cl

B(OH)2

NH4NO3

48

Cl

NO 2

92

4

Br

B(OH) 2

NH4NO3

48

Br

NO 2

96

NH4NO3

30

B(OH)2

5 Br

NO 2

75

75

Br

B(OH)2

6

AgNO3

NO2

72

Cl

AgNO3

NO2

72

Br

AgNO3

NO2

18

O2 N

AgNO3

NO2

72

F3C

M(NO3) x

45

O2N B(OH) 2

9

88

Br B(OH) 2

8

90

Cl

B(OH) 2

7

x (CH 3 )3 Si Cl

NO2

20

F3C

x (CH 3 )3 Si O NO2

MClx

x (CH 3)3 SiCl

x (CH 3 )3 Si O Si(CH3 )3

x NO2 Cl

active nitrating species HO

B

OH

HO Si(CH3 )3 O NO2

OH Si(CH3 )3 B O NO 2 NO2

Scheme 11. Proposed mechanism for ipso-nitration of arylboronic acid.

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Based on this result, the same group studied the interaction of arylboronic acids with a NaNO2-TMSCl system, and ultimately observed ipso-nitrosation reactions in most cases.36 Initially, 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid was selected for optimization, and was then added to a stirred mixture of NaNO2 (2.2 equiv) and TMSCl (2.2 equiv) in anhydrous dichloromethane under argon at room temperature for 72 h. However, as the initial results proved to be unsuccessful, the conditions of an open-air atmosphere and the addition of 0.5 equiv of water were applied for a reaction time of 3 h., all of which appeared to be suitable conditions for the reaction. The mechanism of the ipso-nitrosation reaction of arylboronic acids with sodium nitrite and TMSCl (Scheme 12) is similar to the mechanism illustrated above in Scheme 12, the key difference being the formation of TMSO-NO species instead of TMS-O-NO2 species. TMSCl NaNO2

TMS - NaCl

O

O N

Ph B HO OH

TMS O Ph B OH

O N

Ph

N

O

TMSOB(OH)2

OH

Scheme 12. Proposed mechanism of ipso-nitrosation of phenylboronic acid with NaNO2 and TMSCl. If arylboronic acids with various substituents in the aromatic portion react under the above conditions, ipso-nitrosation and ipso-nitration products in different ratios can be observed as the final resulting compounds (Table 8). It was observed, for example, that 4-alkoxy- and 4-phenoxyphenylboronic acids underwent the reaction smoothly to produce the corresponding nitrosoarenes in both high yields and good chemoselectivities. Table 8. ipso-Nitrosation of arylboronic acids TMSCl

ArB(OH) 2

Entry

2

r.t., open-air

Ar NO

Ar NO2

Yield (%)

Time (h)

Ar―NO

Ar―NO2

>99

12

2

97

B(OH)2

>99

12

59

41

B(OH)2

0

12





B(OH)2

>99

12

10

85

B(OH)2

>99

12

14

65

>99

12

28

64

B(OH)2

F

CH 2Cl2

Conversion (%)

Substrate

1

NaNO2

F

3

F F

4

F3 C

5

Cl

B(OH)2

6 Cl

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Table 8. Continued Entry 7

Substrate Ph

B(OH)2

Yield (%)

Conversion (%)

Time (h)

Ar―NO

Ar―NO2

0

12

0

0

>99

12

0

95

O 2N

8

B(OH)2

9

MeO

B(OH)2

>99

12

96

1

10

EtO

B(OH)2

>99

2

87

12

11

PrO

B(OH)2

>99

2

94

1

12

PhO

B(OH)2

>99

4

60

36

>99

2

12

7

>99

12

12

38

13

B(OH)2 OMe

14

B(OH)2 OEt

On the whole, the amount of nitro products was found to decrease with the increasing electron donating ability of the substituents. However, electron-rich 2-alkoxy substituted phenylboronic acids produce relatively low yields with these substrates, apparently because the inductive effect of oxygen may also play a pivotal role in the reaction yield (Table 8). A simple and convenient method for the conversion of arylboronic acid to nitroarenes using Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O/K2S2O8 as the nitrating agent was reported by Manna et al. in 2012.37 In their research, this ipso-nitration protocol was investigated in the context of reactions of phenylboronic acid with different nitrate sources in various solvents. The best result was achieved with 1 mmol of Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O with 0.5 mmol of the arylboronic acids at 80 oC. Other nitrate sources such as NaNO3, Pb(NO3)2, NaNO2, and AgNO2 failed to yield the nitro products. However, if Cd(NO3)2 was used as the nitrating agent at 100°C, nitro products was formed in a yield of 51%, while a better result was obtained with AgNO3 under the same reaction conditions. Herein, ipso-nitration proceed successfully in solvents such as toluene, o-xylylene, benzene, and trifluorotoluene, but it was observed that temperatures higher than 80 oC led to lower conversion due to increased protodeboronation reactions, therefore, only toluene and benzene were used in further investigations. Furthermore, the Bi(NO3)3 ∙5H2O/K2S2O8 catalyzed transformation of arylboronic acids to nitroaromatics has also been studied (Table 9). ipso-Nitration of the heterocyclic, alkyl, and aryl substituted arylboronic acids formed products in good to excellent yields (63-96%), including with base-sensitive functional groups such as keto with an acidic alkyl and ester group (Table 9).

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Table 9. ipso-Nitration of arylboronic acids 1 mmol Bi(NO3) 3 ⋅ 5 H2 O, 0.5 mmol K 2S 2 O8

B(OH)2

NO 2

2 mL Toluene or Benzene, 12 h, 70-80 °C, N2 atm.

0.5 mmol ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO 2 95% Me

NO 2 tBu

Me 96%

78%

NO 2 F

97%

63%

NO 2

NO 2

83% O Ph

81% O

71% NO 2

NO 2 NO 2

NO2

48% NO2

54% NO 2

NO 2 Ph

86%

NO 2

NO 2 NO 2

83% Me

NO 2 Ph

85%

Me

NO 2

NO 2 Me

O

S

83%

86%

NO2

NO2

81% tBu Me Me Si O

NO 2 82% NO 2

NO2 Br

NO 2

N

OMe COMe 70%

CO2Me

OMe

OMe

Cl

74%

96%

63%

81%

79%

35%

The mechanism of ipso-nitration of arylboronic acid (Scheme 13) is believed to be akin to the radicalbased mechanisms like those involving the use of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), hydroquinone, and thiourea. The addition of hydroquinone or TEMPO with PhB(OH)2 resulted in the formation of the desired PhNO2 product. In such a reaction, in the presence of bismuth (III) salts, persulfate anion disproportionates into sulfate dianion and sulfate radical anion. This radical could then react with the boronic acid through an unexplored process (which is expected to be the subject of future investigations), providing an aryl radical. SO 42S2 O8 2Bi(NO 3) 3

ArB(OH) 2 + H 2O SO 4-

Bi(3+n)+

B(OH)3

⋅ ⋅ O2N

HSO4 -

Ar ⋅

Ar NO2

Scheme 13. Proposed mechanism for ipso-nitration of arylboronic acid. Yadav et al. developed a catalyst-free ipso-nitration of the phenyl boronic acids using different nitrate sources such as zirconium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, cerric ammonium nitrate, silver nitrate, bismuth subnitrate, and bismuth (III) nitrate.38 Toluene was chosen as the reaction medium for the related Page 56

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optimization studies. Formed nitroarenes from various substituted phenyl and heteroaryl boronic acids are shown in Table 10. Table 10. Nitroarenes synthesized from arylboronic acids. B(OH)2 R

Bi(NO 3) 3 5H2O, 2 eqv. Toluene, 80 °C, 2-12 h., N 2 atm.

NO2 R

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO2 NO2

Me

NO2

90%

NO2

87%

MeO

83%

NO2

83%

85%

O NO2

HO

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

Me O2N 77%

90% Me

O 0% CHO

87%

78% NO2

O

NO2

O

O

NO2

EtO

O

NO2

N

NO2

O

81% 68% 81% 87% 70% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

It was observed that Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O was the best nitrating agent for ipso-nitration, and 2 equiv of Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O in toluene as a solvent, as well as reflux at 80°C for 2 h, were chosen as the conditions for further studies. The mechanism of ipso-nitration by Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O is illustrated in Scheme 14. At first, the researchers investigated whether the catalyst-free ipso-nitration occurs via a free-radical mechanism; the reaction of phenylboronic acid was performed in the presence of the free-radical scavengers TEMPO and thiourea. The reaction took place smoothly in the presence of TEMPO and thiourea, thus ruling out the possibility of a freeradical mechanism. The fact that aliphatic boronic acid did not participate in this reaction indicates that the aromatic ring plays an important electronic role in the ipso-nitration and that bismuth nitrate is presumably responsible for the in situ production of Bi–O–NO2 species. Insofar as boron is highly oxophilic, it is likely that through electronic interactions between the boronic acid group and the species of Bi–O–NO2, be formed an ionic species, which helps to occur the ipso-nitration reactions.

O

3+ N O Bi

O 3

HO

B

OH

OH

HO B

Bi O

NO 2

NO 2

Bi O NO2

Ionic species

Scheme 14. Proposed mechanism for ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids by Bi(NO3)3∙5H2O. Page 57

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Chatterjee et al. reported a highly efficient [bis-(trifluoroacetoxy)]iodobenzene (PIFA)-mediated oxidative regioselective nitration of aryl-, alkyl- and heteroarylboronic acids, with their first example being the use of a PIFA–NBS–NaNO2 combination to generate nitroarenes under transition metal-free conditions.39 In their study, it was observed that the presence as well as the amount of an additive (NBS) is important for better conversion of the organoboronic acids to the nitroarenes. Increasing the amount of NBS to 2.1 eq. and that of PIFA to 3.0 eq. resulted in quantitative ipso-nitration of the m-tolylboronic acid. In addition, the PIFA-mediated ipso-nitration of aryl-, alkyl- and heteroarylboronic acids with either an electron donating or withdrawing group, which was investigated in their work, was found to generate nitro compounds in excellent yields (7494%) (Table 11). The preliminary mechanism of these previously investigated reactions probably takes place via the generation of an O-centered radical in the presence of NBS and PIFA; this further reacts with the nitro radical, which itself is formed through the one-electron oxidation of NaNO2 in the presence of PIFA, to form the metastable species A. Table 11. ipso-Nitration of aryl-, alkyl- and heteroarylboronic acids PhI(OCOCF 3) 2, NBS, NaNO2 ,

R B(OH) 2

R NO2

MeCN, r.t., 3 h

R= alkyl, aryl, heteryl -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2 Me Me

NO2

93%

NO2

90%

NO2

NO2

NO2

Me

89%

80%

NO2

NO2 F

Me 82%

NO2

NO 2

CF3

87%

NO2

NO 2

CHO

91%

80%

NO 2 NO2 Me

Me

MeO Me 92%

Br

COMe

92%

94%

CN 90%

OMe 92%

90%

88%

74%

NO2 NO2

NO 2 N

NO2 S

N

S Cl 83%

84%

83%

O

O 85%

After all, as shown in Scheme 15, the nitroarenes are formed via nitro transfer to the aryl moiety through 1,3-aryl migration from the tetra-coordinated species B, which is itself produced from A through coordination by the succinimide.

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O Ph N I OCOCF3 O

H N B OH Ar O

PhI(OCOCF3 )2 O O

PhI

PhI N H

O

O Ar

HO B Ar HO

Ar

PhI

O N

NO 2 OCOCF3

O O

NO2

B

N Br

B

NO 2

O2 N O Ar B OH A

NO 2

OH

Scheme 15. Mechanism of the ipso-nitration of organoboronic acids in the presence of NBS. Recently, Yang and colleagues reported a simple, efficient, and practical ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids with 0.5 equiv. of iron nitrate without the addition of any additive.40 At first, 4-methylboronic acid was selected as a substrate and the reaction conditions were studied systematically with a variety of nitrate salts and solvents; in addition, various reaction temperatures and atmospheres were also screened (Table 12). Table 12. ipso-Nitration of 4-methylboronic acid with various nitrate salts Me

B(OH) 2

M(NO 3)n • mH2O (n=1-3, m=0-9)

Me

NO2

Solvent, temp., atmosphere, 18 h

Entry

M(NO3)n∙mH2O (equiv.)

Solvent

Temp. (oC)

Yield (%)

1

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

Toluene

80

93

2

Cu(NO3)2∙3H2O (1.5 eq.)

Toluene

80

75

3

Ni(NO3)2∙6H2O (1.5 eq.)

Toluene

80

20

4

Mg(NO3)2 (1.5 eq.)

Toluene

80

0

5

Co(NO3)2∙6H2O (1.5 eq.)

Toluene

80

70

6

Zn(NO3)2∙6H2O (1.5 eq.)

Toluene

80

10

7

NH4NO3 (3 eq.)

Toluene

80

Trace

8

AgNO3 (3 eq.)

Toluene

80

74

9

KNO3 (3 eq.)

Toluene

80

Trace

10

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

Toluene

80

50a

11

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

Toluene

80

40b

12

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

MeCN

80

20

13

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

c-Hexane

80

78

14

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

MeOH

80

16

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Table 12. Continued Entry

M(NO3)n∙mH2O (equiv.)

Solvent

Temp. (oC)

Yield (%)

15

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

H2O

80

0

16

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

Toluene

100

89

17

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (1 eq.)

Toluene

60

24

18

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (0.5 eq.)

Toluene

80

92

19

Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O (0.3 eq.)

Toluene

80

68

a

Under air.

b

Under oxygen atmosphere.

If the reaction was performed under air or oxygen atmosphere, the final product yields were reduced. When 4-methylboronic acid was reacted with Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O under a nitrogen atmosphere in toluene (at 80 o C), however, nitro products were obtained at a yield of 93%. Therefore, it was selected as the optimal conditions for further ipso-nitration reaction. For instance, screening of the ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups indicated that final products were obtained in higher yields with the arylboronic acids with electron-donating groups than with those containing electronwithdrawing groups (Table 13). Table 13. ipso-Nitration of arylboronic acids with iron nitrate B(OH) 2 R

Fe(NO3 )3 • 9H 2O, 80 °C N 2 , Toluene, 18 h

NO2 R

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NO2 NO2 NO2 NO2 NO2 NO2 NO2 NO2 Br OH Cl Me Me Cl

OMe 92% NO2

Me 92% NO2

88%

70%

NO2

NO2

CH 2 OH 72%

COOMe 86%

68%

87%

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

NO2

F 68%

75%

Br 78%

NO2

COOH COOH 82%

88%

NO2

CH(CH 3) 2 89%

NH2

85%

NH2 60%

88% NO2

OH 60%

CHO 74%

NO2

O

COOMe 82%

78%

NO2

78%

A possible mechanism for the ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids with iron nitrate, probably follows a path similar to the following: under heating Fe(NO3)3 produces Fe(NO3)2 (a) and the radical NO3 (b) that dimerizes to c, which then decomposes to NO2 (d) releasing oxygen (Scheme 16). Page 60

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Fe(NO3)2 a O2N OO NO2 c

2 • NO3 b

• NO3 b

2 • NO2 d

O2 NO 2

Me

B(OH)2

Me

• NO2 d

B(OH)2

e

• O N OB(OH)2

Me



• B(OH)2

g

Me

NO2

f

Scheme 16. Possible mechanism for ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids with iron nitrate. Next NO2 (d) reacts with 4-methylphenylboronic acid to produce the cyclohexadienyl (e) radical, that loses the radical B(OH)2 (f), affording the reaction product. The interaction of radical B(OH)2 (f) with the reaction product, would then lead to the detected boroxynitroxide (g) (Scheme 16). In 2007, Bougdid et al. presented the first ipso-nitration of 2,2-diphenyl-2H-1-benzopyrans.41 They selected Crivello’s reagent (NH4NO3/(CF3CO)2O) as the nitrating agent. At first, trifluoroacetic anhydride was slowly added to a mixture of NH4NO3 (1.1 equiv) in acetonitrile. Thereafter, boronic acid (1 equiv) was reacted with the prepared nitrating agent at -35 °C, forming only selective mono nitro products (Scheme 17). Ph

Ph

Ph O

B(OH)2 NH4NO3, (CF3CO)2O

NO2

Ph O

MeCN, -35 °C Me Me _______________________________________________________ Ph

Ph

Ph O

NO2 Ph O

49% Ph Ph O Me 61%

Ph NO2 Ph O

71% Me Me

Ph

80% Me Me

NO2 Ph O

Ph Me

O2N 52%

NO2 Me Me

Ph O

NO2 Me

32%

Scheme 17. ipso-Nitration of 2,2-diphenyl-2H-1-benzopyrans.

Conclusions In summary, the recent advances in ipso-nitration reactions, including those carried out via both classical and modern methods have been highlighted in this review. The most commonly used traditional ipso-nitration reaction involves the synthesis of nitrocalixarenes, whereas arylboronic acids are preferred in the more modern approaches using various metal salts and mild nitrating agents. In the 1990s, it was observed that, in a Page 61

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lot of experimental investigations, only alkyl groups were transformed into nitro groups by ipso-nitration. However, this type of reaction has been noticeably developed in more recent years, and now various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, cycloalkane, and halo-derivatives, can be converted into selective nitro products, whereby can be used as building blocks in organic synthesis. Thus, our research group believes that, in organic synthesis methodology, the conversion of any functional group into a nitro group will always be an important point to consider, which is why perspectives on ipso-nitration will continue to develop in the future.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 21550110495) and funded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (Grant No. 2016PT014) and the Central Asia Drug Research and Development Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Authors’ Biographies

Khurshed Bozorov studied at the Samarkand State University (Uzbekistan), obtaining his BSc and Master Degree in Chemistry in 2005 and 2007, respectively. In 2011 he got PhD in Organic Chemistry under the supervision of Prof. Khusnutdin M. Shakhidoyatov at the Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Page 64

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Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. His PhD work was focused on the synthesis and chemical transformation of thienopyrimidines with biological activity. In 2013 he was awarded the Chinese Academy of Sciences Postdoctoral fellowship and joined in the Prof. Haji A. Aisa group at the Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS. His main research interests are the chemical synthesis and biological properties of nitrogen and sulfur containing heterocycles as well as drug design on base them.

Jiang-Yu Zhao obtained her Master Degree in Organic Chemistry at the Nankai University in 2007. In 2011, she got PhD in Organic Chemistry under the supervision of Prof. Haji A. Aisa and continuing her scientific career at the Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS from 2011 until now. Her PhD work was focused on the synthesis and chemical modification of natural products with anti-influenza activities. In 2015, she was awarded project by Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS. Her main research interests are the drug design, synthesis and biological screening of active compound from unique medicinal plant resources in Xinjiang.

Haji A. Aisa is Deputy-Director of the Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS. He obtained his PhD Degree in Organic chemistry at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica in 1999. His current research interests are: a) development of bio-resources and indigenous medicinal plants in arid zone and Central Asia; b) the synthesis and drug design in the phytochemistry and organic synthesis; c) investigation and modernization of traditional Uighur medicine. He has published more than 300 scientific articles in domestic Page 65

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and foreign academic journals and applied for 126 national patents, in which 75 were licensed and 12 were put in practice. He has been supported by National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars by National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2009.

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Recent advances in ipso-nitration reactions - Arkivoc

©ARKAT USA, Inc. The Free ..... indicated, ipso-nitration with acetic anhydride/nitric acid ensures a good yield of p-nitrocalix[n]arenes; ...... Iyer, L. M. Formation and reactions of adducts from ipso nitration of nitroarenes, University of Victoria.

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