NQ Dry Tropics Beach Scrub BioCondition Report (Site specific extract)

December 2016

Site – Cape Upstart (Northern)

Contents: Site Description

2

On-ground Works Prioritisation

5

Discussion

5

Recommendations

6

Weeds on Site

7

Site Specific Actions

8

Treatment Recommendations

9

S08 Cape Upstart North – BioCondition Assessment Results.

Biocondition Assessment S08 Cape Upstart North – Landscape view and aerial view.

S08 Cape Upstart North – view north, centre of plot.

S08 Cape Upstart North – view east, centre of plot.

S08 Cape Upstart North – view south, centre of plot. S08 Cape Upstart North – view west, centre of plot. Attributes Maximum Score Site Score Site-based condition Large Trees 15 15 attributes. Tree Canopy Height 5 4 Recruitment of Canopy Species 5 5 Tree Canopy Cover 5 4 Shrub Cover 5 3 Coarse Woody Debris 5 5 Native Plant Species Richness 20 10 Non-native Plant Cover 10 10 Native Perennial Grass Cover 5 0 Litter Cover 5 5 Landscape attributes Size of Patch 10 10 (fragmented) Context 5 4 Connection 5 4 Adjusted Total: 100 87.8 BioCondition Class: 1 Site Specific Notes: Site with high tree diversity and canopy of large trees including figs.

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

2

S08 Cape Upstart North – Site Survey and Management Notes Attending

C. Kahler and J. Rains

Survey Date

11/10/2016

Tenure

Freehold

Site Location

0m E 588901

50m E 588900

Regional Ecosystem:

(GMA, GDA94)

0m N 7811106

50m N 7811131

11.2.3

General Description

Semi-evergreen vine thicket, 10m in height. Open understorey. On crests of low beach dunes, adjacent to shoreline with some shelter from tall mountains nearby; sandy soil with little cohesion.

Size of Polygon

74.9ha

Size of Patch

31,526ha

Connectivity

98.8% (Remnant)

Context

68.3% (Remnant)

Canopy Height

Canopy: 10m Sub-canopy: 3m

Canopy Species

EDL Species: Drypetes deplanchei, Ficus rubiginosa, Ganophyllum falcatum, Mimusops elengi, Polyalthia nitidissima. Sub-dominant: EDL species and includes: Aidia racemosa, Alectryon connatus, Canarium australianum var. australianum, Celtis paniculata, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Sersalisia sericea.

Shrub Species

Includes: Capparis sepiaria, Carissa ovata, Cyclophyllum coprosmoides, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Exocarpos latifolius, Glycosmis trifoliata, Gossia bidwillii, Tabernaemontana orientalis.

Vines

Cassytha sp., Deeringia amaranthoides, Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense, Melodorum leichhardtii, Pachygone ovata, Pandorea pandorana, Trophis scandens.

Weeds

Lantana camara*

General condition notes

In good condition. Apparently more sheltered from cyclone damage than other sites surveyed in the vicinity.

Management Issues

As for sites S06 and S07, fire doesn’t seem to be an issue as the site is largely bordered by tidal flats, often with saltwater couch to the west and seashore on the east. Weeds: Rubbervine has been very dense in the past and this has been treated under previous investments and as part of National Parks routine maintenance. Outliers of dense rubbervine as well as scattered plants remain.

Suggested Actions

Weeds: as a matter of priority see that remaining rubbervine plants in areas surrounding the patch are destroyed while the overall density of the weed is low and eradication achievable.

Action Prioritisation Score

9/13

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

3

Table 1 S08 Cape Upstart North Flora and Fauna Species Lists Family Scientific Name

Common Name

Life Form

Plant Species MIMOSACEAE

Acacia oraria

a wattle

T

RUBIACEAE

Aidia racemosa

Archer cherry

T

SAPINDACEAE

Alectryon connatus

grey bird's eye

T

RHAMNACEAE

Alphitonia excelsa

soap tree

T

BURSERACEAE

Canarium australianum var. australianum

mango bark

T

CAPPARACEAE

Capparis sepiaria

wild orange

S

APOCYNACEAE

Carissa ovata

currant bush

S

LAURACEAE

Cassytha sp.

a dodder

V

ULMACEAE

Celtis paniculata

native celtis

T

LAMIACEAE

Clerodendrum floribundum

lolly bush

S

LAURACEAE

Cryptocarya sp.

a laurel

T

SAPINDACEAE

Cupaniopsis anacardioides

tuckeroo

T

RUBIACEAE

Cyclophyllum coprosmoides

beach canthium

S

CYPERACEAE

Cyperus sp.

a sedge

F

AMARANTHACEAE

Deeringia amaranthoides

shrubby deeringia

V

SAPINDACEAE

Dodonaea lanceolata

hopbush

S

PUTRANJIVACEAE

Drypetes deplanchei

yellow boxwood

EDL

MYRTACEAE

Eugenia reinwardtiana

Cedar Bay cherry

S

SANTALACEAE

Exocarpos latifolius

beach cherry

S

MORACEAE

Ficus rubiginosa

rusty fig

EDL

MORACEAE

Ficus virens

white fig

T

SAPINDACEAE

Ganophyllum falcatum

scaly bark ash

RUTACEAE

Glycosmis trifoliata

pink-fruited glycosmis

S

MYRTACEAE

Gossia bidwillii

python tree

S

OLEACEAE

Jasminum simplicifolium subsp. australiense

native jasmine

V

VERBENACEAE

Lantana camara*

lantana

S

ANNONACEAE

Melodorum leichhardtii

zig-zag vine

V

RUTACEAE

Micromelum minutum

lime berry

T

SAPOTACEAE

Mimusops elengi

red condoo

EDL

MENISPERMACEAE

Pachygone ovata

pachygone

V

PANDANACEAE

Pandanus cookii

screw palm

S

BIGNONIACEAE

Pandorea pandorana

wonga vine

V

RUBIACEAE

Pavetta australiensis

pavetta

S

ANNONACEAE

Polyalthia nitidissima

canary beach

SAPOTACEAE

Sersalisia sericea

wild prune

T

APOCYNACEAE

Tabernaemontana orientalis

banana bush

S

FABACEAE

Tephrosia filipes RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

EDL

EDL

S 4

MORACEAE

Trophis scandens

Family

Scientific Name

burny vine Common Name

V Class

No Fauna Species Recorded Table Note: Life Form categories are as follows; E= epiphyte, F= forb, S- shrub, T= tree, V= vine, EDL= species forms part of the canopy or the Ecologically Dominant Layer, #= species in patch but outside plot, * = introduced/weed. Fauna observations were opportunistic only.

Recommended Prioritisation of Works Site prioritisation scores are given below in Table 2 (extracted) with sites ranked by site number. Table 3 (extracted) lists the sites by on-ground works prioritisation score and includes BioCondition scores and classes. Table 2: On-Ground Works Prioritisation Scores for each Site – Extract Site Attribute and score

S08 Cape Upstart N

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Total

2

1

0

3

0

0

1

1

1

9

Notes: As for S06, the landowner is willing to work with NQDT and National Parks, has granted access and has a record of success. Physical access is difficult and although BC score or patch size won’t increase, works will build on a number of previous investments and will certainly reduce a threatening process. Table Note: scores shown are from a maximum total of 13.

BioCondition scores were calculated from values collected onto field sheets during field survey and are given on individual site sheets in the previous section. The BioCondition scores along with each site’s works prioritisation score are given in the following tables. Table 3: Sites Ranked by On-Ground Prioritisation Score – Extract Site Works BioCondition Prioritisation Score Score S08 Cape Upstart North 9 87.8%

BioCondition Class 1

Previous BioCondition Score (Class) Reference site

Note: ‘Previous BioCondition Score’ derived from Woodcock (2008a).

Discussion Condition The beach scrubs surveyed are all in good condition. Those managed by public authorities appeared to be in the best condition. Although it is largely impossible to compare BioCondition scores between this survey event and previous ones, a few differences can be detected through checking text used in describing the sites during 2008 survey. The chief changes in condition relate to cyclone damage sustained in the intervening period. Cyclone Louis seems to have impacted the Cape Upstart Central and South sites. Otherwise, management issues for re-surveyed sites seem to have largely remained as they were during the first survey. It seems as though previous investment has been worthwhile with sites treated previously for weeds or other threats returning high BioCondition scores – the prior investment has paid off in terms of resilience and in terms of current landholders’ awareness of the value of these ecosystems.

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

5

Threats Results of the on-ground BioCondition survey and scoring are given in a site-by-site report (following section) including the BioCondition score break-down, site photos, a small map showing the traversed area within patch, notes on condition and proposed actions as well as a plant species list and a list of any fauna incidentally sighted during the survey. Management issues and suggested actions are also given. A summary of threats to beach scrubs at each site is given in Table 4 (extracted).

Threat

S08 Cape Upstart N

Table 4: Summary of Threats by Site – Extract

Coastal development Tourism and vectors Agriculture Mining Climate change Weed invasion

x

Fire Feral animals Exotic pathogens Other natural disturbances

The strongest influences on BioCondition scores appear to be natural disturbances (salt water inundation, strong salt-laden winds, cyclones) although the pressure that represents single greatest potential threat, likely to cause catastrophic and irreversible change is the ever-present likelihood of coastal development. Invasion by transformer weeds and fire are the next most significant onsite threats overall (see Table 4). Weeds, along with inappropriate fire use could severely damage remaining areas. Beach scrub transformer weeds (weeds that can force a significant and perhaps irreversible change in structure and floristics) include rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora*), Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus*) (and other vigorous introduced grasses), lantana (Lantana camara*) and, if infestations are dense enough, corky passion vine (Passiflora suberosa*). Myrtle rust was seen at 2 sites and infected plants were notably lacking in vigour.

Recommendations or Summary Many of the sites surveyed are in good condition (BioCondition class of 1 or 2). Protect these healthier sites from threatening processes, most especially, clearing. The most catastrophic impact on these healthy sites will come from human interaction – clearing for coastal development. High public awareness of their values and TEC listing is most likely the best protection they can be given against this threat. In order to check that beach scrub communities of the NQ Dry Tropics NRM region are maintaining or improving condition it is recommended that this process be repeated in around five to ten years’ time. It should not be necessary to repeat BioCondition immediately following any on-ground works as a way of measuring their success, rather, specific monitoring methods should be devised or used to detect the success or otherwise of any remediation works planned. Wherever it is available, use more current information, particularly on community or landholder willingness to participate, so as to improve the chances of remediation work success. Where it is not at hand, actively seek information from the community to better inform planning and improve the results of on-ground works. Additionally, maintain some planning flexibility so as to take advantage of opportunities as they arise. RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

6

Weeds identified adjacent to site include, but are not limited to: Table 5: Prioritised Weeds Priority Order

Scientific Name

Common Name

Life Form

Plant Species

1 (Very High)

Cryptostegia grandiflora*

rubber vine

V

1 (Very High)

Lantana camara*

lantana

S

3 (Moderate)

Solanum seaforthianum*

Brazillian nightshade

V

Table Note: Life Form categories are as follows: E= epiphyte, F= forb, S- shrub, T= tree, V= vine.

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

7

Site Specific Actions S08 Cape Upstart (Northern)

Initial Works

Quarter 4 maintenance

Quarter 5 maintenance

Quarter 6 maintenance

Quarter 7 maintenance

Quarter 8 maintenance

Jan-Mar 2017

Apr – Jun 2017

Jul – Sep 2017

Oct – Dec 2017

Jan – Mar 2018

Apr – Jun 2018

 Time required o 3 days (estimate)  Rubbish clean up o Litter, bottles etc  Weed works o Rubbervine, lantana o Grass control on perimeter (guinea

 Time required o 1 day  Rubbish clean up o Litter, bottles etc  Check status of

 Time required o 1 day  Rubbish clean up o Litter, bottles etc  Check status of

 Time required o 1 day  Rubbish clean up o Litter, bottles etc  Check status of

 Time required o 1 day  Rubbish clean up o Litter, bottles etc  Check status of

 Time required o 1 day  Rubbish clean up o Litter, bottles etc  Check status of

previously treated

previously treated

previously treated

previously treated

previously treated

weeds, retreat if

weeds, retreat if

weeds, retreat if

weeds, retreat if

weeds, retreat if

needed

needed

needed

needed

needed

 Weed works

 Weed works

 Weed works

 Weed works

 Weed works

and others)

o Rubbervine,

o Rubbervine,

o Rubbervine,

o Rubbervine,

o Rubbervine,

o Others as time

lantana

lantana

lantana

lantana

lantana

o Grasses

o Grasses

o Grasses

o Grasses

o Grasses

o Woody weeds

o Woody weeds

o Woody weeds

o Woody weeds

o Woody weeds

o Others as time

o Others as time

o Others as time

o Others as time

o Others as time

permits

permits

permits

permits

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

permits

permits

8

Treatment Recommendations All of this information is advisory in nature and not legally binding; the landholder should ensure they follow all governmental and safety regulations when using any weed control methods. Some of these plants are toxic to humans and all care should be taken during their control.

Rubber Vine Cut and painting or basal barking the stems will be effective on this Weed of National Significance. http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pestanimals-ants/weeds/a-z-listing-of-weeds/photo-guideto-weeds/rubber-vine http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/plants/weeds-pestanimals-ants/weeds/a-z-listing-of-weeds/photo-guideto-weeds/rubber-vine/?a=52544 http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/0303080 0-0b07-490a-8d040605030c0f01/media/Html/Cryptostegia_grandiflora.ht m

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

9

Lantana Lantana can be controlled in small outbreaks by digging or chipping out the plants. Alternatively, partially cutting the plant back and basal bark spraying it, according to the Fact Sheet is effective. https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industry/agriculture/s pecies/invasive-plants/restricted/lantana http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/000 9/62010/IPA-Lantana-PP34.pdf http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/000 8/77669/IPA-Lantana-Herb-Bro.pdf http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Ht ml/lantana_camara.htm

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

10

Brazilian Nightshade Handpulling this toxic environmental weed should be effective as the root system is shallow. Alternatively, treatment with a broadleaf selective herbicide should work. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800 -0b07-490a-8d040605030c0f01/media/Html/Solanum_seaforthianum.ht m

https://www.jcu.edu.au/discover-nature-atjcu/plants/nq-weeds-by-common-name/solanumseaforthianum

RDB40 Action Plan Cape Upstart (Northern) December 2016

11

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