PHYSIOLOGY ON THE FLY: SHOCK — ​FACILITATOR GUIDE

Mark Tuttle 2017

Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory

OBJECTIVES​ — By the end of this exercise, learners should be able to: 1. Define and recognize shock. 2. Describe the physiological basis for shock sub-types. 3. Outline the initial treatments directed at the specific physiological perturbation in shock sub-types. 4. Recognize the teleology and correlations with animal physiology/comparative biology.   What do these clinical scenarios have in common?  62 ♂ p/w fever, cough ➔ HR 121, BP 84/61 Distributive ​(sepsis) Learners should recognize hypotension as a commonality and more advanced learners may pick up on shock as a more precise theme.

74 ♀ p/w dyspnea, melena ➔ HR 110, BP 80/40 Hypovolemic ​(hemorrhage) 55 ♂ w/cancer p/w dyspnea ➔ HR 120, BP 80/50 Obstructive ​(pulmonary embolism)

75 ♂ p/w fatigue, dyspnea, JVD, elevated lactate ➔ HR 110, BP 110/90 Cardiogenic ​(cardiomyopathy)

48 ♀ wheezing after eating peanuts ➔ HR 130, BP 75/40 Distributive ​(anaphylaxis)  28 ♀ w/recent URI p/w dyspnea, JVD ➔ HR 140, BP 80/60 Obstructive ​(cardiac tamponade)

  Describe the differences between this scenario and the others. ​Not hypotensive. What does it have in common with the others? ​The patient is in shock. Explain why this patient is also in shock.  

DEFINITION OF SHOCK​: Inadequate tissue perfusion that results in end-organ dysfunction. ● “Rude unhinging of the machinery of life”, Dr. Samuel Gross, Civil War surgeon (1872)​3 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INADEQUATE TISSUE PERFUSION (SHOCK)  Sensitivity of various organs to hypoperfusion 1) Brain 2) Kidneys 3) Heart 4) Liver 5) Skeletal muscle Resting metabolic rate of various organs​4 1) Heart: 440 kcal/kg/day 2) Kidneys: 440 kcal/kg/day 3) Brain: 240 kcal/kg/day 4) Liver: 200 kcal/kg/day 5) Skeletal muscle: 13 kcal/kg/day

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  PHYSIOLOGY ON THE FLY: SHOCK — ​FACILITATOR GUIDE

Mark Tuttle 2017

Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory

This can be derived from Ohm’s Law (V=IR) which many learners are likely to be familiar with. Draw the comparison of the movement of electrons versus the flow of blood.

SUBTYPES OF SHOCK: ​As aligned with the above equation Low cardiac output  ● Low contractility ​(​Intrinsic cardiogenic)​ ○ Cardiomyopathy, MI, valvular ● Low preload  ○ Hypovolemic​: ​Dehydration, blood loss ○ Obstructive (Extracardiac) ■ PE, tamponade, tension PTX Low total peripheral resistance  ● Distributive: ​Sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic, adrenal Normal/typical values: SV​: 70 ml (for 70 kg man) HR​: 70 beats per minute CO​: 70 ml x 70 bpm = 4900 ml/min = 4.9 L/min ≈ 5 L/min MAP​: 120 x ⅓ + 80 x ⅔ = 93 mmHg ≈ 90 mmHg TPR​: 18 (mmHg x min) / L ≈ 20 (mmHg x min) / L

HEMODYNAMICS OF SHOCK SUBTYPES Subtype  CO  TPR  Preload  Contractility  Hypovolemic ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ Intrinsic cardiogenic ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Obstructive (extracardiac) ↓ ↑ ↑/↓ ↑/↓ Distributive ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ Etiology of Shock  Hypovolemic  Septic  Cardiogenic  Other 

ED​1  36% 33% 29% 2%

ICU​2  16% 62% 16% 4%

VASOPRESSORS & INOTROPES  Agent  α​1  β​1  β​2  D  V  CO  TM​ Norepinephrine (​Levophed​ ) ++ ++ 0 0 0 -/↑ Dobutamine 0 +++ ++ 0 0 ↑ Isoproterenol 0 +++ +++ 0 0 ↑ Milrinone* 0 ++* ++* 0 0 ↑ Epinephrine +++ +++ ++ 0 0 ↑↑ Dopamine (0.5-2) 0 0 0 + 0 ↑ Dopamine (5-10) 0 ++ 0 + 0 ↑↑ Dopamine (>10) ++ 0 0 + 0 ↑ Vasopressin 0 0 0 0 + 0 TM​ Phenylephrine (​Neosynephrine​ ) +++ 0 0 0 0 0 *Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor works downstream of beta receptors

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SVR  ↑↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑↑

Receptor  Action  α​1 Vasoconstriction β​1  Inotropy, chronotropy, dromotropy β​2  Inotropy, vasodilation D  Vasoconstriction, vasodilation of splanchinc, chronotropy V  Vasoconstriction  

  PHYSIOLOGY ON THE FLY: SHOCK — ​FACILITATOR GUIDE

Mark Tuttle 2017

Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory Case  Illness Script 

Shock subtype 

Deranged variable  Mechanism 

Treatment 



62 ♂ p/w fever, cough, WBC 17,000 ➔ HR 121, BP 84/61

Distributive - sepsis

TPR

Endotoxin

Vasopressor Antibiotics



48 ♀ wheezing after eating peanuts, hives ➔ HR 130, BP 75/40

Distributive anaphylaxis

TPR

Mast cell activation

Epinephrine



28 ♀ w/recent URI p/w dyspnea, JVD, effusion ➔ HR 140, BP 80/60

Low cardiac output - Obstructive

Preload

Impaired RV inflow

Pericardioce ntesis



55 ♂ w/cancer p/w dyspnea, CTA with PE ➔ HR 120, BP 80/50

Low cardiac output - Obstructive

Preload

Impaired RV outflow

Anticoagulati on tPA, retrieval



74 ♀ p/w dyspnea, melena, Hgb 5.9 g/dL ➔ HR 110, BP 80/40

Low cardiac output - hypovolemic

Preload

Blood loss

Crystalloid pRBCs



75 ♂ p/w fatigue, dyspnea, JVD, ↑ lactate ➔ HR 110, BP 110/90

Low cardiac output - cardiogenic

SV and contractility

Myopathy

Inotropes, mechanical circulatory support

MECHANISMS AND TELEOLOGY: ​“Nature has made nothing without reason” (Galen, ​On the Natural Faculties,​ 1523)   ● Sepsis  ○ Mechanism​: Systemic inflammation: release of interleukins, TNFα result in systemic vasodilation and capillary leak​5 ○ Evolutionary advantage​: This may be beneficial in a regional infection since it draws leukocytes to the region by increasing regional blood flow and extravasation of WBCs into the infected area. However, in overwhelming systemic infection, this may be maladaptive due to global vasodilation. ● Anaphylaxis  ○ Mechanism​: Mast cell degranulation releases inflammatory mediators into bloodstream causing systemic vasodilation, bronchospasm​7​. ○ Evolutionary advantage​: Contents of mast cells include peptidases that can break down snake venom​7​. ● Pericardium ○ Evolutionary advantage​: Facilitates ​ventricular interdependence​ (ex. Increased LV filling pressure transmitted to pericardium and thus the right ventricle, impairing RV filling which decreases RV output and thus LV filling pressure.)​8 ■ Pericardiectomy in anesthetized dogs had no obvious deleterious effect​9​. ● Frank-Starling Law​: Increases in preload lead to an increase in stroke volume ○ Mechanism​: Greater stretch of myocytes leads to more optimal actin-myosin cross-bridges​6 SOURCES:  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Kheng CP, Rahman NH. The use of end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in patients with hypotension in the emergency department. Int J Emerg Med. 2012;5(1):31. De backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):779-89. Gross SG. A System of Surgery: Pathological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Operative. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1872 Wang Z, Ying Z, Bosy-westphal A, et al. Specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues across adulthood: evaluation by mechanistic model of resting energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(6):1369-77. Van amersfoort ES, Van berkel TJ, Kuiper J. Receptors, mediators, and mechanisms involved in bacterial sepsis and septic shock. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(3):379-414. De tombe PP, Mateja RD, Tachampa K, Ait mou Y, Farman GP, Irving TC. Myofilament length dependent activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010;48(5):851-8. Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ. The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(2):335-348. Kroeker CA, Shrive NG, Belenkie I, Tyberg JV. Pericardium modulates left and right ventricular stroke volumes to compensate for sudden changes in atrial volume. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;284(6):H2247-54. Weisse AB, Vijayachandra nair S, Jaferi GA. Studies in pericardial function. I. Cardiovascular effects of assisted ventilation, thoracotomy and pericardiectomy in the anesthetized dog. Cardiology. 1975;60(2):75-85.

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PHYSIOLOGY ON THE FLY: SHOCK

VASOPRESSORS & INOTROPES. Agent α​1 β​1 β​2 D V CO SVR. Norepinephrine (​Levophed​TM​). ++ ++ 0. 0 0 -/↑ ↑↑. Dobutamine. 0. +++ ++ 0 0 ↑.

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