Peeter Joot [email protected]

One atom basis phonons in 2D Let’s tackle a problem like the 2D problem of the final exam, but first more generally. Instead of a square lattice consider the lattice with the geometry illustrated in fig. 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Oblique one atom basis Here, a and b are the vector differences between the equilibrium positions separating the masses along the K1 and K2 interaction directions respectively. The equilibrium spacing for the cross coupling harmonic forces are r = (b + a)/2 s = (b − a)/2. Based on previous calculations, we can write the equations of motion by inspection

1

(1.1)

mu¨ n = − K1 Projaˆ ∑ un − un±(1,0)

2

±

− K2 Projbˆ ∑ un − un±(0,1)

2

±

− K3 Projrˆ ∑ un − un±(1,1)

(1.2)

2

±

− K4 Projsˆ ∑ un − un±(1,−1)

2

.

±

Inserting the trial solution 1 un = √ e(q)ei(rn ·q−ωt) , m

(1.3)

and using the matrix form for the projection operators, we have   K1 T aˆ aˆ e ∑ 1 − e±ia·q m ±   K2 ˆ ˆ T bb e ∑ 1 − e±ib·q + m ±   K3 ˆ ˆ T + bb e ∑ 1 − e±i(b+a)·q m ±   K3 ˆ ˆ T ±i(b−a)·q bb e ∑ 1 − e + m ±

ω2 e =

(1.4)

4K1 T 4K2 ˆ ˆ T aˆ aˆ e sin2 (a · q/2) + bb e sin2 (b · q/2) m m 4K3 T 4K4 T + rˆrˆ e sin2 ((b + a) · q/2) + sˆ sˆ e sin2 ((b − a) · q/2) . m m =

This fully specifies our eigenvalue problem. Writing S1 = sin2 (a · q/2) S2 = sin2 (b · q/2) S3 = sin2 ((b + a) · q/2)

(1.5a)

S4 = sin2 ((b − a) · q/2)  4  T T T T ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ A= K1 S1 aa + K2 S2 bb + K3 S3 rr + K4 S4 ss , m

(1.5b)

Ae = ω 2 e = λe.

(1.6)

we wish to solve

Neglecting the specifics of the matrix at hand, consider a generic two by two matrix

2



 a b A= , c d

(1.7)

λ − a −b 0 = −c λ − d = (λ − a)(λ − d) − bc = λ2 − (a + d)λ + ad − bc = λ2 − (TrA)λ + | A|     TrA 2 TrA 2 − + | A|. = λ− 2 2

(1.8)

for which the characteristic equation is

So our angular frequencies are given by   q 1 TrA ± (TrA)2 − 4| A| . ω2 = 2

(1.9)

The square root can be simplified slightly (TrA)2 − 4| A| = (a + d)2 − 4(ad − bc) = a2 + d2 + 2ad − 4ad + 4bc = (a − d)2 + 4bc,

(1.10)

so that, finally, the dispersion relation is ω2 =

 p 1 d + a ± (d − a)2 + 4bc , 2

(1.11)

Our eigenvectors will be given by 0 = (λ − a)e1 − be2 ,

(1.12)

or e1 ∝

b e2 . λ−a

So, our eigenvectors, the vectoral components of our atomic displacements, are   b e∝ , ω2 − a

(1.13)

(1.14)

or 

 2b p e∝ . d − a ± (d − a)2 + 4bc

3

(1.15)

Square lattice There is not too much to gain by expanding out the projection operators explicitly in general. However, let’s do this for the specific case of a square lattice (as on the exam problem). In that case, our projection operators are      1  1 0 T 1 0 = (1.16a) aˆ aˆ = 0 0 0       ˆbbˆ T = 0 0 1 = 0 0 (1.16b) 1 0 1      1 1 1 1 1  T 1 1 = rˆrˆ = (1.16c) 2 1 2 1 1      1 1 −1 1 −1  T −1 1 = sˆ sˆ = (1.16d) 2 1 2 −1 1 S1 = sin2 (a · q) S2 = sin2 (b · q)

(1.17)

S3 = sin2 ((b + a) · q) S4 = sin2 ((b − a) · q) , Our matrix is A=

  2 2K1 S1 + K3 S3 + K4 S4 K 3 S3 − K 4 S4 , K 3 S3 − K 4 S4 2K2 S2 + K3 S3 + K4 S4 m

(1.18)

where, specifically, the squared sines for this geometry are S1 = sin2 (a · q/2) = sin2 ( aq x /2)  S2 = sin2 (b · q/2) = sin2 aqy /2 S3 = sin2 ((b + a) · q/2) = sin2 a(q x + qy )/2

(1.19a) (1.19b) 

(1.19c)

S4 = sin2 ((b − a) · q/2) = sin2 a(qy − q x )/2 . 

(1.19d)

Using eq. (1.14), the dispersion relation and eigenvectors are 2 ω = m 2

∑ K i Si ±

! p

(K2 S2 − K1 S1 )2 + (K3 S3 − K4 S4 )2

(1.20a)

i

 K 3 S3 − K 4 S4 p e∝ . K2 S2 − K1 S1 ± (K2 S2 − K1 S1 )2 + (K3 S3 − K4 S4 )2 

(1.20b)

This calculation is confirmed in oneAtomBasisPhononSquareLatticeEigensystem.nb. Mathematica calculates an alternate form (equivalent to using a zero dot product for the second row), of p   K1 S1 − K2 S2 ± (K2 S2 − K1 S1 )2 + (K3 S3 − K4 S4 )2 e∝ (1.21) . K 3 S3 − K 4 S4 Either way, we see that K3 S3 − K4 S4 = 0 leads to only horizontal or vertical motion.

4

With the exam criteria are

In the specific case that we had on the exam where K1 = K2 and K3 = K4 , these

2 ω = m 2

 K1 (S1 + S2 ) + K3 (S3 + S4 ) ± 

 e∝

K1

(S1 − S2 ) ±

q

K12 (S2

K ( S − S4 ) r 3 3  (S2 − S1 )2 +

− S1 )2 +

K32 (S3

− S 4 )2

 (1.22a)

 K3 K1

2

! (S3 − S4 )2

 .

(1.22b)

For horizontal and vertical motion we need S3 = S4 , or for a 2π × integer difference in the absolute values of the sine arguments

±(a(q x + qy )/2) = a(qy − qy )/2 + 2πn.

(1.23)

2π n a 2π qy = n a

(1.24)

That is, one of qx =

In the first BZ, that is one of q x = 0 or qy = 0. System in rotated coordinates On the exam, where we were asked to solve for motion along the cross directions explicitly, there was a strong hint to consider a rotated (by π /4) coordinate system. The rotated the lattice basis vectors √2 , and the projection√matrices. Writing√rˆ = f1 and √ are a = ae1 , b = ae sˆ = f2 , where f1 = (e1 + e2 )/ 2, f2 = (e2 − e1 )/ 2, or e1 = (f1 − f2 )/ 2, e2 = (f1 + f2 )/ 2. In the {f1 , f2 } basis the projection matrices are      1 1 −1 1 1  1 −1 = aˆ aˆ T = (1.25a) 2 −1 2 −1 1       ˆbbˆ T = 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 (1.25b) 2 1 2 1 1   1 0 rˆrˆT = (1.25c) 0 0   0 0 T sˆ sˆ = (1.25d) 0 1 The dot products that show up in the squared sines are 1 a · q = a √ (f1 − f2 ) · (f1 k u + f2 k v ) = 2 1 b · q = a √ (f1 + f2 ) · (f1 k u + f2 k v ) = 2

5

a √ (k u − k v ) 2 a √ (k u + k v ) 2

(1.26a) (1.26b)

(a + b) · q =



2ak u √ (b − a) · q = 2ak v So that in this basis S1 S2 S3 S4

 a = sin √ (k u − k v ) 2   a = sin2 √ (k u + k v ) 2 √  2 = sin 2ak u √  = sin2 2ak v 2

(1.26c) (1.26d)



With the rotated projection operators eq. (1.5b) takes the form   2 K1 S1 + K2 S2 + 2K3 S3 K 2 S2 − K 1 S1 A= . K 2 S2 − K 1 S1 K1 S1 + K2 S2 + 2K4 S4 m

(1.27)

(1.28)

This clearly differs from eq. (1.18), and results in a different expression for the eigenvectors, but the same as eq. (1.20a) for the angular frequencies.   K S − K S 2 2 1 1 p , e∝ (1.29) K4 S4 − K3 S3 ∓ (K2 S2 − K1 S1 )2 + (K3 S3 − K4 S4 )2 or, equivalently e∝



K 4 S4 − K 3 S3 ∓

p

 (K2 S2 − K1 S1 )2 + (K3 S3 − K4 S4 )2 , K 1 S1 − K 2 S2

For the K1 = K2 and K3 = K4 case of the exam, this is   K1 (S2 − S1 ) ! r    2 e∝ K1 2 + (S − S )2  . K 3 S4 − S3 ∓ (S − S ) 2 3 1 4 K3

(1.30)

(1.31)

Similar to the horizontal coordinate system, we see that we have motion along the diagonals when a a ± √ (k u − k v ) = √ (k u + k v ) + 2πn, 2 2

(1.32)

√ π 2 n a √ π kv = 2 n a

(1.33)

or one of ku =

6

Stability? The exam asked why the cross coupling is required for stability. Clearly we have more complex interaction. The constant ω surfaces will also be more complex. However, I still don’t have a good intuition what exactly was sought after for that part of the question. Numerical computations A Manipulate allowing for choice of the spring constants and lattice orientation, as shown in fig. 1.2, is available in phy487/oneAtomBasisPhonon.nb. This interface also provides a numerical calculation of the distribution relation as shown in fig. 1.3, and provides an animation of the normal modes for any given selection of q and ω(q) (not shown).

Figure 1.2: 2D Single atom basis Manipulate interface

Figure 1.3: Sample distribution relation for 2D single atom basis.

7

Peeter Joot [email protected] One atom basis ...

KiSi 소 √. (K2S2 - K1S1)2 + (K3S3 - K4S4)2. ) (1.20b). ϵ ∝. [. K3S3 - K4S4. K2S2 - K1S1 소 √(K2S2 - K1S1)2 + (K3S3 - K4S4)2. ] . This calculation is confirmed in oneAtomBasisPhononSquareLatticeEigensystem.nb. Mathematica calculates an alternate form (equivalent to using a zero dot product for the second row), of.

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