NON-RECURRENCE PROBLEM IN EVOLUTION OF A HARD-DISK SYSTEM V.Somsikov Laboratory of Physics of the geogeliocosmic relation, Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty, 480020, Kazakhstan

Abstract The evolution of a hard-disk system has been investigated on the bases of the matrix of pair collision (MPC). With the help of MPC the motion equations of this system have been derived. From the properties of the motion equations it was found that as a result of collisions the integral force acting on any disk subsystem tends to zero. It was found that the magnitude of possible fluctuations in the system is to be defined by the condition tf luct ≤ tkin , where tkin is the characteristic time, which determined by kinetic potential defined relevant point of a phase space. The tf luct time is determined by the probability laws. The analysis of the obtained results testifies that the nature of the non-recurrence are determined by the fundamental symmetry principles.

Krylov and Sinai as well as other authors [?, ?, ?], using the example of systems of hard balls and disks, solved a problem of the substation of statistical laws. They, as a rule, considered the Lorentz gas in which there is absent the energy transfer between interacting elements. But, for an understanding of a mechanism of an establishment of dynamical equilibrium there was required such an approach which would allow to study an evolution of the system in momentum space. Its creation, was complicated by difficulties of an application of the Hamilton formalism for elastical disks. They are caused, mainly, by two reasons. First,

1

for disks the potential energy is equal to either zero or, in moments of collisions, becomes infinite [?]. Secondly, typical bonds- stiff walls elastically repelling disks, are not holonomic [?]. In works [?], [?], on the basis of the matrix of pair collisions (MPC) of disks, determining the transformation of their velocities during the collisions, there was developed a new approach. It help us to passed the before mentioned difficulties thanks to that the MPC can be received directly only on the basis of the principle of the homogeneity and isotropy of the space and time [?]. In the given work, with the help of the new approach, there are studied a mechanism of an origin of the equilibrium state of disks’ system and of the reason of its stability. There is substantiated a condition of a limitedness of fluctuations of amplitudes. A features of the new approach consists in that, that it is based onto equations of motion for colliding disks, obtained with the help of the MPC. Let us show  how they can  be obtained. 

(n)

The MPC in the complex plane has the form [?]: Skj = 

an

−ibn 

−ibn

an

 where an =

dnkj exp(iϑnkj ); bn = β exp(iϑnkj ); dnkj = cosϑnkj ; β = sinϑnkj ; i- an imaginary unit; k- and jnumbers of colliding disks; n- the number of collision for k -disk; dnkj - the impact parameter (IP), determined by the distance between centers of colliding disks in the Cartesian plane system of coordinates with axes of x and y, in which the k-disk swoops on the lying the j- disk along the x - axis (see Fig.1). The scattering angle ϑnkj varies from 0 to π. The transformation of disks velocities, in consequence of collision, can be presented in such form: (n)

(n−1)

n V Vkj = Skj kj

n−1 n - are bivectors of velocities of k and j - disks before (a), where Vkj and Vkj

   V (n) (n) k and after collisions, correspondingly; Vkj =   V (n) j

(n) iVjy

  

(n)

; Vk

 

(n)

(n)

(n)

= Vkx + iVky , Vj

(n)

= Vjx +

- are complex velocities of the incident disk and the disk - target with corresponding

components to the x- and y- axes. The collisions are considered to be central, and a disk’s surface friction is neglected [?]. Masses and diameters of disks-d are accepted to be equal to 1. Boundary conditions are given as either periodical or in the form of hard walls. From (a) we can obtain equations for the change of velocities of colliding disks [?]: 







n  δVk 

n−1  ∆kj 

δVjn

n−1 −∆kj



n  = ϕkj 

(1)



Here, ∆nkj = Vkn − Vjn - are relative velocities, δVkn = Vkn − Vkn−1 , and δVjn = Vjn − Vjn−1 n

are changes of disks velocities in consequence of collisions, ϕnkj = iβeiϑkj . The values of the n , are found by formula [?]: d IP, determining Skj kj = Im(lkj ∆kj )/|lkj ∆kj |, where lkj (t) - are

2

0 + distances between centers of colliding disks. lkj (t) = zkj

initial values of disks coordinates.

Rt 0

0 = z 0 − z 0 - are ∆kj dt. Here zkj j k

Let us transform the equation (??) into the differential form. Suppose, the collision for k- and j- disks takes place at the moment of time tn , being in the interval tn−1+0 −tn+1−0 . Then from (??) it follows: δVkn =

tn+1−0 R

tn−1+0

n dt. This is equivalent to the record Fkj

tn+1−0 R

tn−1+0

n dt = ϕn ∆n−1 . Fkj kj kj

n = δ(t − tn )ϕn ∆n−1 . I.e. the equation (??) can The latter equality will be taken place, if Fkj kj kj

be presented in the form of: V˙ kn = δ(t − tn )ϕnkj ∆n−1 kj

(2)

In order to extend this equation to the all interval of the time, in it is necessary to determine moments of collisions and the IPs, to take into account a multiplicity of collisions with other disks and fulfil a change of an argument of delta function, δ(t−tn ), by the argument depending on distance between them. Performing all these operations, we can obtained finally [?]: V˙ k =

N X

ϕkj δ(ψkj (t))∆kj (t)|∆kj (t)|/2r0

(3)

j6=k

where r0 - is the radius of disks; ψkj (t) = 1−|lkj (t)|/(2r0 ). Moments of collisions and colliding partners, j, are determined by conditions of ψkj (t) = 0. An assemblage of equations of motion (??) for all disks is a system determining a phaseous trajectory. In cases of a rarefied gas equations (??) can be used for calculation of systems containing of particles with continuous, but rather short-acting potential with characteristic radius of action, Ri , out of which particles can be considered free. At central forces, an angle of particles scattering in the region of an interaction is determined by the potential energy and the minimum distance between colliding disks [?]. If into the MPC instead of dnkj substitute the value def = cos ϑef = cos(π/2 − ϕ0 ), where ϕ0 - is the angle of reflection of the disk, calculated by known formula [?], then by initial values of disks velocities at an ”entrance” into a circle of interaction there will be determined their velocities at the way out from the circle. Therefore, the equations (??), for elastically-colliding disks, and conclusions about their evolutional properties will be correct within the framework of mentioned limitations and for potentially-interacting particles. So, the determining factor for the disks system evolution is not a singularity of an interaction, but its dependence on relative velocities. Let us consider some evolutional properties of the system. Suppose, DN - is the system of N disks. Let us choose arbitrarily the subsystem Dm , consisting of m disks so, that DN = Dm + DN −m and N >> m >> 1. Let us consider how this subsystem will be evolved,

3

if at some moment of time, in a result of external influence this system was removed from a state of an equilibrium. Adding together all equations of motion, one can show that for all the system a sum of internal forces, Φtm , is equal to zero. However, for the subsystem Dm the resultant force Φtm , acting onto it from the others subsystems DN −m , in the general nonequilibrium case, differs from zero. Therefore, the energy Em of the subsystem Dm is not preserved. Let us determine how the Φtm , is change with time. For this let us make some simplifications in (??). Let us assume that all disks are collided in equal interval of time τ , and τ << 1. At the condition of m >> 1 such the simplification does not influence onto qualitative characteristics of an evolution. After simplification the equations (??) for the subsystem Dm will get the form: V˙ k =

X n

ϕnkj δ(t − nτ )∆n−1 kj

(4)

where k- are disks belonged to the subsystem Dm . The summation is carried out on numbers of collisions, i.e. n = 1, 2, 3.... The number, j(n), corresponds to each number, k, and moment of time, nτ ; j 6= k. The evolution of the subsystem, Dm , is determined by the vector-column, Vm . Components of this column are velocities of disks of the given subsystem. Some properties of the subsystem, Dm , can be determined from an analyses of an equation for the sum of components of the vector, Vm . Let us indicate this sum as Υm . Carrying out the summation in (??) on all disks of the subsystem we shall obtain ˙m= Υ

X

Φnm δ(t − nτ )

(5)

n m m m ˙ m = P V˙ k and Φnm = P Φn = P ϕkj ∆kj . The equation (5) describes a change of where Υ k k=1

k=1

k=1

the total momentum effecting onto the subsystem, Dm and equal to the resultant force, Φnm . Only collisions of disks of the subsystem, Dm , with disks from DN −m give a contribution into Φnm . As the considered system of disks is a mixing system, its phase trajectory early or late will pass near to a point, Z0 ,in which Φnm = 0. From the Lyapunov’s theorem about stability it follows that the point, Z0 , is asymptotically stable, if any deviation from it will be attenuated. Let us take into account that in accordance with the condition of mixing [?], [?], [?] for the system of disks there is fulfilled the condition µ(δ)/µ(d) = δ/d (b). Here µ(d) - is a measure corresponding to the total value of ”d”; δ - is an arbitrary interval of the IP; and µ(δ) is a corresponding measure. The fulfillment of the condition (b) means the proportionality

4

between the number of collisions of disks, falling at the interval ”δ”, and the length of this interval. In this case we have [?]: φ = 1/m lim

m P

m→∞ k=1

ϕnkj =

1 G

Rπ n ϕkj d cos ϑ = − 23 , where 0

G = 2 is the normalization factor. Let us make use of the condition of an independence of coordinates and momenta and fulfill in (??) an integration over IP. Then, taking into account values for φ, the equation (??) will be equivalent to the equation: ˙ m = −2 Υ 3

m XX

∆kj δ(t − nτ )

(6)

n k=1

Let us expand the left and right parts of the equation (??) into series in the small parameter υ of perturbation of velocities of disks of the subsystem, Dm , near point, Z0 , and keep members of the first-order infinitesimal. The expansion of its left part gives υ˙ =

m P k=1

ε˙k , where the

summation is carried out on components of the variation υ. In the expansion of the right part of the (??) there is remained only the member − 32

m P k=1

εk δ(t − nτ ) = −2/3υδ(t − nτ ).

A contribution into the expansion will be given by collisions of disks of the subsystem, Dm , with disks of its complement, DN −m . So, we shall have: υ˙ = −

2X υδ(t − nτ ) 3 n

This equation describes a change of the perturbation of the force, υ˙ =

(7) m P k=1

ε˙k , acting onto the

subsystem, Dm , and arising in the point, Z0 . The Φm (t) is attenuated with the rate equal to (-2/3). So the parameter φ to determine when it is possible to pass from few-body system to a many-body system description. Indeed, if during all collisions the value of the parameter φ remains to negative or the negative sign does not change beginning from some number of m > m0 , we can use statistical laws for its system description. In this case the phaseous flow will evaluated into the subregion, G < M . From here one can assume that a non-recurrence is caused by the reduction of the resultant force, effecting onto Dm . Let us note that the replacement of summation in an equation (??), by integrating over IP under condition of homogeneity of their distribution function is possible when N >> 1 because a hard-disk system is a mixing system. Thus, it is possible to suggest that for a mixing’s system the equilibrium point is an attractor. Now we show that the reduction of the force Φm (t) will lead to a limitation of fluctuations. Suppose, the system is in the non-equilibrium state, to which the force Φm (t) corresponds.

5

The reduction time of Φm (t) is inversely proportional to its value. Indeed, if V˙ = Φm (t), then tdin =

R

dV Φm (t) .

Therefore, the characteristical time, tdin ∼ 1/Φm (t), during of which the

system goes over into the equilibrium, will restrict amplitudes of system fluctuations under condition that tf luc < tdin . The time, tf luc , is determined by probabilistic principles. It can be found on the Kats’ formula applicable for ergodic system [?]. So, on the basis of obtained results one can suppose that the transition of the disks system to the equilibrium state is caused by the reduction of force acting onto any rather large selected subsystem of disks. The reduction of forces is connected with the mixing and an uncoupling of time correlation. Because the mixing is determined within the framework of the classical mechanics, then one can confirm that motions of the system to state, in which Φm (t) = 0, and the restriction of possible fluctuations in the system follow from fundamental laws and principles of classical mechanics.

References [1] N.S. Kryilov, Papers on substantiation of statistical physics.-L. Publishing House of USSR AS,(1950) 198 p. [2] Ya.G. Sinai, A Remark concerning the Thermodynamical Limit of Lyapunov Spectrum. Private communication, Lecture, Rome, (1992) [3] I. Prigogine, From being to becoming time and complexity in the physical sciences. San Francisco, W.H.Freeman and company, (1980), 342 p. [4] C. Lanczos, The variational principles of mechanics. Second edition Universitu of Toronto Press. (1962), 408 p. [5] V.M. Somsikov, Regular and chaotic dynamics. 3, (1998), p. 67-73 [6] V.M. Somsikov, In collected paper ”Evolution problems of a open systems”. Almaty, (2000), p. 18-30. [7] G.M. Zaslavsky,: The stochastic of dynamics system. Moscow, Nauka,(1984), 271 p. [8] L.D. Landau, Ye.M. Lifshits, Mechanics. Moscow, (1973), 207 p. [9] A.U. Loskutov, A.S. Mihailov, Introduction to synergetic. M. Nauka, (1990), 270 p.

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non-recurrence problem in evolution of a hard-disk system

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