Main beam representation in non-regular arrays Christophe Craeye1, David GonzalezOvejero1, Eloy de Lera Acedo2, Nima Razavi Ghods2, Paul Alexander2 1Université

catholique de Louvain, ICTEAM Institute 2University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory CALIM 2011 Workshop, Manchester, July 25-29, 2011 2d calibration Workshop, Algarve, Sep 26, 2011

2 parts Preliminary: Patterns of apertures – a review Next: analysis of aperture arrays with mutual coupling

Algarve meeting, 2011

α"

b r

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Fourier-Bessel series

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Zernike series

NB: the Zernike function is a special case of the Jacobi Function

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Zernike functions

Picture from Wikipedia

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Radiation pattern

Hankel transform

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F.T. of Bessel

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FT of Zernike

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Sparse polynomial

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Context: SKA AA-lo Type of element Bowtie Spiral Log-periodic

Non-regular: max effective area with min nb. elts w/o grating lobes. Parameter

Specification

Low frequency

70 MHz

High frequency

450 MHz

Nyquist sampling frequency

100 MHz

Number of stations

50 => 250

Antennas per station

10.000

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Problem statement Goal: pattern representation for all modes of operation at station level. Too many antennas vs. number of calibration sources Calibrate the main beam and first few sidelobes Suppress far unwanted sources using interferometric methods (open). Compact representations of patterns, inspired from radiation from apertures, including effects of mutual coupling Algarve meeting, 2011

Specific to SKA AAlo •  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Fairly circular stations (hexagonal would be OK) Relatively dense Weak amplitude tapering – some space tapering Irregular => all EEP’s very different Even positions are not 100 % reliable (within a few cm) Correlation matrix not available Nb. of beam coefficients << nb. Antennas Restrict to main beam and first few sidelobes

Even assuming identical EEP’s and find 1 amplitude coefficient per antenna is way too many coefficients Algarve meeting, 2011

Outline

1.  Limits of traditional coupling correction 2.  Array factorization 3.  Array factors: series representations 4.  Reduction through projection 5.  Scanning

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Embedded element pattern

ZL

Impedance isolated elt

Array impedance matrix

To get voltages in uncoupled case: multiply voltage vector to the left by matrix

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Embedded element pattern

ZL

After correction, we are back to original problem, with (zoomable, shiftable) array factor Gupta, I., and A. Ksienski (1983), Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 31(5), 785–791.

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Mutual coupling correction Half-wave dipole

Isolated

Embedded

Corrected

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Mutual coupling correction Bowtie antenna l=1.2 m, λ=3.5 m

Isolated

Embedded

Corrected

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Mutual coupling correction Bowtie antenna l=1.2 m, λ=1.5 m

Isolated

Embedded

Corrected

SINGLE MODE assumption not valid for l < ~ λ/2

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Multiple-mode approach Macro Basis Functions (Suter & Mosig, MOTL, 2000, cf. also Vecchi, Mittra, Maaskant,…)

α



MBF 1



MBF 2

+ δ"

MBF 3

MBF 4

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Array factorisation

ZL

s

n

Antenna index C111

C211

C311

MBF 2

C122

C222

C322

Coefficients for IDENTICAL current distribution



MBF 1

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Array factorisation

ZL

s

n

Antenna index C111

C211

C311

MBF 2

C122

C222

C322

Coefficients for IDENTICAL current distribution



MBF 1

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Example array - Array radius = 30λ0. - Number of elements = 1000.

λ0

- Distance to ground plane = λ0/4. - No dielectric.

λ0

Z = 200Ω 23

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Random arrangement

-10

-10

-20

-20

~ 35 dB

EEP's mean Single element pattern Error

-30

dBW

dBW

Random configuration

-40

-40

-50

-50

-60

-60 -50

E-plane

0 Θ(º)

EEP's mean Single element pattern Error

-30

50 2 → & → # e = 10 log10 $ Emean (θ , φ ) − Esin gle (θ , φ ) ! $ !

-50

H-plane

0 Θ(º)

50

24

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Quasi-random arrangement -10

dBW

-20 EEP's mean Single element pattern Error

-30 -40 -50 -60 -50

0 Θ(º)

50 25

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Radius of Influence e i (θ , φ ) =

2 2 & → → → → $ h h v v $ E full (θ , φ ) − E i (θ , φ ) + E full (θ , φ ) − E i (θ , φ ) 10 log 10 $ 2 2 → $ & → # $ max $ E h full (θ , φ ) + E v full (θ , φ ) ! $ ! $ % " %

# ! ! ! ! ! ! "

100 1000 10 elements

H-plane

ICEAA 2011

Aperture sampling (1)

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Aperture sampling (2)

Define a local density (several definitions possible) CALIM 2011

Aperture scanning (1)

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Aperture scanning (2)

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Patterns versus size of array

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Coherent & incoherent regimes

~

~

0.3

Number of sidelobes in “coherent” regime

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Aperture field representation

b

α"

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Pattern representation

Angle from broadside

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Polynomial decomposition

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Fourier-Bessel decomposition

=

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Fourier-Bessel decomposition

= A. Aghasi, H. Amindavar, E.L. Miller and J. Rashed-Mohassel, “Flat-top footprint pattern synthesis through the design of arbitrarily planar-shaped apertures,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 58, no.8, pp. 2539-2551, Aug. 2010.

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Zernike-Bessel decomposition

Y. Rahmat-Samii and V. Galindo-Israel, “Shaped reflector antenna analysis using the Jacobi-Bessel series,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 28, no.4, pp. 425-435, Jul. 1980.

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Polynomial

FourierBessel

ZernikeBessel

Fast functions

Good 1st order

Good 1st order

weaker at low orders

weak direct fast direct convergence convergence

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Array factor

with apodization CALIM 2011

Array factor

with apodization CALIM 2011

Apodization function w(r) extracted

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Approximate array factor extracted

20 % error on amplitudes λ/4 error on positions (at 300 MHz) CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Residual error with Z-B approach CALIM 2011

Density function

The number of terms tells the “resolution” with which density is observed CALIM 2011

Array of wideband dipoles

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AF convergence

Over just main beam Algarve meeting, 2011

AF convergence

Main beam + 1st sidelobe Algarve meeting, 2011

AF convergence

Project on 1, 2, 3 MBF patterns at most

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Pattern projections

Power radiated by MBF pattern 0

NB: can be projected on more than 1 (orthogonal) MBFs

Full pattern

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Error w/o MC

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Error after pattern projection

Only 1 pattern used here (pattern of “primary”)

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l =0.0

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l =0.1

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l =0.2

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l =0.3

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l =0.4

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l =0.5

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l =0.6

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Variation of maximum

Real

Imaginary

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Conclusion •  Representation based on array factorization •  Projection of patterns of MBF on 1 or 2 of them •  Representation of array factors with functions use for apertures (done here with 1 array factor) •  Array factor slowly varying when shifted upon scanning (to be confirmed with more elements and other elt types)

Algarve meeting, 2011

Main beam representation in non-regular arrays - GitHub

2 parts. Next: analysis of aperture arrays with mutual coupling. Preliminary: Patterns of apertures – a review. Algarve meeting ... Corrected l=1.2 m, λ=3.5 m ...

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