Interpretations of KARE with the quantifier antecedents by Turkish speaking learners of Japanese Barış Kahraman, Aydın Özbek, & Mineharu Nakayama University of Tokyo/JSPS, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University & The Ohio State University/NINJAL [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract This paper discusses Turkish speaking learners of Japanese’s interpretations of overt pronouns (OP). It reports the results of an experiment employing a multiple choice task. It is well-known that Japanese OPs such as kare cannot have a bound variable (BV) reading (Saito & Hoji 1983; cf. the Overt Pronoun Constraint (OPC) (Montalbetti, 1984)). Kanno’s (1997) data supports the OPC, but Masumoto (2008) and Pimentel & Nakayama (2012a, b) do not, regarding English speaking learners of Japanese. Kahraman & Nakayama (2013) investigated Turkish speaking learners of Japanese and also found that those with lower proficiency accepted the BV interpretation of the OP, contra Kanno. However, Kahraman & Nakayama’s task was a truth value judgment task whereas Kanno’s experimental task was a multiple choice task. Thus, this study employed the same task as Kanno’s and Pimentel & Nakayama’s (2012b). Our results show that Turkish learners with the lowest proficiency (the second year Japanese group) accepted the BV reading 21% of the time. This finding is different from those in Pimentel & Nakayama (2012b) and Kahraman & Nakayama (2013). There are three possible explanations for the difference: a) the task difference was a factor, b) L1 transfer was at work, and c) even those with the lowest proficiency in this study had already acquired the knowledge that Japanese OPs cannot take quantifier antecedents.

Background Kanno (1997) reports that English speaking learners of Japanese accepted the BV readings (i.e., took quantifier antecedents) of null pronouns 82%of the time while those of OPs only 13% of the time. Dare i –ga proi PC-o tsukatta to itta-no? pro = dare 82% Darei –ga kare*i –ga PC-o tsukatta to itta-no? kare = dare 13% ‘Who said he used the PC?’ This was interpreted as evidence for obeying the OPC. However, Pimentel & Nakayama (2012b) report that their English speaking JFL learners with comparable proficiency to Kanno’s study, accepted the BV readings with OPs 58% of the time. Pimentel & Nakayama (2012b) considered L1 transfer as a possible reason because English has only OPs and they allow the BV interpretations. Kahraman & Nakayama (2013) reported that, intermediate and some advanced Turkish speaking Japanese learners could not appropriately interpret the OPs, like English speaking learners. If they had employed L1 transfer, they would have correctly interpreted Japanese OPs. Since they did not, it was interpreted that they would have followed the default strategy that assumed that all pronouns can have the BV reading. However, it is not clear if the previous results are due to the default strategy or if the task influenced the pronoun interpretation in L2 Japanese.

Present Study: Hypotheses A multiple choice task is used to uncover the reason for the previous results, i.e., whether Turkish learners adopted the default strategy or if the task difference influenced their pronoun interpretations. Hypothesis 1: If Turkish learners employ the default strategy  then they allow kare/kanozyo to have the BV readings. [i.e., the results in Kahraman & Nakayama (2013) were due to the default strategy.]. Hypothesis 2: If Turkish learners do not employ the default strategy  then they correctly demonstrate that kare/kanozyo cannot have the BV reading. [i.e., the results in Kahraman & Nakayama (2013) were due to the task influence]

Task • A multiple choice task in questionnaire form , the same task as in Kanno (1997) and Pimentel & Nakayama (2012b). • Each participant read 40 biclausal sentences (26 test stimuli and 14 fillers) and answered a question based on the sentence they had just read. See examples. • This study used a Turkish version of Pimentel & Nakayama’s (2012b) instrument including dare (‘who’), as in Kanno, and dono X mo ‘every X’, as in Pimentel & Nakayama. This was to check if the QNP type would affect Turkish learners’ interpretations. Turkish names were also used.

Materials

Discussion Our results are similar to Kanno’s (1997) (the lowest proficiency group of English speaking learners evoked erroneous QNP interpretations 13% of the time), but different from Pimentel & Nakayama’s (2012b) (the lowest proficiency group of English speaking learners evoked erroneous QNP interpretations 58% of the time) and Kahraman & Nakayama’s (2013) (the lowest proficiency group of Turkish speaking learners evoked erroneous QNP interpretations 54% of the time).

Type 1: 3 sentences containing the QNP antecedent dare with an overt pronoun . Dare-ga sensyuu kare-ga waapuro-o tukatta-to itteiru-n desu-ka. ‘Who said that he used the word processor last week?’ Q: Dare-ga sensyuu waapuro-o tukatta-n desyoo-ka? ‘Who do you suppose used the word processor last week?’ a) same as dare

FAJL7 NINJAL/ICU June 28, 2014

b) another person

c) both (a) & (b)

Type 2: 3 sentences containing the QNP antecedent dare with an empty pronoun. Type 3: 5 sentences containing the QNP antecedent dono X mo with an overt pronoun . Dono doraibaa-mo depaato-no mae-de kare-ga takusii-o tomeru-to itte imasu-yo. ‘Every driver says that he will stop the taxi in front of the department store.’ Q: Dare-ga takusii-o tomeru-n desyoo-ka? ‘Who do you suppose stops the taxi?’



Both Wh-question QNPs (dare) and the universal quantifier dono X mo evoked correct interpretations though the latter seemed a little difficult.



The number of correct rejections of answer (a) were not very different across the learner groups.



The discrepancy between Kahraman & Nakayama’s and our study here suggests the task difference (i.e., the truth value judgment task was more difficult).



The discrepancy between Pimentel & Nakayama’s and our study here suggests an L1 difference (i.e., English has only OPs while Turkish has both OPs and null pronouns, and Turkish OPs behave like Japanese OPs with respect to the BV reading).

a) same as dono doraibaa-mo b) another person c) both (a) & (b)

Type 4: 5 sentences containing the QNP antecedent dono X mo with an empty pronoun). Type 5: 5 sentences containing a referential NP antecedent with an overt pronoun. Type 6: 5 sentences containing a referential NP antecedent with an empty pronoun.

Kanno’s sentences were arranged in the middle of the questionnaire in the same order of sentence type as they appeared in Kanno’s study, but here we discuss only the results of Type 1 and 3 sentences.

Participants • 4 levels of 49 Turkish speaking JFL learners at a university in Turkey - 10 2nd year (approximately JPLT 4 level) - 17 3rd year (approximately JPLT 3 level) - 17 4th year (approximately JPLT 2 level) - 5 5th year (approximately JPLT 1 level) • 20 Native speakers (NS) of Japanese from Pimentel & Nakayama (2012b) •The data from 3 3rd yr and 2 4th yr were removed because their correct response rates for the fillers were 50% or below.

Results Percentage results of both Type 1 and 3 sentences combined showed that the 2nd yr group had the lowest proficiency with an acceptance percentage of 21% of the BV interpretation. This finding is different from what Pimentel & Nakayama (2012b) and Kahraman & Nakayama (2013) found, but in accord with Kanno’s claim. Table 1. Percentages of QNP Dare readings with overt pronouns (Type1) Participants Answer (a) (b) (c) 2nd yr (10) 6/30 (20%) 24/30 (80%) 0/30 (0%) 3rd yr (14) 2/42(5%) 40/42 (95%) 0/42(0%) 4th yr (15) 3/45 (7%) 41/45 (91%) 1/45 (2%) 5th yr (5) 1/15 (7%) 14/15 (93%) 0/15 (0%) Natives (20) 0/60 (0%) 56/60 (93%) 4/60 (7%)

Figure1. Answer (a) by Group for Type 1 and 3 sentences L1English L1Turkish J.Natives 3rd yr

4th yr

5th yr

b) Our learners with the lowest proficiency had already acquired the characteristics of Japanese OPs. (Thus, not all learner groups differed on their response rates.) At this stage, we cannot differentiate the above two possibilities as to which is more plausible to explain the current results.

Conclusion •

Turkish JFL learners did not have problems with BV readings with kare/kanozyo in either Type 1 or Type 3 sentences, when a preceding context was not provided. This is consistent with Hypothesis 2.



Our lowest level may have already acquired the characteristics of Japanese OPs (kare/kanozyo).



Given the different results from Kahraman & Nakayama (2013), further investigation is necessary in Turkish speaking learners of Japanese.  It may be appropriate to employ two different tasks in the same study, using the within subject design, so that the influence of the task difference can be confirmed.

References

Tables 1 and 2 show that the 3rd yr group had the lowest percentages of incorrect BV readings (5% and 10%) followed by an increase in erroneous readings in the 4th yr groups (7% and 21%). As the error rates show, Type 3 sentences seemed more difficult than Type 1 sentences.

2nd yr

a) Our learners with the lowest proficiency employed L1 transfer, or

 The number of participants in the lowest proficiency level was small in this study. More learners should be tested.

Table 2. Percentages of QNP Dono readings with overt pronouns (Type3) Participants Answer (a) (b) (c) 2nd yr (10) 11/50 (22%) 39/50 (78%) 0/50 (0%) 3rd yr (14) 7/70 (10%) 60/70 (86%) 3/70 (4%) 4th yr (15) 16/75 (21%) 56/75 (75%) 3/75 (4%) 5th yr (5) 5/25 (20%) 20/25 (80%) 0/25 (0%) Natives (20) 10/100 (10%) 84/100 (84%) 6/100 (6%)

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

The latter two above suggest the following possibilities:

Natives

As Figure 1 shows, the Turkish 2nd yr group evoked more errors, but not like the American 2nd yr group in Pimentel & Nakayama (2012b).  However, one-way ANOVA revealed that there were no Turkish learner group differences for Type 1 and 3 sentences with Answer (a) .

Kanno, K. 1997. The acquisition of null and overt pronominals in Japanese by English speakers. Second Language Acquisition 5: 317-32. Kahraman, B. & M. Nakayama. 2013. Pronominal interpretations by Turkish speaking learners of Japanese. The 24th annual conference of the Japanese Association of Second Language Acquisition, Yokoshu, 83-88. Masumoto, A. 2008. Overt pronouns and bound variable reading in L2 Japanese . M.A. Thesis. The Ohio State University. Montalbetti, M. 1984. After binding: On the interpretation of pronouns. Doctoral dissertation. MIT. Pimentel, C. L. & M. Nakayama. 2012a. Pronominal interpretations in L2 Japanese. Journal of Japanese Linguistics, 28, 111-131. Pimentel, C. L. & M. Nakayama. 2012b. L2 pronominal interpretations revisited. The 14th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Language Sciences Handbook, 155-156. Saito, M. & H. Hoji. 1983. Weak crossover and move alpha in Japanese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 1, 245-259.

Acknowledgments We thank the participants of the study at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Japanese Language Education in Turkey. We also acknowledge that the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for the support to the first author and The Ohio State University Institute for Japanese Studies and Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures and the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics for their travel support to the third author.

Interpretations of KARE with the quantifier antecedents ...

University of Tokyo/JSPS, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University & The Ohio State University/NINJAL. FAJL7 NINJAL/ ... Kanno's (1997) data supports the OPC, but.

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