Electronic Journal of Differential Equations, Vol. 2009(2009), No. 111, pp. 1–14. ISSN: 1072-6691. URL: http://ejde.math.txstate.edu or http://ejde.math.unt.edu ftp ejde.math.txstate.edu

EXISTENCE OF QUADRATIC-MEAN ALMOST PERIODIC SOLUTIONS TO SOME STOCHASTIC HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS PAUL H. BEZANDRY, TOKA DIAGANA

Abstract. In this paper we obtain the existence of quadratic-mean almost periodic solutions to some classes of partial hyperbolic stochastic differential equations. The main result of this paper generalizes in a natural fashion some recent results by authors. As an application, we consider the existence of quadratic-mean almost periodic solutions to the stochastic heat equation with divergence terms.

1. Introduction Let (H, k · k, h·, ·i) be a real Hilbert space which is separable and let (Ω, F, P) be a complete probability space equipped with a normal filtration {Ft : t ∈ R}, that is, a right-continuous, increasing family of sub σ-algebras of F. For the rest of this article, if A : D(A) ⊂ H 7→ H is a linear operator, we then define the operator A : D(A) ⊂ L2 (Ω, H) 7→ L2 (Ω, H) as follows: X ∈ D(A) and AX = Y if and only if X, Y ∈ L2 (Ω, H) and AX(ω) = Y (ω) for all ω ∈ Ω. Let A : D(A) ⊂ H 7→ H be a sectorial linear operator. For α ∈ (0, 1), let Hα denote the intermediate Banach space between D(A) and H. Examples of those Hα include, among others, the fractional spaces D((−A)α ), the real interpolation spaces DA (α, ∞) due to Lions and Peetre, and the H¨older spaces DA (α), which coincide with the continuous interpolation spaces that both Da Prato and Grisvard introduced in the literature. In Bezandry and Diagana [2], the concept of quadratic-mean almost periodicity was introduced and studied. In particular, such a concept was, subsequently, utilized to study the existence and uniqueness of a quadratic-mean almost periodic solution to the class of stochastic differential equations dX(t) = AX(t)dt + F (t, X(t))dt + G(t, X(t))dW (t), 2

t ∈ R,

2

(1.1)

where A : D(A) ⊂ L (Ω; H) 7→ L (Ω; H) is a densely defined closed linear operator, and F : R × L2 (Ω; H) 7→ L2 (Ω; H), G : R × L2 (Ω; H) 7→ L2 (Ω; L02 ) are jointly continuous functions satisfying some additional conditions. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 34K14, 60H10, 35B15, 34F05. Key words and phrases. Stochastic differential equation; stochastic processes; quadratic-mean almost periodicity; Wiener process. c

2009 Texas State University - San Marcos. Submitted May 1, 2009. Published September 10, 2009. 1

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Similarly, in [3], Bezandry and Diagana made extensive use of the same very concept of quadratic-mean almost periodicity to study the existence and uniqueness of a quadratic-mean almost periodic solution to the class of nonautonomous semilinear stochastic differential equations dX(t) = A(t)X(t) dt + F (t, X(t)) dt + G(t, X(t)) dW (t),

t ∈ R,

(1.2)

where A(t) for t ∈ R is a family of densely defined closed linear operators satisfying the so-called Acquistapace and Terreni conditions [1], F : R×L2 (Ω, H) → L2 (Ω, H), G : R × L2 (Ω, H) → L2 (Ω, L02 ) are jointly continuous satisfying some additional conditions, and W (t) is a Wiener process. The present paper is definitely inspired by [2, 3, 6] and consists of studying the existence of quadratic-mean almost periodic solutions to the stochastic differential equation of the form   d X(ω, t) + f (t, BX(ω, t)) (1.3)   = AX(ω, t) + g(t, CX(ω, t)) dt + h(t, LX(ω, t))dW (ω, t) for all t ∈ R and ω ∈ Ω, where A : D(A) ⊂ H → H is a sectorial linear operator whose corresponding analytic semigroup is hyperbolic, that is, σ(A) ∩ iR = ∅, B, C, and L are (possibly unbounded linear operators on H) and f : R × H → Hβ (0 < α < 21 < β < 1), g : R × H → H, and h : R × H → L02 are jointly continuous functions. To analyze (1.3), our strategy consists of studying the existence of quadraticmean almost periodic solutions to the corresponding class of stochastic differential equations of the form     d X(t) + F (t, BX(t)) = AX(t) + G(t, CX(t)) dt + H(t, LX(t))dW (t) (1.4) for all t ∈ R, where A : D(A) ⊂ L2 (Ω, H) → L2 (Ω, H) is a sectorial linear operator whose corresponding analytic semigroup is hyperbolic, that is, σ(A) ∩ iR = ∅, B, C, and L are (possibly unbounded linear operators on L2 (Ω, H)) and F : R × L2 (Ω, H) → L2 (Ω, Hβ ) (0 < α < 21 < β < 1), G : R × L2 (Ω, H) → L2 (Ω, H), and H : R × L2 (Ω, H) → L2 (Ω, L02 ) are jointly continuous functions satisfying some additional assumptions. It is worth mentioning that the main results of this paper generalize those obtained in Bezandry and Diagana [3]. The existence of almost periodic (respectively, periodic) solutions to autonomous stochastic differential equations has been studied by many authors, see, e.g., [1, 2, 9, 16] and the references therein. In particular, Da Prato and Tudor [5], have studied the existence of almost periodic solutions to (1.2) in the case when A(t) is periodic. Though the existence and uniqueness of quadratic-mean almost periodic solutions to (1.4) in the case when A is sectorial is an important topic with some interesting applications, which is still an untreated question and constitutes the main motivation of the present paper. Among other things, we will make extensive use of the method of analytic semigroups associated with sectorial operators and the Banach’s fixed-point principle to derive sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a quadratic-mean almost periodic solution to (1.4). To illustrate our abstract results, we study the existence of quadratic-mean almost periodic solutions to the stochastic heat equation with divergence coefficients.

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2. Preliminaries For details on this section, we refer the reader to [2, 4] and the references therein. Throughout the rest of this paper, we assume that (K, k · kK ) and (H, k · k) are real separable Hilbert spaces, and (Ω, F, P) is a probability space. The space L2 (K, H) stands for the space of all Hilbert-Schmidt operators acting from K into H, equipped with the Hilbert-Schmidt norm k · k2 . For a symmetric nonnegative operator Q ∈ L2 (K, H) with finite trace we assume that {W (t), t ∈ R} is a Q-Wiener process defined on (Ω, F, P) with values in K. It is worth mentioning that the Wiener process W can obtained as follows: let {Wi (t), t ∈ R}, i = 1, 2, be independent K-valued Q-Wiener processes, then ( W1 (t) if t ≥ 0, W (t) = W2 (−t) if t ≤ 0, is Q-Wiener process with the real number line as time parameter. We then let Ft = σ{W (s), s ≤ t}. The collection of all strongly measurable, square-integrable H-valued random variables, will be denoted L2 (Ω, H). Of course, this is a Banach space when it is equipped with norm  1/2 kXkL2 (Ω,H) = EkXk2 , where the expectation E is defined by Z E[g] = g(ω)dP(ω). Ω 1/2

Let K0 = Q

K and let

L02

= L2 (K0 , H) with respect to the norm

kΦk2L0 = kΦQ1/2 k22 = Trace(ΦQΦ∗ ) . 2

Let (B, k · k) be a Banach space. This setting requires the following preliminary definitions. Definition 2.1. A stochastic process X : R → L2 (Ω; B) is said to be continuous whenever lim EkX(t) − X(s)k2 = 0. t→s

Definition 2.2. A continuous stochastic process X : R → L2 (Ω; B) is said to be quadratic mean almost periodic if for each ε > 0 there exists l(ε) > 0 such that any interval of length l(ε) contains at least a number τ for which sup EkX(t + τ ) − X(t)k2 < ε. t∈R

The collection of all stochastic processes X : R → L2 (Ω; B) which are quadratic mean almost periodic is then denoted by AP (R; L2 (Ω; B)). The next lemma provides some properties of quadratic mean almost periodic processes. Lemma 2.3. If X belongs to AP (R; L2 (Ω; B)), then (i) the mapping t → EkX(t)k2 is uniformly continuous; (ii) there exists a constant M > 0 such that EkX(t)k2 ≤ M , for all t ∈ R.

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Let CUB(R; L2 (Ω; B)) denote the collection of all stochastic processes X : R 7→ L (Ω; B), which are continuous and uniformly bounded. It is then easy to check that CUB(R; L2 (Ω; B)) is a Banach space when it is equipped with the norm:  1/2 kXk∞ = sup EkX(t)k2 . 2

t∈R 2

Lemma 2.4. AP (R; L (Ω; B)) ⊂ CUB(R; L2 (Ω; B)) is a closed subspace. In view of the above, the space AP (R; L2 (Ω; B)) of quadratic mean almost periodic processes equipped with the norm k · k∞ is a Banach space. Let (B1 , k·kB1 ) and (B2 , k·kB2 ) be Banach spaces and let L2 (Ω; B1 ) and L2 (Ω; B2 ) be their corresponding L2 -spaces, respectively. Definition 2.5. A function F : R × L2 (Ω; B1 ) → L2 (Ω; B2 )), (t, Y ) 7→ F (t, Y ), which is jointly continuous, is said to be quadratic mean almost periodic in t ∈ R uniformly in Y ∈ K where K ⊂ L2 (Ω; B1 ) is a compact if for any ε > 0, there exists l(ε, K) > 0 such that any interval of length l(ε, K) contains at least a number τ for which sup EkF (t + τ, Y ) − F (t, Y )k2B2 < ε t∈R

for each stochastic process Y : R → K. Theorem 2.6. Let F : R × L2 (Ω; B1 ) → L2 (Ω; B2 ), (t, Y ) 7→ F (t, Y ) be a quadratic mean almost periodic process in t ∈ R uniformly in Y ∈ K, where K ⊂ L2 (Ω; B1 ) is compact. Suppose that F is Lipschitz in the following sense: EkF (t, Y ) − F (t, Z)k2B2 ≤ M EkY − Zk2B1 for all Y, Z ∈ L2 (Ω; B1 ) and for each t ∈ R, where M > 0. Then for any quadratic mean almost periodic process Φ : R → L2 (Ω; B1 ), the stochastic process t 7→ F (t, Φ(t)) is quadratic mean almost periodic. 3. Sectorial Operators on H In this section, we introduce some notations and collect some preliminary results from Diagana [7] that will be used later. If A is a linear operator on H, then ρ(A), σ(A), D(A), ker(A), R(A) stand for the resolvent set, spectrum, domain, kernel, and range of A. If B1 , B2 are Banach spaces, then the notation B(B1 , B2 ) stands for the Banach space of bounded linear operators from B1 into B2 . When B1 = B2 , this is simply denoted B(B1 ). Definition 3.1. A linear operator A : D(A) ⊂ H → H (not necessarily densely defined) is said to be sectorial if the following hold: there exist constants ζ ∈ R, θ ∈ ( π2 , π), and M > 0 such that Sθ,ζ ⊂ ρ(A), Sθ,ζ := {λ ∈ C : λ 6= ζ, ]; | arg(λ − ζ)| < θ}, M kR(λ, A)k ≤ , λ ∈ Sθ,ζ |λ − ζ| where R(λ, A) = (λI − A)−1 for each λ ∈ ρ(A).

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Remark 3.2. If the operator A is sectorial, then it generates an analytic semigroup (T (t))t≥0 , which maps (0, ∞) into B(H) and such that there exist constants M0 , M1 > 0 such that kT (t)k ≤ M0 eζt ,

t>0

(3.1)

ζt

(3.2)

kt(A − ζI)T (t)k ≤ M1 e ,

t>0

Definition 3.3. A semigroup (T (t))t≥0 is hyperbolic; that is, there exist a projection P and constants M , δ > 0 such that T (t) commutes with P , ker(P ) is invariant with respect T (t), T (t) : R(S) → R(S) is invertible, and kT (t)P xk ≤ M e−δt kxk,

t > 0,

kT (t)Sxk ≤ M eδt kxk,

(3.3)

t ≤ 0,

(3.4)

where S := I − P and, for t ≤ 0, T (t) := (T (−t))−1 . Recall that the analytic semigroup (T (t))t≥0 associated with the linear operator A is hyperbolic if and if σ(A) ∩ iR = ∅. Definition 3.4. Let α ∈ (0, 1). A Banach space (Hα , k · kα ) is said to be an intermediate space between D(A) and H, or a space of class Jα , if D(A) ⊂ Hα ⊂ H and there is a constant c > 0 such that kxkα ≤ ckxk1−α kxkα [D(A)] ,

x ∈ D(A),

(3.5)

where k · k[D(A)] is the graph norm of A. Here, kuk[D(A)] = kuk + kAuk, for each u ∈ D(A). Concrete examples of Hα include D((−A)α ) for α ∈ (0, 1), the domains of the fractional powers of A, the real interpolation spaces DA (α, ∞), α ∈ (0, 1), defined as the space of all x ∈ H such that [x]α = sup kt1−α (A − ζI)e−ζt T (t)xk < ∞, 0≤t≤1

with the norm kxkα = kxk + [x]α , k·kα

and the abstract Holder spaces DA (α) := D(A)

.

Lemma 3.5 ([6, 7]). For the hyperbolic analytic semigroup (T (t))t≥0 , there exist constants C(α) > 0, δ > 0, M (α) > 0, and γ > 0 such that kT (t)Sxkα ≤ c(α)eδt kxk kT (t)P xkα ≤ M (α)t

−α −γt

e

for t ≤ 0,

kxk

(3.6)

for t > 0.

(3.7)

The next Lemma is crucial for the rest of the paper. A version of it in a general Banach space can be found in Diagana [6, 7]. Lemma 3.6 ([6, 7]). Let 0 < α < β < 1. For the hyperbolic analytic semigroup (T (t))t≥0 , there exist constants c > 0, δ > 0, and γ > 0 such that kAT (t)Qxkα ≤ n(α, β)eδt kxk ≤ n0 (α, β)eδt kxkβ , kAT (t)P xkα ≤ M (α)t

−α −γt

e

0

kxk ≤ M (α)t

−α −γt

e

kxkβ ,

for t ≤ 0 for t > 0.

(3.8) (3.9)

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Also, for Ξ ∈ L02 , kAT (t)QΞkL02 ≤ n1 (α, β)eδt kΞkL02 , kAT (t)P ΞkL02 ≤ M1 (α)t−α e−γt kΞkL02 ,

for t ≤ 0 for t > 0.

(3.10) (3.11)

4. Existence of Quadratic-Mean Almost Periodic Solutions This section is devoted to the existence and uniqueness of a quadratic-mean almost periodic solution to the stochastic hyperbolic differential equation (1.4) Definition 4.1. Let α ∈ (0, 1). A continuous random function, X : R → L2 (Ω; Hα ) is said to be a bounded solution of (1.4) provided that the function s → AT (t − s)P F (s, BX(s)) is integrable on (−∞, t), s → AT (t − s)QF (s, BX(s)) is integrable on (t, ∞) for each t ∈ R, and Z t X(t) = −F (t, BX(t)) − AT (t − s)P F (s, BX(s)) ds −∞ Z ∞ + AT (t − s)SF (s, BX(s)) ds t Z t Z ∞ T (t − s)P G(s, CX(s)) ds − T (t − s)SG(s, CX(s)) ds + −∞ t

t

Z

Z T (t − s)P H(s, LX(s)) dW (s) −

+ −∞



T (t − s)SH(s, LX(s)) dW (s) t

for each t ∈ R. In the rest of this article, we denote by Γ1 , Γ2 , Γ3 , Γ4 , Γ5 , and Γ6 the nonlinear integral operators defined by Z t (Γ1 X)(t) := AT (t − s)P F (s, BX(s)) ds, −∞ Z ∞ (Γ2 X)(t) := AT (t − s)SF (s, BX(s)) ds, t Z t (Γ3 X)(t) := T (t − s)P G(s, CX(s)) ds −∞ Z ∞ (Γ4 X)(t) := T (t − s)SG(s, CX(s)) ds, t Z t (Γ5 X)(t) := T (t − s)P H(s, LX(s)) dW (s), −∞ Z ∞ (Γ6 X)(t) := T (t − s)SH(s, LX(s)) dW (s). t

To discuss the existence of quadratic-mean almost periodic solution to (1.4) we need to set some assumptions on A, B, C, L, F , G, and H. First of all, note that for 0 < α < β < 1, then L2 (Ω, Hβ ) ,→ L2 (Ω, Hα ) ,→ L2 (Ω; H)

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are continuously embedded and hence there exist constants k1 > 0, k(α) > 0 such that EkXk2 ≤ k1 EkXk2α EkXk2α ≤ k(α)EkXk2β

for each X ∈ L2 (Ω, Hα ), for each X ∈ L2 (Ω, Hβ ).

(H1) The operator A is sectorial and generates a hyperbolic (analytic) semigroup (T (t))t≥0 . (H2) Let α ∈ (0, 12 ). Then Hα = D((−A)α ), or Hα = DA (α, p), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, or Hα = DA (α), or Hα = [H, D(A)]α . We also assume that B, C, L : L2 (Ω, Hα ) → L2 (Ω; H) are bounded linear operators and set   $ := max kBkB(L2 (Ω,Hα ),L2 (Ω;H)) , kCkB(L2 (Ω,Hα ),L2 (Ω;H)) , kLkB(L2 (Ω,Hα ),L2 (Ω;H)) . (H3) Let α ∈ (0, 21 ) and α < β < 1. Let F : R × L2 (Ω; H) → L2 (Ω, Hβ ), G : R × L2 (Ω; H) → L2 (Ω; H) and H : R × L2 (Ω; H) → L2 (Ω; L02 ) are quadratic-mean almost periodic. Moreover, the functions F , G, and H are uniformly Lipschitz with respect to the second argument in the following sense: there exist positive constants KF , KG , and KH such that EkF (t, ψ1 ) − F (t, ψ2 )k2β ≤ KF Ekψ1 − ψ2 k2 , EkG(t, ψ1 ) − G(t, ψ2 )k2 ≤ KG Ekψ1 − ψ2 k2 , EkH(t, ψ1 ) − H(t, ψ2 )k2L0 ≤ KH Ekψ1 − ψ2 k2 , 2

for all stochastic processes ψ1 , ψ2 ∈ L2 (Ω; H) and t ∈ R. Theorem 4.2. Under assumptions (H1)–(H3), the evolution equation (1.4) has a unique quadratic-mean almost periodic mild solution whenever Θ < 1, where h n  Γ(1 − α) 1 o  Γ(1 − α) C 0 (α)  0 0 0 Θ := $ k 0 (α)KF0 1 + c + + + k · K M (α) 1 G γ 1−α δ γ 1−α δ n K 0 (α, β) oi p 0 √ · k10 · + 2K 0 (α, γ, δ, Γ) . + c Tr Q · KH δ To prove this Theorem 4.2, we will need the following lemmas, which will be proven under our initial assumptions. Lemma 4.3. Under assumptions (H1)–(H3), the integral operators Γ1 and Γ2 defined above map AP (R; L2 (Ω, Hα )) into itself. Proof. The proof for the quadratic-mean almost periodicity of Γ2 X is similar to that of Γ1 X and hence will be omitted. Let X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )). Since B ∈ B(L2 (Ω; Hα ), L2 (Ω; H)) it follows that the function t → BX(t) belongs to AP (R; L2 (Ω; H)). Using Theorem 2.6 it follows that Ψ(·) = F (·, BX(·)) is in AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hβ )) whenever X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )). We can now show that Γ1 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )). Indeed, since X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hβ )), for every ε > 0 there exists l(ε) > 0 such that for all ξ there is t ∈ [ξ, ξ + l(ε)] with the property: EkΨX(t + τ ) − ΨX(t)k2β < ν 2 ε where ν =

γ 1−α M 0 (α)Γ(1−α)

for each t ∈ R,

with Γ(·) being the classical gamma function.

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Now, the estimate in (3.9) yields EkΓ1 X(t + τ ) − Γ1 X(t)k2α Z ∞ 2 ≤E kAT (s)P [Ψ(t − s + τ ) − Ψ(t − s)]kα ds 0 Z ∞  Z ∞  0 2 −α −γs s e ≤ M (α) ds s−α e−γs EkΨ(t − s + τ ) − Ψ(t − s)k2β ds 0



0

 M 0 (α)Γ(1 − α) 2 γ 1−α

sup EkΨ(t + τ ) − Ψ(t)k2β ds < ε t∈R

for each t ∈ R, and hence Γ1 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )).



Lemma 4.4. Under assumptions (H1)–(H3), the integral operators Γ3 and Γ4 defined above map AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )) into itself. Proof. The proof for the quadratic-mean almost periodicity of Γ4 X is similar to that of Γ3 X and hence will be omitted. Note, however, that for Γ4 X, we make use of (3.6) rather than (3.7). Let X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω, Hα )). Since C ∈ B(L2 (Ω; Hα ), L2 (Ω; H)), it follows that CX ∈ AP (R, L2 (Ω; H))). Setting Φ(t) = G(t, CX(t)) and using Theorem 2.6 it follows that Φ ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω, H))). We can now show that Γ3 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω, Hα )). Indeed, since Φ ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω, H))), for every ε > 0 there exists l(ε) > 0 such that for all ξ there is τ ∈ [ξ, ξ + l(ε)] with EkΦ(t + τ ) − Φ(t)k2 < µ2 · ε

for each t ∈ R,

γ 1−α M (α)Γ(1−α) .

Now using the expression Z ∞ (Γ3 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ3 X)(t) = T (s)P [Φ(t − s + τ ) − Φ(t − s)] ds

where µ =

0

and (3.7) it easily follows that Ek(Γ3 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ3 X)(t)k2α < ε

for each t ∈ R,

and hence, Γ3 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )).



Lemma 4.5. Under assumptions (H1)–(H3), the integral operators Γ5 and Γ6 map AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )) into itself. Proof. Let X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )). Since L ∈ B(L2 (Ω; Hα ), L2 (Ω; H)), it follows that LX ∈ AP (R, L2 (Ω; H))). Setting Λ(t) = H(t, LX(t)) and using Theorem 2.6 it follows that Λ ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; L02 )). We claim that Γ5 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )). Indeed, since Λ ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; L02 )), for every ε > 0 there exists l(ε) > 0 such that for all ξ there is τ ∈ [ξ, ξ + l(ε)] with EkΛ(t + τ ) − Λ(t)k2L0 < ζ · ε 2

where ζ=

2c2

for each t ∈ R,

1 . Tr Q · K(α, γ, δ, Γ)

Now using the expression Z (Γ5 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ5 X)(t) =



T (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s), 0

(4.1)

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Equation (3.5), the arithmetic-geometric inequality, and Ito isometry we have Ek(Γ5 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ5 X)(t)k2α Z

2



T (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s) α = 0 Z n

∞ 2 T (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s) ≤ c E (1 − α) 0 Z o2



T (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s) [D(A)] +α 0 n Z ∞

≤ c2 E T (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s) 0 Z ∞

o2 + A T (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s) 0 nZ ∞ 2 ≤ 2c Tr Q EkT (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 ds 2 0 Z ∞ o + EkAT (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 ds . 2

0

Now EkT (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 ≤ M 2 e−2δs EkΛ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)k2L0 , 2

2

and EkAT (s)P [Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 2

≤ M12 (α)s−2α e−2γs EkΛ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)k2L0 . 2

Hence, Ek(Γ5 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ5 X)(t)k2α ≤ 2c2 Tr Q · K(α, γ, δ, Γ) sup EkΛ(t + τ ) − Λ(t)k2L0 . t∈R

2

where K(α, γ, δ, Γ) =

M2 M 2 (α)Γ(1 − 2α) + 1 , 2δ γ 1−2α

and it follows from (4.1) that Γ5 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα ). As for Γ6 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω, Hα )), since Λ ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; L20 )), for every ε > 0 there exists l(ε) > 0 such that for all ξ there is τ ∈ [ξ, ξ + l(ε)] with EkΛ(t + τ ) − Λ(t)k2L2 < κ · ε 0

where κ =

δ c2 ·Tr Q·K(α,β) .

for each t ∈ R,

Now using the expression Z

0

(Γ6 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ6 X)(t) =

T (s)S[Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s) −∞

(4.2)

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Equation (3.5 ), the arithmetic-geometric inequality, and Ito isometry we have Ek(Γ6 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ6 X)(t)k2α Z

0

2

= T (s)S[Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)] dW (s) α −∞

nZ ≤ 2c2 Tr Q

0

−∞

Z

EkT (s)S[Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 ds 2

0

+ −∞

EkAT (s)S[Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 ds

o

2

However, EkT (s)S[Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 ≤ M 2 e2δs EkΛ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)k2L0 , 2

2

EkAT (s)S[Λ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)]k2L0 ≤ n21 (α, β)e2δs EkΛ(t − s + τ ) − Λ(t − s)k2L0 2

2

Thus, Ek(Γ6 X)(t + τ ) − (Γ6 X)(t)k2α ≤ c2 · Tr Q ·

K(α, β) sup EkΛ(t + τ ) − Λ(t)k2L0 ds, 2 δ t∈R

where K(α, β)) = M 2 + n21 (α, β) is a constant depending on α and β and it follows from (4.2) that Γ6 X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )).  We are ready for the proof of Theorem 4.2. Proof. Consider the nonlinear operator M on the space AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )) equipped with the α-sup norm kXk∞,α = supt∈R (EkX(t)k2α )1/2 and defined by Z t MX(t) = −F (t, BX(t)) − AT (t − s)P F (s, BX(s)) ds −∞ Z ∞ + AT (t − s)SF (s, BX(s)) ds t Z t Z ∞ + T (t − s)P G(s, CX(s)) ds − T (t − s)SG(s, CX(s)) ds −∞ t

t

Z

Z T (t − s)P H(s, LX(s)) dW (s) −

+ −∞



T (t − s)SH(s, LX(s)) dW (s) t

for each t ∈ R. As we have previously seen, for every X ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )), f (·, BX(·)) ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hβ )) ⊂ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )). In view of Lemmas 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5, it follows that M maps AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )) into itself. To complete the proof one has to show that M has a unique fixed point. Let X, Y ∈ AP (R; L2 (Ω; Hα )). By (H1), (H2), and (H3), we obtain EkF (t, BX(t)) − F (t, BY (t))k2α ≤ k(α)KF EkBX(t) − BY (t)k2 ≤ k(α) · KF $2 kX − Y k2∞,α , which implies kF (·, BX(·)) − F (·, BY (·))k∞,α ≤ k 0 (α) · KF0 $kX − Y k∞,α .

EJDE-2009/111

QUADRATIC-MEAN ALMOST PERIODIC SOLUTIONS

11

Now for Γ1 and Γ2 , we have the following evaluations Ek(Γ1 X)(t) − (Γ1 Y )(t)k2α Z t 2 ≤E kAT (t − s)P [F (s, BX(s)) − F (s, BY (s))]kα ds −∞ t

≤ c2

Z

 (t − s)−α e−γ(t−s) ds

−∞ t

×

Z

(t − s)−α e−γ(t−s) Ek[F (s, BX(s)) − F (s, BY (s))]k2α ds



−∞

≤ c2 k(α)KF $2 kX − Y k2∞,α

Z

t

(t − s)−α e−γ(t−s) ds

2

−∞

= c2 k(α)KF

 Γ(1 − α) 2 γ 1−α

$2 kX − Y k2∞,α ,

which implies kΓ1 X − Γ1 Y k∞,α ≤ c · k 0 (α) · KF0

Γ(1 − α)) $kX − Y k∞,α . γ 1−α

Similarly, Ek(Γ2 X)(t) − (Γ2 Y )(t)k2α Z ∞ 2 ≤E kAT (t − s)S[F (s, BX(s)) − F (s, BY (s))]kα ds t

c2 k(α)KF 2 $ kX − Y k2∞,α , ≤ δ2 which implies kΓ2 X − Γ2 Y k∞,α ≤

c · k 0 (α) · KF0 $kX − Y k∞,α . δ

As to Γ3 and Γ4 , we have the following evaluations Ek(Γ3 X)(t) − (Γ3 Y )(t)k2α Z t 2 ≤E kT (t − s)P [G(s, CX(s)) − G(s, CY (s))]kα ds −∞

Z ≤ k1 · M 2 (α)

t

(t − s)−α e−γ(t−s) ds



−∞

×

Z

t

(t − s)−α e−γ(t−s) EkG(s, CX(s)) − G(s, CY (s))k2α ds

−∞

 Γ(1 − α) 2 ≤ k1 · KG · M 2 (α) $2 kX − Y k2∞,α , γ 1−α which implies 0 kΓ3 X − Γ3 Y k∞,α ≤ k10 · KG · M 0 (α)

Γ(1 − α)) $kX − Y k∞,α . γ 1−α



12

P. H. BEZANDRY, T. DIAGANA

EJDE-2009/111

Similarly, Ek(Γ4 X)(t) − (Γ4 Y )(t)k2α Z ∞ 2 ≤E kT (t − s)S[G(s, CX(s)) − G(s, CY (s))]kα ds t

k1 KG C(α) 2 ≤ $ kX − Y k2∞,α , δ2 which implies 0 k10 · KG · C 0 (α) $kX − Y k∞,α . δ Finally for Γ5 and Γ6 , we have the following evaluations

kΓ4 X − Γ4 Y k∞,α ≤

Ek(Γ5 X)(t) − (Γ5 Y )(t)k2α Z ∞ ≤ 2c2 Tr Q{ EkT (s)P [H(t, LX(t)) − H(t, LY (t))k2L0 ds 2

0

≤ 2c2 · Tr Q · k1 · K(α, γ, δ, Γ) · KH · $2 kX − Y k2∞,α , which implies kΓX5 − Γ5 Y k∞,α ≤ 2c ·

p 0 Tr Q · k10 · K 0 (α, γ, δ, Γ) · KH · $kX − Y k∞,α .

Similarly, Ek(Γ6 X)(t) − (Γ6 Y )(t)k2α ≤ c2 · Tr Q · k1 · KH ·

K(α, β) 2 $ kX − Y k2∞,α , δ

which implies kΓX6 − Γ6 Y k∞,α ≤ c ·

p

0 Tr Q · k10 · KH ·

K 0 (α, β) √ · $kX − Y k∞,α . δ

Consequently, kMX − MY k∞,α ≤ Θ · kX − Y k∞,α . Clearly, if Θ < 1, then (1.4) has a unique fixed-point by Banach fixed point theorem, which is obviously the only quadratic-mean almost periodic solution to it.  5. Example Let Γ ⊂ RN (N ≥ 1) be a open bounded subset with C 2 boundary ∂Γ. To illustrate our abstract results, we study the existence of quadratic mean almost periodic solutions to the stochastic heat equation in divergence given by h i h i c c ∂ Φ + F (t, divΦ) = ∆Φ + G(t, divΦ) ∂t + H(t, Φ)∂W (t), in Γ (5.1) Φ = 0, on ∂Γ c and where the unknown Φ is a function of ω ∈ Ω, t ∈ R, and x ∈ Γ, the symbols div ∆ stand respectively for the first and second-order differential operators defined by c := div

N X ∂ , ∂xj j=1

∆=

N X ∂2 , ∂x2j j=1

2α 2 2 and the coefficients F, G : R × L2 (Ω, Hα 0 (Γ) ∩ H (Γ)) 7→ L (Ω, L (Γ)) and H : 2 α 2α 2 0 R × L (Ω, H0 (Γ) ∩ H (Γ)) → L (Ω, L2 ) are quadratic-mean almost periodic.

EJDE-2009/111

QUADRATIC-MEAN ALMOST PERIODIC SOLUTIONS

13

Define the linear operator appearing in (5.1) as follows: AX = ∆X

for all u ∈ D(A) = L2 (Ω; H10 (Γ) ∩ H2 (Γ)).

Using the fact that the operator A, defined in L2 (Γ) by Au = ∆u

for all u ∈ D(A) = H10 (Γ) ∩ H2 (Γ),

is sectorial and whose corresponding analytic semigroup is hyperbolic, one easily sees that the operator A defined above is sectorial and hence is the infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup (T (t))t≥0 . Moreover, the semigroup (T (t))t≥0 is hyperbolic as σ(A) ∩ iR = ∅. For each µ ∈ (0, 1), we take Hµ = D((−∆)µ ) = L2 (Ω, Hµ0 (Γ) ∩ H2µ (Γ)) equipped with its µ-norm k · kµ . Moreover, since α ∈ (0, 21 ), we suppose that 12 < β < 1. Letting L = I, and BX = CX = div X for all X ∈ L2 (Ω, Hα ) = L2 (Ω, D((−∆)α )) = 2α L2 (Ω, Hα 0 (Γ) ∩ H (Γ)), one easily see that both B and C are bounded from 2 α 2α L (Ω, H0 (Γ) ∩ H (Γ)) in L2 (Ω, L2 (Γ)) with $ = 1. We require the following assumption: (H4) Let 12 < β < 1, and β 2α 2 2β F : R × L2 (Ω, Hα 0 (Γ) ∩ H (Γ)) 7→ L (Ω, H0 (Γ) ∩ H (Γ))

be quadratic-mean almost periodic in t ∈ R uniformly in X ∈ L2 (Ω, Hα 0 (Γ)∩ 2α 2 2 H2α (Γ)), G : R × L2 (Ω, Hα (Γ) ∩ H (Γ)) → 7 L (Ω, L (Γ)) be quadratic0 2α mean almost periodic in t ∈ R uniformly in X ∈ L2 (Ω, Hα 0 (Γ) ∩ H (Γ)). Moreover, the functions F, G are uniformly Lipschitz with respect to the second argument in the following sense: there exists K 0 > 0 such that EkF (t, Φ1 ) − F (t, Φ2 )kβ ≤ K 0 EkΦ1 − Φ2 kL2 (Γ) , EkG(t, Φ1 ) − G(t, Φ2 )kL2 (Γ) ≤ K 0 EkΦ1 − Φ2 kL2 (Γ) , EkH(t, ψ1 ) − H(t, ψ2 )k2L0 ≤ K 0 Ekψ1 − ψ2 k2L2 (Γ) 2

for all Φ1 , Φ2 , ψ1 , ψ2 ∈ L2 (Ω; L2 (Γ)) and t ∈ R. As a final result, we have the following theorem. Theorem 5.1. Under the above assumptions including (H4), the N -dimensional stochastic heat equation (5.1) has a unique quadratic-mean almost periodic solution Φ ∈ L2 (Ω, H10 (Γ) ∩ H2 (Γ)) whenever K 0 is small enough. References [1] P. Acquistapace and B. Terreni; A Unified Approach to Abstract Linear Parabolic Equations, Tend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Padova 78 (1987) 47-107. [2] P. Bezandry and T. Diagana; Existence of Almost Periodic Solutions to Some Stochastic Differential Equations. Applicable Analysis. 86 (2007), no. 7, pages 819-827. [3] P. Bezandry and T. Diagana; Square-mean almost periodic solutions nonautonomous stochastic differential equations. Electron. J. Diff. Equ. Vol. 2007(2007), No. 117, pp. 1-10. [4] C. Corduneanu; Almost Periodic Functions, 2nd Edition. Chelsea-New York, 1989. [5] G. Da Prato and C. Tudor; Periodic and Almost Periodic Solutions for Semilinear Stochastic Evolution Equations, Stoch. Anal. Appl. 13(1) (1995), 13–33. [6] T. Diagana; Existence of Weighted Pseudo Almost Periodic Solutions to Some Classes of Hyperbolic Evolution Equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 350(2009), No. 1, pp. 18-28. [7] T. Diagana; Existence of pseudo almost periodic solutions to some classes of partial hyperbolic evolution equations. E. J. Qualitative Theory of Diff. Equ., No. 3. (2007), pp. 1-12.

14

P. H. BEZANDRY, T. DIAGANA

EJDE-2009/111

[8] T. Diagana; Pseudo almost periodic functions in Banach spaces. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2007. [9] A. Ya. Dorogovtsev and O. A. Ortega; On the Existence of Periodic Solutions of a Stochastic Equation in a Hilbert Space. Visnik Kiiv. Univ. Ser. Mat. Mekh., No. 30 (1988), 21-30, 115 [10] A. Ichikawa; Stability of Semilinear Stochastic Evolution Equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl., 90 (1982), no.1, 12-44. [11] A. Lunardi; Analytic Semigroups and Optimal Regularity in Parabolic Problems, PNLDE Vol. 16, Birkh¨ aauser Verlag, Basel, 1995. [12] D. Kannan and A.T. Bharucha-Reid; On a Stochastic Integro-differential Evolution of Volterra Type. J. Integral Equations, 10 (1985), 351-379. [13] T. Kawata; Almost Periodic Weakly Stationary Processes. Statistics and probability: essays in honor of C. R. Rao, pp. 383–396, North-Holland, Amsterdam-New York, 1982. [14] D. Keck and M. McKibben; Functional Integro-differential Stochastic Evolution Equations in Hilbert Space. J. Appl. Math. Stochastic Analy. 16, no.2 (2003), 141-161. [15] L. Maniar and R. Schnaubelt; Almost Periodicity of Inhomogeneous Parabolic Evolution Equations, Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math. Vol. 234, Dekker, New York, 2003, pp. 299-318. [16] C. Tudor; Almost Periodic Solutions of Affine Stochastic Evolutions Equations, Stochastics and Stochastics Reports 38 (1992), 251-266. Paul H. Bezandry Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA E-mail address: [email protected] Toka Diagana Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA E-mail address: [email protected]

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