Madras Agric. J., 98 (10-12): 382-385, December 2011

Short Note

Evaluation of Biocontrol Agents and Organic Amendments against Onion Basal Rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae S. Malathi1* and S. Mohan2 1

Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Department of Plant Pathology , Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

Efficacy of biocontrol agents and soil organic amendments was evaluated for their potential to manage the basal rot of onion caused by Fusarium oxysporum.f.sp.cepae. Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas sp. were collected from different onion growing areas of Tamil Nadu and were tested for their antagonistic activity against the pathogen by dual culture technique. Among the tested isolates of Trichoderma sp., T. harzianum (TH3) recorded the maximum (82.77%) inhibition. Among the sixty two isolates of Pseudomonas sp., Pf 12 significantly exerted the highest (74.68) per cent reduction of mycelial growth of pathogen. Among the organic amendments, mahua cake (10%) significantly recorded maximum 61.00 per cent reduction of mycelial growth over control. Key words: onion basal rot, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, organic amendments, bio-control agents.

Onion (Allium cepa var aggregatum G.Don) is one of the important crops grown in India amongst vegetables and spices and also called as “Queen of kitchen”. Basal rot is the most destructive disease of onion and causes severe loss in the productivity both in field and in storage condition (Coskuntuna and Ozer, 2008). The disease occurs in all stages of growth of the crop. Yield loss upto 50 per cent has been recorded in susceptible cultivars (Everts et al., 1985) and 90 per cent losses during seedling stage (Davis and Reddy, 1932). Management of the disease through chemicals and use of resistant varieties is possible to some extent. But the hazardous impact of agrochemicals on the environment, development of resistant mutants, escalating cost of pesticides and frequent breakdown of resistant strongly demand a sustainable and an alternative management approach to disease. Biological control assumes special significance as it is ecology conscious and cost-effective alternative strategy for disease management. Rhizobacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus strains could provide significant levels of disease suppression and substantially enhance plant growth and grain yield. Antagonistic bacteria are ideal biological control agents owing to their rapid growth, easy handling and aggressive colonization of rhizosphere (Gnanamanickam et al., 2002). Trichoderma spp. can inherently tolerate the antagonistic activities of competing organisms in soil leading to extremely rapid growth and abundant production of spores, *1Corresponding author email: [email protected]

appropriate enzymes and antibiotics (Parke et al.,1991). Hydrolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma sp. play an important role in destruction of plant pathogens (Chet et al., 1981). An investigation was carried out during Aug-2008 to Nov 2008 at the Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Madurai, to evaluate various organic amendments, bacterial and fungal antagonists against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae causing basal rot of onion. Materials and Methods Isolation of pathogen

The pathogen was isolated from the diseased tissues of onion by tissue segment method (Rangaswami, 1958). The infected portions of onion bulbs were cut into small pieces using sterilized scalpel and these were surface sterilized with 0.1 per cent mercuric chloride for one minute and washed in three changes of sterile distilled water and then placed on previously poured and solidified Petri dish containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium.These plates were incubated at room temperature (28 ± 2°%C) for five days and observed for the growth of the fungus. The hyphal tips of fungi grown from the pieces were transferred aseptically to PDA slants for maintenance of the culture. The pathogens were identified based on their cultural and morphological characters (Leslie and Summerell, 2006)

383 Isolation of antagonists from the rhizosphere region

Screening of antagonistic bacteria under in vitro conditions

Antagonistic fungi and bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil collected from various onion growing areas of Tamil Nadu. The plants were pulled out gently with intact roots and the excess soil adhering on roots was removed gently. Ten gram of rhizosphere soil was transferred to 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 100ml of sterile distilled water. After thorough shaking, the antagonist in the suspension was isolated by serial dilution plate method. From the final dilutions of 10-3, 10-4, 10 5 and 10-6, one ml of each aliquot was pipetted out, poured in sterilized Petri dish containing Trichoderma Special Medium (TSM), King’s B medium (King et al., 1954) separately and they were gently rotated clockwise and anti clockwise for uniform distribution and incubated at room temperature (28±2°%C) for 24 hours. Colonies with characteristics of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated individually and purified by streak plate method (Rangaswami, 1993) on King’s B medium. Trichoderma sp. isolated from TSM medium and the culture purified in PDA medium. Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum were grouped as based on colony characters, conidiophore, phialides and phialospores (Kulkarni and Sagar, 2007). Pure cultures were maintained on respective agar slants at 4°%C.

The bacterial isolates were tested for their inhibitory effect on growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae by following the dual culture technique (Dennis and Webster, 1971). The bacterial isolates were streaked on one side of the Petri dish (1 cm away from the edge of the plate) on PDA medium and a mycelial disc (8 mm diameter) of five day old Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae culture was placed on the opposite side of the Petri dish perpendicular to the bacterial streak. The plates were incubated at room temperature (28 ±2oC) for 4 days. After four days of incubation, the pathogen growth and inhibition zone were measured and expressed in mm.

Screening of the fungal antagonists against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae in vitro

Testing the antifungal activity of oil cake extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae in vitro

Nine isolates of T. viride and four isolates T. harzianum were screened against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae by dual culture method (Dennis and Webster, 1971). A nine mm mycelial disc of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae and Trichoderma sp. were placed opposite to each other near the periphery of the Petri plate and incubated at room temperature (28±2°C). After four days of incubation, mycelial growth of the pathogen and inhibition zone was measured in treatment imposed as well as in control plates. Per cent inhibition (PI) of mycelial growth was calculated using the formula suggested by Pandey et al. (2000).

The efficacy of oil cake extract was tested against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae using poison food technique (Schmitz, 1930). The freshly prepared PDA medium was distributed @ 50 ml per conical flask. Aqueous extracts of oil cake 5 ml was mixed with 50 ml of PDA medium to obtain 10 per cent concentration and the medium was sterilized. The sterilized PDA medium (15 ml per Petri dish) was poured on sterilized Petri dish and then allowed to solidify. A nine mm mycelial disc of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae was taken from actively growing culture and placed at the centre of each Petri dish and incubated at room temperature. The PDA medium without extract of oil cake served as control. Radial growth (cm) of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae was recorded after seven days of incubation.

PI=

Dc – Dt Dc

x 100

Dc = average diameter of fungal growth (cm) in control Dt = average diameter of fungal growth (cm) in treatment The overgrowth of antagonists over the pathogen was measured seven days after incubation. The overgrowth and zone of inhibition was measured and expressed in centi meter (cm) and millimeter (mm) respectively.

Efficacy of oil cake extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae in vitro Preparation of aqueous extracts from oil cakes

Required quantity of each oil cake was taken and made into powder separately. It was soaked in sterile distilled water @ one g in 1.25 ml of water separately and kept overnight. The material was ground using a pestle and mortar and filtered through a muslin cloth and the filtrate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 min. the supernatant served as the standard extract solution (100%) (Dubey and Patel, 2000).

Results and Discussion The basal rot pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae was isolated from the diseased bulbs of onion collected from different places of Tamil Nadu. The pathogen was isolated and maintained in PDA slants. Nine isolates of Trichoderma viride and six isolates of Trichoderma harzianum collected from different regions of onion growing areas of Tamil Nadu were tested for their antagonistic activity

384 Table 1. Antifungal activity of Trichoderma sp. against mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae in vitro Treatments T. viride (TV1) T. viride (TV2) T. viride (TV3) T. viride (TV4) T. viride (TV5) T. viride (TV6) T. viride (TV7) T. viride (TV8) T. viride (TV9) T. harzianum (TH1) T. harzianum (TH2) T. harzianum (TH3) T. harzianum (TH4) T. harzianum (TH5) T. harzianum (TH6) Control CD(P=0.05)

Mycelial growth (cm)* 2.65 3.63 2.98 4.84 1.92 5.28 6.34 5.42 5.14 4.35 3.68 1.54 5.21 6.80 4.62 8.94 0.41

Per cent inhibition 70.35 59.39 66.66 45.86 78.52 40.93 29.08 39.37 42.50 51.34 58.83 82.77 41.72 23.93 48.32 -

* Mean of three replication

against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae by dual culture technique. Among the tested isolates, T. harzianum (TH3) recorded the maximum (82.77%) inhibition on the mycelial growth of pathogen followed by T. viride (TV5) which recorded 78.52 per cent inhibition on the mycelial growth (Table 1). Fungal antagonists T. viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. pseudokoningii were effective against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae infecting onion under in vitro conditions (Rajendran and Ranganathan, 1996). T. harzianum and T.viride reduced onion basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae to an extent of 88.7 and 77.3 per cent respectively (Flori and Roberti, 1993). Coskuntuna and Ozer (2008) reported that seed treatment with T. harzianum, gave significant reduction in basal rot incidence on onion under pot and field conditions. Native strains of sixty two Pseudomonas sp. isolates were tested for their antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae by dual culture, Pf 12 significantly exerted highest (74.68) per cent reduction of mycelial growth with 8.21 mm inhibition zone followed by Pf 27 recorded 66.28 per cent reduction of mycelial growth with 6.84 mm inhibition zone (Table 2). Pseudomonas sp. strains were the major potential biocontrol agents against foliar and soil borne pathogens. In the present study, Pf 12 and Pf 27 of the Pseudomonas isolates were found to be the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cepae. It might be due to the production of antibiotics, volatile compounds and lytic enzymes (Gardener et al., 2000). In order to manage the soil borne diseases, the effect of organic amendments including oil cakes were studied. The result showed that mahua cake

Table 2. Efficacy of isolates P. fluorescens against F. o. f. sp. cepae in vitro Isolate

Mycelial Per cent reduction growth (cm)* over control

Pf1 6.90 Pf2 7.52 Pf3 6.75 Pf4 7.91 Pf5 5.02 Pf6 7.64 Pf7 7.21 Pf8 6.99 Pf9 7.54 Pf10 7.90 Pf11 7.05 Pf12 2.23 Pf13 7.88 Pf14 7.98 Pf15 7.62 Pf16 8.12 Pf17 7.50 Pf18 6.24 Pf19 7.81 Pf20 7.94 Pf21 7.32 Pf22 7.98 Pf23 5.84 Pf24 7.98 Pf25 7.54 Pf26 7.46 Pf27 2.97 Pf28 7.98 Pf29 7.37 Pf30 4.70 Pf31 6.42 Pf32 5.71 Pf33 6.52 Pf34 7.52 Pf35 7.97 Pf36 6.80 Pf37 3.42 Pf38 7.37 Pf39 6.42 Pf40 7.65 Pf41 7.43 Pf42 5.61 Pf43 6.69 Pf44 6.31 Pf45 7.88 Pf46 5.16 Pf47 7.43 Pf48 6.24 Pf49 6.80 Pf50 7.18 Pf51 4.70 Pf52 6.24 Pf53 6.42 Pf54 8.10 Pf55 7.98 Pf56 6.80 Pf57 7.21 Pf58 7.62 Pf59 7.05 Pf60 6.99 Pf61 7.37 Pf62 7.91 Control 8.81 CD(P=0.05) 0.58 * Mean of three replication

23.58 14.64 23.38 10.21 43.01 13.28 18.16 20.65 14.41 10.32 19.97 74.68 10.55 9.42 13.50 7.89 14.86 29.17 11.35 9.80 16.91 9.42 33.71 9.42 14.41 15.32 66.28 9.42 16.34 46.65 27.12 35.18 25.99 14.64 9.56 22.81 61.18 16.34 27.12 13.16 15.66 36.32 24.06 28.37 10.55 41.43 15.66 29.17 22.81 18.50 42.65 29.17 27.12 8.03 9.42 22.81 18.16 13.50 19.97 20.65 16.34 10.21 -

Inhibition zone (mm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.54 0.00 0.00 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.21 0.93 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.87 1.49 0.82 2.27 0.83 1.49 1.35 6.84 0.82 0.00 4.21 1.92 2.34 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.11 4.98 0.00 1.21 1.88 0.00 2.67 0.00 0.00 0.93 2.90 0.00 0.79 0.65 0.63 3.11 0.31 0.07 0.71 0.82 0.81 0.11 0.23 0.00 0.82 0.44 0.90 -

385 Table 3. Efficacy of oil cake extracts against F. o. f. sp. cepae in vitro

non-volatile antibiotics. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 57: 25 -39.

Mycelial Per cent growth reduction (cm)* over control 8.26 8.22 8.42 6.44 7.84 12.88 3.51 61.00 5.54 38.44 8.32 7.55 4.35 51.66 3.74 58.44 9.00 0.59

Dubey, S.C. and Patel, B. 2000. In vitro evaluation of some oil cakes and plant extracts against Thanetophorus cucumeris, Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma viride. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 30 (3): 411-413.

Treatment

Castor cake (10%) Coconut cake (10%) Gingelly cake (10%) Madhuca longifolia cake (10%) Pongamia glabra cake (10%) Ground nut cake (10%) Neem seed kernel extract (5%) Neem cake (10%) Control CD(P=0.05) * Mean of three replications

(10%) significantly recorded maximum (61.00) per cent reduction of mycelial growth over control followed by neem cake (10%) which recorded 58.44 per cent reduction of mycelial growth over control (Table 3). Chakrabarti and Sen (1991) reported that the addition of organic residues to soil was one of the effective tools for the management of soil borne diseases. The results proved that organic amendments reduced the disease incidence by directly affecting the activity of the pathogen by antibiosis or reducing the number of propagules or by increased saprophytic soil flora which might show antagonism or competition towards the pathogen. The present investigation revealed the potentiality of biocontrol agents and organic amendments for controlling the onion basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae in vitro. References Coskuntuna A. and Ozer, N. 2008. Biological control of onion basal rot disease using Trichoderma harzianum and induction of antifungal compounds in onion set following seed treatment. Crop Prot., 27: 330-336.

Everts, K.L., Schwartz, H.F., Epsky, N.D. and Capinera, J.L. 1985. Effects of maggots and Wounding on occurrence of Fusarium basal rot of onion in Colorado. Plant Disesase, 69: 878-882. Flori, P. and Roberti, R. 1993. Treatment of onion bulbs with antagonistic fungi for the control of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Plant Protection, 16 : 5-12. Gnanamanickam, S.S., Vasudevan, P., Reddy, M.S., Defago, G. and Kloepper, J.W. 2002. Biological Control of Crop Diseases. (ed.) Gnanamanickam, S.S., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.1-9. Gardener, B.B.M., Schroeder, K.L., Kalloger, S.E., Raaijmakers, J.M., Thomashow, L.S. and Weller, D.M. (2000). Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of phlDcontaining Pseudomonas strains isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66 : 1936-1946. Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 680p. King, E.O., Ward, M.K. and Raney, D.E. 1954. The simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 44: 301-307. Kulkarni, S. and Sagar S.D. 2007. Trichoderma- A Potential biofungicide of the millennium, Technical Bulletin -5.7p. Leslie, J. F. and Summerell, B.A. 2006. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual, Blackwell Publishing, 212p. Pandey, K.K., Pandey, P.K. and Padhyay, J.P.V. 2000. Selection of potential isolate of biocontrol agents based on biomass production, growth rate and antagonistic capability. Veg. Sci., 27: 194- 196. Parke, J.L., Rand, R.E., Joy, A.E. and King, E.G. 1991. Biological control of Pythium damping-off and Aphanomyces root rot of peas by application of Pseudomonas cepacia or P. fluorescens to seed. Plant Dis., 75: 987-992.

Chakrabarti, S.K. and Sen, B. 1991. Suppression of Fusarium wilt of muskmelon. Indian Phytopath., 44: 476 – 479.

Rajendran, K. and Ranganathan, K. 1996. Biological control of onion basal rot (F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae) by combined application of fungal and bacterial antagonists. J. Biol. Control, 10: 97-102.

Chet, I., Harman, G.E. and Baker, R. 1981. Trichoderma hamatum: its hyphal interactions with Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium spp. Microbial Ecology, 7: 29– 38.

Rangaswami, G. 1958. An agar block technique for isolating soil micro organisms with special reference to pythiaceous fungi. Science and Culture, 24: 85.

Davis, G.N. and Reddy, C.S. 1932. A seeding blight state of onion bulb rot. Phytopathology, 22: 8 Dennis, C. and Webster, J. 1971. Antagonistic properties of species groups of Trichoderma I. Production of

Rangaswami, G. 1993. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. 498p. Schmitz, H. 1930. Poisoned food technique. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Analyst, 2: 361.

Received: May 5, 2011; Accepted: November 28, 2011

1 Lecture December 2011 final.pmd

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Department of Plant ..... Davis, G.N. and Reddy, C.S. 1932. A seeding blight ... Colorado. Plant Disesase, 69: 878-882. Flori, P. and Roberti, R. 1993. Treatment of ...

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