Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

Research Article

Distinctiveness in chromosomal behaviour in interspecific hybrid genotypes of cotton A.W. More and U.G. Kulkarni

Abstract Cytological studies in interspecific hybrid derivatives of cotton viz., IS-244/4/1 and IS-181/7/1 obtained in BC1F8 generation of trispecies cross of [ (G. hirsutum x G. barbadanse )x G. arboreum] was carried out to find out the chromosome behaviour. During the meiosis variation in chromosome no. from 26 to 31 in IS-181/7/1 and 19 to 49 inIS 244/4/1 was observed against the normal choromosomal behaviour of G. arboretum (2n == 26)and G. hirsutum (2n= 4x=52).Chromosome pairing revealed the presence of univalent, bivalent , trivalent and qudrivalents. Chromosome association of 5.19 I + 8.33 II +1.14III + 1.09IV and 6.0 I+ 7.7 II +0.7III + 1.25IV was observed in genotypes IS244/4/1 and IS-181/7/1 respectively. Cytomixix resulted in haploids, anueploids and binucleated cells. Laggards at anaphase, chromosome stickiness and interbivalent connection were also observed due to chromatin transfer. Inspite of variation in chromosome number at dihaploid level and high degree of abnormalities at meiosis, these lines were showing normal boll setting, viable seed and (65-70%) pollen fertility. This is certainly due to parthenogenetic nature of these lines. These lines are of great importance as they have potential for heterosis as well as for evolving aneulpoides and homozygous lines by doubling the chromosomes in haploids. Morphologically these lines were distinct as plant height, leaf size, staminal column, number of anthers/ flower, 100 seed weight and number of seeds per boll were found drastically reduced. Key words: interspecific hybridization, cotton, meiosis, cytomixis, parthenogenesis.

Introduction Tetraploid cottons (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) with the genome constitution of 2 (AD), (2n-52) along with G. barbadanse dominate the world cotton production. The genomes of G. hirsutum individually are referred to as Ah and Dh and their charomosomes as H1-H13 and H14-H26, respectively. The G arboreum is a diploid Asiatic cotton cultivar comprising AA genome (2n:26). Interspecific hybridization between these species may lead to the hybrids showing irregularities in chromosome behavior at meiosis, which may result into the aneuploidy, mixpploidy, haploid. Cytomixis, parthenogenesis, etc. Double haploid lines have been developed from cultivars obtained from intra and inter specific hybrids between upland cotton (G hirsutum) and G barbadanse (Barrow and Chaudhari 1976; Feaster and Turcotte 1973). Cytomixis has been established tobe characteristic of genetically unbalanced plants, such as hybrids, mutants and aneuploid (Nirmala and Rao 1996). Sorghum Research Station, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani (Maharashrta)

This phenomenon is also described for polyploidy plant species (Singhal et al 2007; Singhal and Puneet Kumar, 2008; Sheidai and Attaei 2005). In present investigation on variation in charomosome no. at dihaploid level was found in derivatives of trispecific hybrid (G hirsutum x G barbadanse) X G arboreum). They were behaving like parthenogenetic haploids plants. Haploids have been discouraging the practical oriented breeder because of poor vigor and yield potential. Moreover in many cases, they are completely sterile and produce non viable seeds. With a view to overcome this bottleneck haploidy in combination with apomixis will be the right strategy. Apomictic plant may set eventually one or few bolls with completely developed seeds, that become valuable source to obtain haploids as well as be an important tool to fix the heterosis. Relatively heterozygous apomictic form in natural allopolyploids of G. hirsutum and G. barbadanse was obtained. (Arutyunova 1971) Haploid parthenogenesis was induced using 0.2 % colchicines in 0.2 % dimethyl sulfoxide (Zhou et al 1991).Therefore study was undertaken to see the impact of introgressed breeding on chromosomal behaviour. 1088

Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

Materials and methods Trispecific hybrid derivatives IS-244/4/1 and IS – 181/7/1 were evolved by crossing DCH-32 (G hirsutum X G barbadanse) with the colchiploid (0.5 % for 18 hrs.) G. arboreum (2n – 4x = 52) at C.R.S. Nanded. The trispecies F1 thus obtained [(G. hirsutum X G barbadanse) X G. arboreum] was used as pollinator and backcrossed with C1 plant of G. arboreum to get BC1F1 seeds. The plants with reduced expression of morphological characters were isolated in BC1 F6 and raised up to BC1F14 generation. PA183 (G arboreum) and NH-545 (G hirsutum) were used as checks. Materials were sown in plant to row progeny with 5 replications in RBD design For cytological analysis, young flower buds of 5-6 mm size were fixed in cornoy’s fluid (6:3:1) in between 6-8 a.m. After 24 hours buds were transferred to 70 per cent alcohol for preservation and one or two anthers were squashed in 1% acetocarmine stain. Pollen sterility was tested with differential stain (Alexandeer 1969). Cytogical analysis was carried out from temporary slide preparation. Approximately 15-20 well spread PMCs per slide were scored for chromosome association studies at diakinensis and metaphase-I. The detail observations on various morphological characters were recorded. The data was analysed statistically. Results and Discussion Morphological observations The comparative observations on the morphological characters (table 1) indicated that trispecies derivatives viz, IS-181/7/1 and IS 244/4/1 recorded reduction in plant height, leaf size, petal size, staminal column, number of anthers/flower, number of stomata/microscopic field and pollen diameter as compared to G arboreum and G hirsutum checks which indicate their haploidy nature. 100 seed weight and number of seeds/boll was also less in these lines. Seeds were smaller and roundish in shape than checks. Reduction in number of anthers/boll, boll diameter, stomata size and chloroplast/stomata was reported in C1 generation of induced polyploids of G hirsutum L haploid and varieties of G arboreum L (Mehetre et al 2001). Original semigametic G barbadanse line 57-4 was also isolated as a double haploid in the commercial cutivars of Pima S1 and reported that semigametic lines produce smaller seeds than normal cotton and there is positive correlatioin between seed weight and haploid percentage (Zhang-Jin et al 1998).

Cytological observations. Observations on behaviour of chromosomes during metaphase-I of meiosis in IS-181/7/1 and IS244/4/1 are depicted in table 2 and 3 respectively. Variation in chromosome number in different PMCs of IS-181/7/1 ranged between 26-31 with mean of 28.15 (Fig.3). The percent of bivalents was 49.35. Chromosomes involved in univalents and multivalents were 38.46 % and 12.44 % respectively. The average chromosomal configuratioin at metaphase-I was 6.0 I+ 7.7 II +0.7III + 1.25IV. While in IS-244/4/1 chromosome number varied from 19 to 49 with mean of 29.09 at metaphase I (Fig 8), which shows dihaploidy level. Uni, bi and multivalent were 33.33%, 54.21 % and 2.23 % respectively. Average chromosomal configuration at metaphase I was 5.19 I + 8.33 II +1.14III + 1.09IV. In both the lines bivalents were more as compared to uni and multivalents. Cytological studies in both the lines showed more number of bivalents at first meiotic division and diads, triads, tetrads, shrivelled pollens at IInd meiotic division. Haploids showed varying degrees of bivalents and chiasma formation. Higher number of bivalents may form due to intergenic homology and gene controlled phenomenon (Mehetre et al 2001). Parthenogenetic haploids were evolved artificially showing mixopliods at dihaploid level with 12-56 variations in chromosome number and yet set bolls almost like normal allotetraplids ((Zhou. et al 1991). Mixoploidy in parthenogenetically derived plants has been found in maize (Zhou and Go, 1984) and Poa pratensis (Speckmann and Van Dijk, 1973). Meiotic abnormalities Wide hybridization results in various meiotic abnormalities such as unequal distribution of chromosomes at anaphase I (fig 15) in both IS 181/7/1 and IS 244/4/1 and occurence of 1 to few laggards chromosome in anaphase I (fig 12) and second as well as at telophase and bridges (fig 1) was observed. Chromosome stickiness was depicted among two or more chromosomes at prophase (fig 2, 5 & 9) and anaphase I. However it was more frequent in prophase and metaphase I. Interbivalent connections was also observed in two or more bivalents at diakinesis, metaphase and anaphase of meiosis I (Feg 6 & 9). As a consequence various types of associations were seen in the form of chains and rings. At metaphase II diads, triads and tetrads (fig 17) were formed due to unequal distribution of chromosomes and binucleated cells (fig 18) at the time of sporad formation were

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Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

recorded. Pollens were of different sizes (fig 21) and shrivelled. 26% & 35% of the pollen sterility was reported in IS-181/7/1 and IS-244/4/1 respectively whereas normal meiotic behaviour reported in I PA-183 (2n=26) and NH-545 (2n=4x=52) with high fertility. Abnormal separation of chromosomes gave rise to different types of sterile microspore and high level of sterility in trispecific hybrids of [(G. arboreum X G bickii)X G barbadanse] (Ding – Shiping et al 1999). Backcross progenies BC4 F1 of interspecific hybrid G hirsutum X (G arboreum X G bickii) showed abnormal pairing of chromosome which leads to lagging chromosomes, uneven distribution at anaphase I & II, multispores micronuclei and formation of sterile pollens. ( Sun-Daizhen et al 2001). The inter PMC transfer of chromatin material results in various meiotic abnormalities such as unorganized chromatin, interbivalent connections chromosome stickiness, laggards and chromatin bridges in Himalayan Poppy (Singhal and Puneet Kumar 2008) and in other plants (Chauhan 1981). Abnormal tetrads, pollens of variable sizes and sterility was reported in six glandless haploids evolved in X2 generation of X ray irradiated G hirsutum (Mehetre and Thombre 1981). Variation in chromosome number may be due to mixoploidy or cytomixis. Transfer of chromatin, either partial or complete, determines the fate of the PMCs involved in cytomixis whether these result in aneuploids or polyploids or anucleated forms. The formation of such PMCs as a consequence of cytomixis has also been noticed earlier (Ashraf and Gohil 1994) Considering extent of chromosomal abnormality and haploid nature of these lines, it was expected for complete sterility. However good boll setting evidenced thereby supporting for the presence of apomictic phenomenon. Haploids are characterized by poor development of the vegetative and reproductive organs, shedding of ovaries, absence of developed bolls, complete sterility and small cells (Dergach 1970). The materials used in present investigation are showing mixoploidy with apomictic nature which can be used in future breeding programs for fixing heterosis and evolving anueploids.

Arutyunova L.G. 1971. Ways of obtaining apomicts in intraspecific and inter specific cotton hybridization. Genet- issled. Khlopchatnika 1971, 51-58. Ashraf M and Gohil R.N. 1994. Cytology of legumes of kushmir himalaya V. cytomixis and chromosome migration in A stragalus subuliformis DC; Nucleus : 37 119-122. Barrow, J.R. and chaudhari, H.K (1975). A homozygous interspecific F2 hybrid of barbadanse X G. hirsutum via semigametic haploid method. Crop Sci. 16(3) : 441-442. Chaudhari, H.K. and Barrow, J.R. 1976. Identification of cotton haploids by stomatal chloroplast count technique. Crop. Sci. 15 (6) : 760-763. Chauhan AKS 1981. Cytomixix in Papaver rhoeas; perspectives in cytology and genetics; In proceedings of the third All India Congress of cytology and genetics (eds) (New Delhi; Hindasia Publishers) PP 309-312. Dergach G.V. 1970. Morphological and anatomical characteristics of haploid plants of G. barbadanse L. Turkkm. SSR. YLYML. Akad. Habarlanry Biol. YLYML.Ser. No. 1. 17-22. Ding-shiping, Li-bing Lin, Zhang-bojing and DignSP. 1999. Morphology and cytology of trispecific hybrid F1 between the allotetraploid of (G. arboreum X G. bickii) F1 and G. barbadanse. J Zhejiang- Agril. University, 1999, 25:1, 31-35. Feaster, C.V. and Turcotte E.L. 1973. Semigametic production of haploid in ‘pima’ cotton. Crop Sci. 13 : 232-33. Mehetre S.S., Shinde H.N., Dahat D.V. and Ghadege S.B. 2001. Cytomorphological studies in the C1 generation of the induced polyploids of G. hirsutum L. haploid and varieties of G. arboretum L. cotton. J. cotton Res. Dev. 15 (2) : 202-205 Mehetre S.S. and Thmbre M.V. 1981. stages of Pollen abortion in male sterile stocks of Gossypium hirsutum L. cotton J. MAU. 6 (2): 159-161. Nirmala A, and Rao P.N. 1996. Genetics of chromosome numerical mosaim in higher plants. Nucleus 39, 151-175.

Reference Alexander D.E. 1969. Differential staining of aborted and non-aborted pollens. Stain tech, 44 (3) : 117-122.

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Sheidai, M., Attaei, S., 2005. Meiotic studies of same stipa (Poaceae) species and populations in Iran. Edinb. J. Bot. 56, 405-419.

Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010) Singhal V.K, Gill B.S. and Dhaliwal R.S. 2007. Status of chromosomal diversity in the hard wood tree species of Punjab State; J. Cytol. Genet. 8, 6788. Singhal V.K. and Puneet kumar 2008. Impact of cytomixis on meiosis, pollen viability and pollen size in wild population of Himalayan poppy (Meconopsis aculeate Royle) J. Biosci. 2008. 33 (3), 1-10. Speckmann G. I. and Van Dijk G.E. 1973. Chromosome number and plant morphology in some ecotypes of poa partensis. Euphytica 21 : 171-180. Sun-daizhen, Wang-Sho. Gvang, Li-bing Lin and Sun-Dz (2001). Acta Agriculturae BorealiSinica 16:1, 38-43. Zhang-Jin Fa, Newpomuecno A. And Stewart J.M. 1998. Gene expression related to the semigamy genotype in cotton (G. barbadanse). Proceedings Beltwide cotton conferences, son Diego, California, lisa Vo1.2: 145-146;53 ref. Zhou S. Q., Qian D.Q, and Cao X.Y. 1991. Parthenogenesis and chromosome behaviour in plants of partnenogenetic origin in cotton. (G. hirsutum L) Genome. 34 (2):225-526. Zhou Z.Y. and Go. M. G. 1984. Production of diploid of maize through parthenogenesis induced by chemical treatment. Genet. Sin. 11 (1) : 36-46.

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Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

Table 1 : Morphlogical characters of IS- 244/4/1 and IS-181/7/1 in comparison with G arboreum and G hirsutum checks. SECD NH-545 1

Characters

Plant Height (cm) 70.85 Length of middle leaf lobe (cm) 6.77 Breadth of middle leaf lobe (cm) 3.17 Petal size (cm) 4.36 x 3.07 Calyx tube length (mm) 11.9 Length of stamina column (mm) 23.1 Ovule diameter (mm) 05.6 Number of anthers/flower 103.85 100 seed weight (gm) 6.59 Diameter of Pollen grains (µ)133.41 Stomata/microscopic field 30.1 Number of seeds/boll 28.5 1

PA-1832

IS-244/4/13

127.48 42.06 10.71 4.65 1.93 2.32 3.06 x 2.062.9 x 2.02 07.6 05.8 18.7 15.9 04.5 03.6 93.2 78.85 5.74 4.81 102.21 95.40 21.06 15.25 22.5 15.77

IS-181/7/14 49.41 4.73 2.41 3.02 x 2.0 07.0 16.0 04.1 90.35 4.82 97.36 18.35 15.75

G. hirsutum; 2 G.arboreom; 3 and 4 – Inter specific hybrid

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0.094 0.30 0.12 0.38 0.005 0.16 -- -0.03 0.08 0.02 0.08 0.005 0.02 0.80 2.51 0.13 1.44 9.41.29 0.44 1.43 0.43 1.37

Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

Table 2: Chromosomal configuration at Metaphase-I in IS-181/7/1 Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 total Mean %

Chromosome configuration I II III IV 4 8 1 2 6 8 1 1 8 9 6 7 2 1 10 8 1 4 6 1 2 9 7 1 3 2 1 4 9 8 1 5 7 1 1 5 6 1 2 4 7 1 2 11 7 1 5 7 1 1 6 9 1 7 8 1 0 4 7 2 5 11 1 7 9 1 3 9 1 2 120 154 14 25 0.6 7.7 0.7 1.25 38.46 49.35 4.48 8.01

Total chromosome number 31 29 26 30 29 27 27 26 29 26 28 29 29 26 27 26 26 31 29 26 563 28.15

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Frequency of PMCs 1 2 7 1 4 1 2 5 2 4 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 1 3 4 54 2.7

Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

Table 3: Chromosomal configuration at Mataphase – I in IS-244-4/1 Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 total Mean %

Chromosome configuration I II III IV 3 6 1 1 9 1 2 7 1 1 3 9 2 2 7 13 8 1 1 3 8 1 5 3 2 2 2 7 2 2 8 6 3 5 2 3 3 1 8 1 2 4 18 2 5 8 2 6 9 1 8 12 1 1 8 6 1 1 2 5 1 1 16 4 19 1 7 9 1 5 8 1 1 109 175 24 23 5.19 8.33 1.14 1.09 33.33 53.51 7.33 7.03

Total chromosome number 22 23 24 39 26 26 25 22 36 26 26 31 49 28 29 39 21 41 26 27 25 611 29.09

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Frequency of PMCs 2 5 2 3 4 7 5 4 1 3 1 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 1 5 2 60 2.85

Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

1

2

3

5

6

9

10

13

4

7

14

8

11

12

15

16

Fig. 1-16. 1. PMC showing bridges (arrow) at Metaphase I. 2. Chromosome stickiness in Prophase I. 3. PMC with 26 chromosomes 3I+6II+1 III+ 2IV in IS-181/7/1 4. Diakinensis in IS 181/7/1 5.interbivalent connection at late prophase 6. Chain and ring formation due to interbivalent connection. 7. Chromosome stickiness at prophase in IS-244/4/1 8. PMC with partial chromatin transfer 9. Chromosome stickiness and interbivalent connection in IS-244/4/1 10. PMCwith 52 chromosomno. 11. PMC with 39 chromosomes with 2IV+ 1III + 3II + 22I in IS-244/4/1. 12. PMC with normal separation of chromosomes with laggard chromosom at anaphase I in IS-181/7/1 13. PMC with normal separation of chromosomes. 14. PMC with laggards at anaphase I in IS – 244/4/1 15 unequal separation of chromosomes at anaphase I 16. PMC with normal separation of chromosomes

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Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

17

20

18

19

21

22

Fig. 17-22. 17. Diad, triad, and tetrad formation at sporad formation. 18. Binucleolus tetrad 19. Triad with one empty PMC. 20.Triad with one epty PMC at telophase II 22. Pollen grains with variable sizes. 23. Shriveled and sterile pollen grains.

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Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

5

6

9

10

13

7

14

8

11

12

15

16

Fig. 1-16. 1. PMC showing bridges (arrow) at Metaphase I. 2. Chromosome stickiness in Prophase I. 3. PMC with 26 chromosomes 3I+6II+1 III+ 2IV in IS-181/7/1 4. Diakinensis in IS 181/7/1 5.interbivalent connection at late prophase 6. Chain and ring formation due to interbivalent connection. 7. Chromosome stickiness at prophase in IS-244/4/1 8. PMC with partial chromatin transfer 9. Chromosome stickiness and interbivalent connection in IS-244/4/1 10. PMCwith 52 chromosomno. 11. PMC with 39 chromosomes with 2IV+ 1III + 3II + 22I in IS-244/4/1. 12. PMC with normal separation of chromosomes with laggard chromosom at anaphase I in IS-181/7/1 13. PMC with normal separation of chromosomes. 14. PMC with laggards at anaphase I in IS – 244/4/1 15 unequal separation of chromosomes at anaphase I 16. PMC with normal separation of chromosomes

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Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4): 1088-1098 (July 2010)

17

20

18

19

21

22

Fig. 17-22. 17. Diad, triad, and tetrad formation at sporad formation. 18. Binucleolus tetrad 19. Triad with one empty PMC. 20.Triad with one epty PMC at telophase II 22. Pollen grains with variable sizes. 23. Shriveled and sterile pollen grains.

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