Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2  Settings ............................................................................................................................ 4  Activate Raft / Add Raft, Elevate Nozzle, Orbit ........................................................... 5  Base ........................................................................................................................................... 5  Base Feed Rate Multiplier (ratio): 0.75 ................................................................................................ 5  Base Flow Rate Multiplier (ratio): 0.6 ................................................................................................... 5  Base Infill Density (ratio): 0.3 .................................................................................................................. 5  Base Layer Thickness over Layer Thickness: 2.2 .............................................................................. 5  Base Layers (integer): 0 .............................................................................................................................. 5  Base Nozzle Lift over Base Layer Thickness (ratio): 0.3 ................................................................. 5  Initial Circling: (unchecked) ..................................................................................................................... 5  Infill Overhang over Extrusion Width (ratio): 0.1 ............................................................................ 5 

Interface ................................................................................................................................... 5  Interface Feed Rate Multiplier (ratio): 1.5 .......................................................................................... 5  Interface Flow Rate Multiplier (ratio): 0.7 .......................................................................................... 6  Interface Infill Density (ratio): 0.4 ......................................................................................................... 6  Interface Layer Thickness over Layer Thickness: 1.8 ..................................................................... 6  Interface Layers (integer): 0 ..................................................................................................................... 7  Interface Nozzle Lift over Interface Layer Thickness (ratio): 0.3 ............................................... 7 

Name of Alteration Files ..................................................................................................... 7  Name of Support End File: support_end.gcode ................................................................................... 7  Name of Support Start File: support_start.gcode ............................................................................... 7  Skeinforge: Using Supports  

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Operating Nozzle Lift over Layer Thickness (ratio): 0.0 ................................................................. 7 

Raft Size .................................................................................................................................... 7  Raft Additional Margin over Length (%): 2.5 ..................................................................................... 8  Raft Margin (mm): 2.5 ................................................................................................................................. 8 

Support ..................................................................................................................................... 8  Support Cross Hatch: (unchecked) ......................................................................................................... 8  Support Flow Rate over Operating Flow Rate (ratio): 0.72 ........................................................... 8  Support Gap over Perimeter Extrusion Width (ratio): 0.005 ....................................................... 9  Support Material Choice: Exterior Only ................................................................................................ 9  Support Minimum Angle (degrees): 55.0 .......................................................................................... 10 

Other Skeinforge plugins that will affect Supports ................................................ 10  Shells .............................................................................................................................................................. 10  Thread Sequence Choice ......................................................................................................................... 10 

Skeinforge Supports vs. Makerware Supports ................................................. 10  Skeinforge Bugs .......................................................................................................... 11  Extraneous supports ........................................................................................................ 11 

Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 11     

Introduction This document is intended to help clear up some of the mystery regarding supports in Skeinforge.  It was  written  from  the  perspective  of  a  Makerbot  Replicator  2  operator  using  ReplicatorG‐Sailfish,  so  “Your  Mileage May Vary”.  Throughout this document, I will attempt to provide guidance on any features that  do not apply to other applications using Skeinforge (Makerware, ReplicatorG – MBI flavor). 

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The Raft plugin is used to configure two major components of a print:  

Rafts 



o Supports 

o

 

 

Note  that  neither  the  raft  nor  supports  are  actually  a  part  of  your  final  print.    They  are  temporary  structures intended to help you print a better model.  I’m not going to expend any effort talking about the actual Raft part of the Raft plugin in this document  (perhaps another day).  Rafts, in my opinion, should never be used.  There are two primary purposes of a  raft:  To compensate for a less‐than‐perfect build plate, and to help eliminate curling.  To  the  first  point,  build  plate  problems,  those  are  issues  that  should  be  solved  prior  to  finessing  Skeinforge.  In this day and age, there’s no reason that you shouldn’t be printing on a reasonably flat  and smooth surface.    As regards curling, it is much more of a problem with ABS than PLA.  However, both materials have some  tendency  to  pull  up  at  corners  (especially  sharp  corners).    The  use  of  “Helper  Disks”  appears  to  be  a  much more effective way to alleviate curling.  Helper Disks have more surface area in contact with the  build  plate,  and  therefore  stick  better.    They  also  are  much  easier  to  remove  than  a  raft,  and  don’t  create extra post‐processing work.  The material used for a build plate also makes a difference in controlling curling.  But that is a subject for  another document.  Now, to the settings.  Skeinforge: Using Supports  

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Settings The screenshots used below are for a decent middle‐ground support system (actual raft is disabled), and  will be used as the basis for comparing options. 

 

 

 

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Activate Raft / Add Raft, Elevate Nozzle, Orbit In order for supports to work at all, these must be checked (activated).  Note:  ReplicatorG (both the MBI and Sailfish versions) should always have this activated.  You will use  Print‐O‐Matic  to  determine  whether  supports  are  actually  used  (as  Print‐O‐Matic  will  override  this  checkbox, depending on your selection).  If you’re using Makerware, then it’s a bit more difficult:  You  have to edit the Skeinforge profile and toggle this checkbox every time.   

Base This section deals with the bottom‐most part of a Raft.  Base Feed Rate Multiplier (ratio): 0.75 Does not apply to supports  Base Flow Rate Multiplier (ratio): 0.6 Does not apply to supports  Base Infill Density (ratio): 0.3 Does not apply to supports  Base Layer Thickness over Layer Thickness: 2.2 Does not apply to supports  Base Layers (integer): 0 Since  this  document  deals  with  supports  (without  the  actual  raft),  we  want  to  disable  it.    This  value  effectively tells Skeinforge to use zero layers for the Base part of the raft.  Base Nozzle Lift over Base Layer Thickness (ratio): 0.3 Does not apply to supports  Initial Circling: (unchecked) Does not apply to supports  Infill Overhang over Extrusion Width (ratio): 0.1 Does not apply to supports   

Interface This section deals with the uppermost part of a Raft, but does affect supports.  Interface Feed Rate Multiplier (ratio): 1.5 Does not apply to supports 

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Interface Flow Rate Multiplier (ratio): 0.7 Does not apply to supports  Interface Infill Density (ratio): 0.4 It’s a bit counter‐intuitive, but this setting actually affects supports.  Since supports would be built off of  the raft (if it existed), the support density uses this setting.  Here are a few examples of what this setting  does:  Using 0.4: 

 

 

 

 

 

Using 0.8 

 

 

As  you  can  see,  a  larger  ratio  provides  a  denser  zig‐zag  pattern  of  supports.    The  setting  of  0.4  is  the  default, and works fairly well.  A couple of things to consider, regarding this setting:    

Denser supports will take more time and use more plastic  Denser  supports  will  lessen  the  bridging  distance  of  the  finished  model,  usually  resulting  in  a  better bottom surface  Denser  supports  will  distribute  the  bearing  load  a  bit  better,  possibly  making  them  easier  to  remove.  The word “possibly” is used, because there are a lot of variables that go into making a  support easy to remove. 

One of the key components in deciding what density to use is the shape of the item you’re supporting.   In the example above (basically, a sphere), the object will grow gradually as the layers progress.  So the  perimeter loops are the only parts that really require support (and they don’t need much).  On the flip  side,  let’s  say  you  had  an  object  that  suddenly  cantilevered  horizontally  by  25  mm.    In  that  case,  the  perimeter/loops/infill would all require support.  There’s a candidate for increasing the support density.  Interface Layer Thickness over Layer Thickness: 1.8 This setting does affect supports, but I’ve never been able to figure out exactly how or why.  The official  description is:  Defines the ratio of the height & width of the interface layer compared to the height and width of  the object infill.  The feed rate will be slower for raft layers which have thicker extrusions than the  object  infill.   Using a value of 1, the base will look  the “same” as the normal layer but if you put 

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here 1.5 or 2 the base will be “fatter”.  The “fatness” is achieved by slower movement of the head  so more filament per mm is extruded hence fatter the “line.”  However, changes to this setting produce quirky results.  Here’s an example of what happens when you  change it:  Using 1.8 

 

 

 

 

Using 1.0 

 

 

 

As  you  can  see,  the  density  of  support  lines  has  increased,  as  well  as  the  general  shapes.    There’s  nothing wrong with tinkering with this setting, but it doesn’t appear to behave consistently.  Interface Layers (integer): 0 Just  like  the  Base  of  the  Raft,  we  also  don’t  want  interface  layers  (the  upper  part  of  the  raft).    So  we  disable it by telling Skeinforge to use zero layers for the interface.  Interface Nozzle Lift over Interface Layer Thickness (ratio): 0.3 Does not apply to supports   

Name of Alteration Files This section allows you to specify a partial gcode file that will be inserted to your model.  I don’t know of  any useful alteration file for supports, so these will be ignored.  Name of Support End File: support_end.gcode No changes needed, we’re not using alteration files  Name of Support Start File: support_start.gcode No changes needed, we’re not using alteration files  Operating Nozzle Lift over Layer Thickness (ratio): 0.0 Does not apply to supports   

Raft Size This section also deals with Rafts, but affects Supports. 

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Raft Additional Margin over Length (%): 2.5 This setting, in addition to “Raft Margin”, changes the over‐run past the object.  Increasing the value will  cause the support structure to run further (it is calculated as a percentage of the length of the nominal  length).  The default setting works fine for supports (it only needs to be adjusted for rafts).  Here’s an  example.  Using 2.5 

 

 

 

Using 10.0 

  

 

Raft Margin (mm): 2.5 This setting adds a specified length to the otherwise‐calculated support length (see “Raft Additional  Margin over Length” above).  The default setting works fine, but if you’re tempted to play with it, here’s  an example of how it will look:  Using 2.5 

 

 

 

 

Using 10.0 

  

 

Support Support Cross Hatch: (unchecked) As  you  can  probably  guess,  checking  this  box  will  create  cross‐hatched  supports  (90  degrees  to  each  other, every layer).  Not recommended, unless you like cutting yourself while cursing.  Support Flow Rate over Operating Flow Rate (ratio): 0.72 This is a pretty important setting.  It determines how much plastic is extruded for each line of supports.   A setting of 1.0 would extrude it like a “normal” wall.  The default is 0.7, which makes for a nice, light  support  wall.    But  at  accelerated  speeds,  I’ve  found  it  necessary  to  bump  the  setting  just  a  bit.   Otherwise,  I  get  random  areas  that  are  wispy.    Oddly  enough,  the  wispy  parts  have  never  caused  Skeinforge: Using Supports  

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problems  in  the  final  print,  as  they  always  mend  themselves.    Here’s  a  picture  of  supports  with  a  0.7  flow rate. 

  Yes,  this  was  on  blue  tape  (not  recommended  for  raftless  supports  unless  you’ve  done  a  good  job  prepping the tape).  See the wispy part?  Support Gap over Perimeter Extrusion Width (ratio): 0.005 As the title implies, this is a ratio.  Using a value of 1 would set the supports back by the distance of a full  perimeter extrusion.  As I understand it (without intensive testing), it only applies to inclined surface.  In  other  words,  supports  underneath  flat  area  will  not  be  affected.    Change  this  at  your  discretion,  but  keep  in  mind  that  increasing  the  ratio  will  do  two  things:    Make  it  easier  to  remove,  and  allow  the  overhang to move a bit before settling onto the support.  If you play with it, keep the ratio low (maybe  below 0.5).  Support Material Choice: Exterior Only The choices are as follows:     

None  Empty Layers Only  Everywhere  Exterior Only 

Those are pretty descriptive.  The “Empty Layers Only” option isn’t terribly useful – only if you want to  raise  the  item  off  the  bed  for  some  unknown  reason  (or  stack  items  on  top  of  each  other).    “Exterior  Only”  will  only  provide  supports  that  come  from  the  build  plate.    “Everywhere”  will  also  generate  supports within an item – that might be a good option when a part hangs over another part.  Note:  ReplicatorG (both the MBI and Sailfish versions) have this option in Print‐O‐Matic.  So regardless  of  what  you  choose  here,  PoM  will  override  it  (assuming  you’ve  enabled  Raft/Supports).    PoM  only  offers the following choices (None, Exterior Support, and Full Support).  Using Makerware, you need to  edit the profile and make this change manually. 

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Support Minimum Angle (degrees): 55.0 This setting specifies how much of your model needs to be supported.  It is an angle taken from vertical.   If  you  use  1  degree,  then  practically  everything  except  vertical  walls  will  get  support.    Conversely,  a  setting of 89 degrees will generate supports for horizontal overhangs only.  The standard rule of thumb is 45 degrees.  I’ve found that this can be cheated a bit.  55 is a good number  for  me,  but  it  is  also  subject  to  the  use  of  multiple  shells.    See  below  (Shells  and  Thread  Sequence  Choice) for more info. 

Other Skeinforge plugins that will affect Supports There are tons of plugins, each with tons of settings.  It goes without saying that other plugins will affect  the generation of supports.  Here are a few that you should know about.  Shells This setting resides in the “Fill” plugin (under the “Extra Shells” section).  It is really three settings – one  for Alternating Layers, one for Base Layer(s), and one for Sparse Layers.  If you use ReplicatorG (MBI or  Sailfish), then Print‐o‐Matic will override these settings.  If you’re new to Skeinforge, keep in mind that “shells” really means “extra shells”, as you’ll always have  one shell.  So a setting of 1 means you’ll print two.  When your model has overhangs, you definitely want to use extra shells.  Maybe you don’t need extra  shells if your model tapers at a 10 degree angle outwards.  But if you go much further, you’ll end up with  gaps between layers, where you can see the infill at the overhangs.  Thread Sequence Choice Also  in  the  “Fill”  plugin,  this  setting  could  affect  how  well  supports  work.    I  recommend  “Loops  >  Perimeter > Infill”.  There are a few other settings that can work well, but the important part is that you  print  loops  before  perimeters  (when  overhangs  are  involved).    This  allows  the  outermost  bit  (the  Perimeter) to cling to something (the first inner Loop).  If you did the reverse (Perimeter then Loops),  your perimeter would have nothing to cling to – at least, initially.  So it would simply fall down until it hit  the  supports.    You’ll  ALWAYS  get  a  nicer  finish  on  overhangs  when  you  use  Loops  before  Perimeters.   There are some other good reasons to use Loops > Perimeter > Infill, but I’ll leave that discussion for a  different document.   

Skeinforge Supports vs. Makerware Supports I initially considered doing a full write‐up on configuring supports in Makerbot Slicer (aka Miracle Grue).   But that’s better left for a separate document.  The burning question in everyone’s minds is:  Which slicer is better for generating supports?  It’s a tough  question to answer, since there are many scenarios where one might work better than the other.  Skeinforge: Using Supports  

Page 10

It is my opinion that Skeinforge is currently better at this.  Partially, because you have more control over  the  process  (for  example,  you  can  specify  the  minimum  angle  whereas  Makerware  just  puts  it  everywhere).    But  it  is  also  because  Makerware  still  seems  to  have  a  few  bugs.    I  hope  that  this  will  change in the future.  Unfortunately, Makerbot Industries has made a conscious effort to “keep it simple”, which by virtue of  its definition means you have less options.  Once you’ve gotten through the initial learning curve of 3D  printing, you will invariably start looking for ways to print “better”.  This is where Skeinforge shines:  It  provides  you  with  options.    Yes,  it’s  clunky  to  configure.    And  yes,  it’s  overwhelming  at  first.    But  you  have more options.   

Skeinforge Bugs Skeinforge does exhibit buggy behavior occasionally. 

Extraneous supports Occasionally, Skeinforge will produce supports in places that aren’t necessary.  In the example pictures  below, you can see that small support remnants were produced outside the footprint of the item (which  tapered inwards as it went upward, like an inverted cone).  Supports had been generated to carry an  inset down low, as well as the upper sections that exceeded 60 degrees.  It did not cause any problems  with the model, just a few extra bits to remove. 

 

 

Conclusion As  you  can  see,  there  are  many  settings  that  affect  the  final  layout  of  supports.    You  can  control  the  following general characteristics:      

Spacing of support lines  Thickness of supports  Overrun past the object  Shape (linear vs. cross‐hatched)  Minimum angle for which supports will be generated 

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Gap from supports to the model 

Aside from individually manipulating the auto‐supports, you really can’t ask for much more.  So it’s really  a matter of figuring out which combination of settings you prefer.    References used in creating this document:  http://fabmetheus.crsndoo.com/wiki/index.php/Skeinforge_Raft   http://www.makerbot.com/support/replicatorg/documentation/skeinforge/  

Skeinforge: Using Supports  

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Contents Introduction - MOBILPASAR.COM

different document. Skeinforge Supports vs. Makerware Supports. I initially considered doing a full write-up on configuring supports in Makerbot Slicer (aka Miracle Grue). But that's better left for a separate document. The burning question in everyone's minds is: Which slicer is better for generating supports? It's a tough.

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∗The Open University, ∗∗Lexical Computing Ltd. Abstract. In this paper ... be a “pernicious source of structural ambiguity in English” (Resnik 1999), they have ... the British National Corpus (bnc) (http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk). .... We use

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The Archaeological Evidence for the Jafnids and the Nas ̣rids. 172. Denis Genequand. 5. Arabs in the Conflict between Rome and Persia, AD 491–630. 214.

Contents - Ng Woon Lam
In the language of visual art, Color and Design are the most funda- mental qualities ... and today, its development and pace of practical use in the field of science ...

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Feb 24, 2012 - Commission for Africa (ECA) [South African. Mission]. E-mail: [email protected]. Mail: PO Box 1091, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA.