Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS International Conference on POWER SYSTEMS

Computation of the injected energy to medium voltage surge arresters for the Hellenic distribution network C.A. CHRISTODOULOU1, L. EKONOMOU2, G.P. FOTIS1, V. VITA2, P. KYRTSOPOULOS2 1 2

National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Politechniou St., 157 80 Athens, Greece

A.S.PE.T.E. - School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, Ν. Ηeraklion, 141 21 Athens, Greece e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Lightning is main factor of failures in medium voltage distribution lines. In order to protect the lines and improve their lightning performance, surge arresters are installed between phase and earth. When the energy absorbed by the arrester exceeds its withstand capability, the arrester fails. The energy dissipated is depended on the electrical characteristic of the arrester, the installation interval and the grounding resistance. In the current work a computation of the absorbed energy by the arrester in a typical Hellenic medium voltage line is performed, with a sensitivity analysis for the interval and the ground resistance. Key-Words: Distribution lines; surge arresters, grounding resistance; computation.

cement poles using porcelain insulators. The line consists only of three horizontally arranged phase conductors, without neutral conductor. Fig. 1 shows a section of a typical 20 kV distribution line.

1. Introduction Lightning strokes and switching surges are frequent cause of function interruption and equipment damage in low, medium and high voltage electrical installations. Ground wires and surge arresters are the most used protective means, in order to secure the reliability of the system and reduce the overvoltage faults. Especially, for the medium voltage distribution lines (20 kV) the lightning is the main factor that determines the insulation level and the number of the annual failures. Taking into account that the distribution lines are not protected by ground wires, surge arresters are the most common way to protect the section of the line that present high number of lightning faults. In this paper is simulated the lightning performance of distribution lines of the Hellenic systems, after arresters implementation, and is performed sensitivity analysis for the tower footing resistance and the installation interval.

2. Medium voltage lines of Hellenic distribution system

the

Fig. 1: Section of a typical 20 kV distribution line of the Hellenic system.

The medium voltage (20 kV) distribution lines of the Hellenic system are supported on wood or ISSN: 1790-5117

The distribution lines transfer electric power to medium and low (through power transformers) 142

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Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS International Conference on POWER SYSTEMS

to Zi(t), in case that the impact point is at the end of the line, and Zi(t)/2, in case that the lightning strikes in the middle of the line (Z is the wave impedance of the conductor). When the overvoltage exceeds the insulation level of the line, a lightning failure occurs.

consumers, traveling along mountain, plain and coastline regions. A failure due to lightning may cause a lot of problems to the consumers (outages, damage of sensitive equipment, etc.); a solution to prevent these phenomena is the installation of surge arresters, especially in regions with high keraunic level and grounding resistance.

In lines equipped with surge arresters, a part of the lighting current will pass through the arrester to the ground. The magnitude of the current through the arrester depends on the grounding resistance, the arresters installation interval and the electrical characteristic of the arresters. The remaining lightning current will travel along the line as a travelling wave and may cause overvoltages on the text pole. To prevent this, it is necessary to allow a current flow to the ground via a low impedance path, like surge arrester [4].

3. Surge arresters’ characteristics Surge arresters are installed between phase and earth and lead the current of the overvoltage to the ground. In normal operation of the electric network they present high resistance (MΩ) and during overvoltages they behave like conductors. Surge arresters can be classified as gapped, which contain gap in series with SiC nonlinear resistance, and metal-oxide (MO) gapless, which are composed of ZnO nonlinear resistance. ZnO gapless surge arresters present highly nonlinearity to their voltage-current characteristic and faster response times, and they are the most used type of arresters nowdays. The basic parts of a MO surge arresters are the cylindrical metal-oxide resistor blocks, the insulating housing and the electrodes. Between the varistor column and the polymeric housing there is a glassfibre structure, that either completely encloses the resistor blocks or exerts sufficient force on the ends of the stack to hold the MO blocs firmly together.

4. Arresters’ energy absorption Surge arresters implementation improves the lightning performance of a distribution line, reducing the failures due to lightning strokes. If all the poles of a medium voltage line have surge arresters, then the lightning failure rate will be almost zero, but the cost will be high enough. In any case, although it is achieved reduction of the line failure number, there is also the possibility to have arresters failures, something that means increase of the cost for repair or replacement of the damaged arresters. So, in the lightning performance studies, it must be taken into account, not only the improvement of the line’s shielding failure rate, but also the number of the arresters failures.

The main electric characteristics of a ZnO surge arrester are [1-3]: a) Continuous operating voltage: the maximum permissible rms power frequency voltage that may be applied continuously between the arrester terminals.

When the arrester energy absorption exceeds its withstand capability, the arrester is damaged (failure). The lightning energy E in Joules absorbed by a surge arrester is:

b) Rated voltage: the maximum permissible rms value of power frequency voltage between arrester terminals at which is designed to operate correctly under temporary overvoltages

t

E = ∫ u(t ) ⋅ i(t )dt

c) Residual voltage: the peak value of the voltage that appears between the terminals of an arreste during the passage of the discharge current through it.

where: u(t) is the residual voltage of the arrester in kV and i(t) is the value of the discharge current through the arrester in kA.

d) Energy withstand capability: the maximum level of energy injected into the arrester at which it can still cool back down to its normal operating temperature.

The energy dissipated by a surge arrester is depended on the current discharged by the arrester, which, as referred above, is function of the grounding resistance, arrester characteristic and installation interval. For a given interval and

When a lightning current strikes a phase conductor of a distribution line, an overvoltage on the line, propagated along the conductor, is created, equal

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electric characteristics of the arrester, low grounding resistances protect successfully the insulation of the line, since the most part of the lightning current passes through the arrester to earth, so the expected overvoltages on the phase will be low. However, in this case the absorbed energy by the arrester will be big, and the possibility for arrester’s failure will be high. In this way, we solve a problem (reduce of the overvoltages, protection of the line’s insulation), but a new problem is created, since the number of arresters failures is increased. On the other side, high grounding resistance reduces the arresters failure number, but increases the shielding failure rate of the line.

Table 1. Comparison of the four models concerning the voltage drop, the power loss and the area supplied. Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage Rated Voltage Nominal Discharge Current Maximum Residual Voltage (8/20 μs, 10 kA) Energy Capability

19.5 kV 24 kV 10 kA 67 kV 60 kJ

It was computed using PSCAD the absorbed energy by the arresters in function of the grounding resistance for three cases: arresters on every pole, on every second and on every third pole. In Figs 35 are shown the configuration of the line. The surge impedance of the conductors was 200 Ω and the grounding resistance was modeled as a lumped resistor. The lightning current was modeled as a double exponential waveform, with peak magnitude 10 kA, rise time 8μs and time-to-half 20 μs.

5. Arresters energy absorption computation for distribution lines of the Hellenic network The configuration of a typical medium voltage distribution line of the Hellenic network is shown in Fig. 2. b

6. Arresters energy absorption computation for distribution lines of the Hellenic network

a (-1.15, 10) b (0.35, 10) c (1.15, 10) Span 100m

The configuration of a typical medium voltage distribution line of the Hellenic network is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 3 Arresters installation on every pole.

Fig.2 Typical medium voltage distribution line of the Hellenic network In Table 1 are shown the characteristics of 20 kV surge arrester that the Hellenic Power Corporation S.A. uses to protect its substations. Note that transmission and distribution lines of the Hellenic network are not protected by surge arresters.

Fig. 4 Arresters installation on every second pole.

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9 8

Absorbed energy (kJ)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Fig. 5 Arresters installation on every third pole.

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Grounding resistance (Ω)

Fig. 8 Energy absorbed by the arrester for installation every third pole.

Fig. 6-8 show the energy absorbed by the arrester, which has been struck by the lightning, in function with the grounding resistance. It is obvious increasing the earth resistance, the energy dissipated by the arrester is reducing, since less part of the total lightning current passes through it. The energy absorbed by the arrester is also reduced as the installation interval becomes smaller, due to the fact that the current is sharing to more arresters.

6. Conclusions The lightning performance of medium voltage distribution line can be improved after surge arrester installation. The general principle that are demanded as much lower grounding resistances is not always desirable, because low resistances reduce the shielding failure rate of the line, but increase the absorbed by the arresters energy and the possibility to have a failure of them. This must be taken into consideration during the design of a new line or the improvement of an already existing.

4.5 4

Absorbed energy (kJ)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

References:

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Grounding resistance (Ω)

Fig. 6 Energy absorbed by the arrester for installation on every pole. 7

[1] [2]

[3]

Absorbed energy (kJ)

6

[4]

5 4 3 2

V. Hinrichsen, Metal-oxide surge arresters, Fundamentals, Siemens, 1st Ed., 2001. IEC 60099-4, Surge arresters - Part 4: Metaloxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c. systems, 2nd Ed., 2004-05. ABB, Surge Arresters-Buyer’s Guide, 5.1 Ed., 2007. A. Purnomoadi, R. Siregar, Y. Hakim, Application of transmission line arresters (TLAs) in high flash density area to improve transmission line performance, 17th Conference on electric power supply, Macau SAR, China, 2008, pp. 181-189.

1

Emails list: C.A. Christodoulou: [email protected] L. Ekonomou: [email protected] G.P. Fotis: [email protected] V. Vita: [email protected] P. Kyrtsopoulos: [email protected]

0 0

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Grounding resistance (Ω)

Fig. 7 Energy absorbed by the arrester for installation on every second pole.

ISSN: 1790-5117

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ISBN: 978-960-474-112-0

Computation of the injected energy to medium voltage ...

lines of the Hellenic systems, after arresters implementation, and .... Span 100m. Fig.2 Typical ... surge arrester that the Hellenic Power Corporation. S.A. uses to ...

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