( ' & ទ $ វ ភស
, ប ៀ ៀ& ប+
&ង, 3 2 & ង វ បណ.ិត
4លបំណង ,
! SHALIGRAM SHUKLA AND JEFF CONNOR-LINTON (P.276), ! 4លបំណង8&3&9ៀន;&ះគឺ?ើម&Bី៖, ! ១. ពន&Gល់អំពីរKៀបនិងL&តុផលO&លបណQ&លឲ&GភសមនករU&V&Wល៖
ករU&V&WលខងសំZ&ង ករU&V&Wលខងរូបសព្ ករU&V&Wលខងសម្័ន្ និង ករU&V&Wលខងន័យ,
! ២. បងc&ញអំពីរKៀបO&លភសវ$ទូ9ៀបចំភសZើងវ$ញ ចំfះភសO&លg& មិនបន(&ើi&ស់,
! ៣. បងc&ញអំពីករទក់ទង8&ភសO&លស្ិតnក្pងអំបូរដូចគs&,
4លបំណង (ត) , ! S.P. HARRISON<< On the Limits of the Comparative Method>> in the Handbook of Historical Linguistics, p.214
! They are essentially three in number:
! i. to identify instances of genetic relatedness amongst languages;
! i i. to explore the history of individual languages; ! iii. to develop a history of linguistc change.
q
q
q
q
q
Schendl, Herbert, Historical Linguistics, Oxford University Press, 2001, 130pp. Joseph, Brian D., and Janda, Richard D. (Ed.), The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 881pp. Ronoff, Mark and Rees-Miller, Janie., The Handbook of Linguistics, 2007,824pp. Millar, Robert McColl, Trask’s Historical Linguistics, London: Hodder Arnold, 2007, 509pp. Malmkjxr, Kirsten, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition, London and New York: Routledge, 2002, 643pp
Compara've and Historical Linguis'cs q Compara've Historical linguis'cs q Compara've and Historical linguis'cs q Compara've philology q Philology q Historical linguis'cs q Compara've Grammar q Diachronic linguis'cs ភសវ$ទ&'អV&តិ កល,
COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
, q
COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS ,
មុខវ$ជv&មួយ8&ភសវ$ទ&'O&ល
q
សិក&xអំពីភសពីរឬ{&ើន ?ើម&Bី
សិក&xអំពីករU&V&Wល8&ភស
(&ៀប+ៀបរចនសម្័ន្និង?ើម&Bី
និងទំនក់ទំនងរបស់ភស,
,
,
មុខវ$ជv&មួយ8&ភសវ$ទ&'O&ល
បងc&ញថ}ើភសទំង~ះមន
,
លក្ណៈដូចគs&ឬខុសគs&ដូច3្&ច ខ្ះ។,
ស„…&ណភសវ$ទ&'(&ៀប+ៀប, ! ឯករជ&Gnសតវត&2ទី១៩, ! ចប់កំ‹ើតnV&Œ&សអឡឺម៉ង់៖ ភសអឺរ•ុបនិងសំ‘&្ឹត, ! ភសវ$ទូសំខន់ៗ៖ F.V. Schlegel, Franz Bopp, R.Rask, Jacob Grimm(1819-1822),
ករសិក&x, ! ប•្&កខងភស៖ Œ&សភស វ$វ$ធភពភស, ! បុ9&ភស(proto-language) —ក Leonard Bloomfield ˜ថ«primitive Language», ! ភសវ$ទ&'(&ៀប+ៀប៖ សទិសភពនិងអសទិសភពnក្pងភស, ! ភសវ$ទ&'V&វត្ិស‘្៖ & 9ៀបចំV&ព័ន្ទំនក់ទំនងរបស់ភស,
វចនសព្, បុព្L&ត,ុ
ន័យ, វ$ធីស‘្& (&ៀប+ៀប,
សទ្ត,
សម្័ន,្ រូបសព្,
q Grammatical
traditions q The Rise of Universal Grammar q The Rise of the Comparative Method q Sir William Jones: linguistic History (1746-1794) q The Neogrammarians q Philosophical-Psychological Approaches q The Rise of Structuralism
Ferdinand De Saussure (1857-1913) q The Prague School and its antecedents q Branz Boas (1858-1942): Founder of American linguistics and anthropology q Edward Sapir (1884-1939): Language q
Structure determines thought
q Leonard
Bloomfield (1887-1949): Linguistics is a science: language (1933) q Noam Chomsky and Linguistics Theory Since 1957: UG, Transformational Generative Grammar
វ$ធីស‘្&(&ៀប+ៀប, !
សិក&xអំពីប›&&បœ&Wល8&៖,
•
សទ្ត,
•
រូបសព្,
•
សម្័ន,្
•
ន័យ,
•
បុព្L&តុ,
បុព្L&តុ8&ករU&V&Wល, !
SHALIGRAM SHUKLA AND JEFF CONNOR LINTON, LANGUAGE CHANGE, 2006,
•
ករ ទក់ ទង ជ មួយ ភសដ•& ៖ V&វត្ិ žធ នžបយ និងសង្ម →V&វត្ិវប&Bធម៌,
•
ភសU&V&Wល ¢យសរភសជភសរបស់មនុស&2,
•
ក ម £ & ំ ង ស ង ្ ម ( S o c i a l f o r c e s ) វ $ ច រ ណ ញណ(Cognitivve forces) និ ង សរ¥ រ ស‘្ & (Physiological forces),
ប›&&បœ&Wលខងសទ្ត (Phonological change), •
រចនសម្័ន្ព&'ង្(Syllable structure),
•
¦្§ង (Tones),
•
V&ព័ន្8&ករសង្ត់សំZ&ង (Stress Patterns),
បែ#មប#មួល 'ង សទ+, (ត) !
ឧ. រង្ះ©&ដុស(Fricatives)ភសអង់g្&សª&យឆs&ំ៧០០,
•
[f Ts] ប្®រ¯ជ[v D z],
•
five→[Fi:f]; →Fifth [fi:fta] ,
•
'bath'[bQT]→'baths' bathu[baDu],
•
'Titmouse'(bird) [ma:se]→ [ma:zE],
ប›&&បœ&Wលខងសទ្ត8&ភស°្&រ, ! ១. ប›&&បœ&Wលខង‘&ៈ, ! តន់>ទន់, ចប់>ឈប់, តូង>ទូង, ចប់ >ជប់ , ម³&ត់ >មត់, ចុក>ជុក, តិច>ទិច, តូច>ទូច, ! ២. ប›&&បœ&Wលខងព&G´្នៈ, ! ឆ> ី សុ,ី ចយ>សយ, ច្ឹង>ស្ឹង,
ប›&&បœ&Wលខងរូបសព្ (Morphological change), •
ភសអង់g្&ស៖ ,
OE stanas/sOtnas/→ME/stO:nes/→Mod.Eng./stonz/(Stones), •
ភស °្&រ ៖ អំវ$ល>អំពិល, វ្ៃ>¹&,& វºង>វ$ញ, »£&ញ>¼£&ង,
វ្ះ>½& ះ , ¾¿ & > រÀ, Áល>fល, វុ  > ពុ ំ , Ã្ & ក >Ä្ & ក , វ£&ស>ផ£&ស,់ វÇូរ>ផ្®រ,
ឡpង ¦ៀម៖ ប"#$វចនសព្វ+ទ$-.្$រ ១៩៩៩ ទំ.៨០-៨១,
Reconstruction វ$Éធនកម្ភស, •
Language change is a relatively slow process.
•
Written records are inevitably incomplete.
•
Historical linguists extend their knowledge by reconstructing stages of language for no written records.
•
Reconstruction: External Reconstruction, Internal Reconstruction, and Typological Reconstruction
External Reconstruction !
External Reconstruction/Comparative historical linguistics/Comparative philology
•
Linguist compares the forms of words in genetically related languages
•
Languages have developed from some common source
•
Linguist draws conclusions about their common ancestor.
Internal Reconstruction •
Linguists look at the state of one language at a single point in time.
•
By comparing elements which are likely to have had a common origin
•
Linguists are often able to draw conclusions about their earlier form. ឧ. ស#$ង<ឆ#$ង ប($ង បន*+, ប-ប.ស ប/01ល 3ន 45រ7ប [ប8-] 9ត ម.យ
Typological Reconstruction •
Linguists are beginning to be able to divide languages into different types, and to recognize the basic characteristics attached to each type;
•
Branch of linguistics is known as language typology
•
E.g. English has verbs before objects; Auxiliary verbs have before main verbs.
Three Types of Reconstruction •
Three related languages: Twiddle, Twuddle, and Twoddle
•
We have no past record
•
We have record of their present-day speech
•
We would use Internal Reconstruction (IR)
!
to reconstruct an earlier state of each of these languages: Early Twiddle, Early Twuddle, and Early Twoddle
Three Types of Reconstruction (Con't) •
We would use External Reconstruction (ER) to reconstruct Proto-T, the common ancestor of these three languages
•
We would employ Internal Reconstruction + Typological Reconstruction (TR) to reconstruct an earlier form of Proto-T: Pre-Proto-T
Three Types of Reconstruction Ind (Con't) Method !
Pre-Proto-T
IR + TR
o-E
ស-?ស$@ត Aឡ,
!
Proto-T
ER
ឝ្វរៈ
IR
ស=រ>
ស7រ
Early T widdle Early Twuddle Early Twoddle Twiddle Twuddle Twoddle
Grimm's law/Germanic Sound Shift •
Jacob Grimm (1785-1863)
•
Sound Law: 1822
•
Germanic SOUND SYSTEM diverged from the Indo-European
Grimm's Law •
Voiceless Stops [p, t, k] > Voiceless fricatives [f, T, x]
•
Voiced stops [b, d, g] > Voiceless stops [p, t, k]
•
Voiced aspirated stops [bh, dh, gh] > Voiced plain stops [b, d, g]
Grimm's law ! Sanskrit
Latin
Gothic
! Pādfoot
ped-
fotus
fōt
fuoz
*p
! Tráyas three
trēs
þrija/T/
þrīe/T/
drī
*t
! dvá(u)two
duo
twai
twā
! Jánas
genus
kuni
OE
cyn/k/
OHG
PrIE
zwā/ts/ *d
kunni
*g race, kin
Verner's law
•
Karl Verner, Danish linguist 1846-1896
•
Karl Verner's law: 1875 published in 1877
•
An exception to the Germanic sound shift
Verner's law ! Germanic voiceless fricatives [f, T,X, s] in the proGermanic < ! Voiced fricatives [B,D,F,z] in the medial ! IE ! *petēr
Goth
Oind.
fadar (father)
Goth
bhrātar
þropar
