ADVANCEDPLACEMENT PLACEMENTCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRYEQUATIONS EQUATIONSAND ANDCONSTANTS CONSTANTS ADVANCED Throughoutthe thetest testthe thefollowing followingsymbols symbolshave havethe thedefinitions definitionsspecified specifiedunless unlessotherwise otherwisenoted. noted. Throughout L,mL mL L, gg nm nm atm atm

== == == ==

liter(s),milliliter(s) milliliter(s) liter(s), gram(s) gram(s) nanometer(s) nanometer(s) atmosphere(s) atmosphere(s)

ATOMICSTRUCTURE STRUCTURE ATOMIC

mmHg Hg mm kJ J,J,kJ VV mol mol

== == == ==

millimetersof ofmercury mercury millimeters joule(s),kilojoule(s) kilojoule(s) joule(s), volt(s) volt(s) mole(s) mole(s)

energy EE == energy frequency == frequency wavelength == wavelength

EE == hh cc ==

Planck’sconstant, constant,hh == 6.626 6.626 10 10 3434JJss Planck’s mss 11 Speedof oflight, light,cc == 2.998 2.998 10 1088m Speed Avogadro’snumber number == 6.022 6.022 10 102323mol mol 11 Avogadro’s Electroncharge, charge,ee == 1.602 1.602××10 10 1919coulomb coulomb Electron

EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM [C]cc [D]dd [A] [B] [B] [A]

[C] [D] where aaAA++bbBB ,,where KKcc == aa bb

KKpp ==

ccCC++ddDD

((PPCC))cc((PPDD))dd aa

bb

((PPAA)) ((PPBB))

[H ][A ] KKaa == [H ][A ] [HA] [HA]

KKbb ==

[OH ][HB ][HB ]] [OH [B] [B]

EquilibriumConstants Constants Equilibrium (molarconcentrations) concentrations) KKcc (molar (gaspressures) pressures) KKpp (gas (weakacid) acid) KKaa (weak (weakbase) base) KKbb (weak (water) KKww (water)

[H++][OH ][OH ]] == 1.0 1.0 10 10 1414atat25 25 CC KKww == [H == KKaa KKbb pOH== log[OH log[OH ]] pH == log[H log[H++]],, pOH pH 14 == pH pH++pOH pOH 14 [A ]] pH == pK pKaa++log log[A pH

[HA] [HA]

pKaa== logK logKaa,, pK pKbb == logK logKbb pK KINETICS KINETICS ln[A]t t ln[A] ln[A]00 == ktkt ln[A]

11

11

AA t t

AA 00

== ktkt

0.693 0.693 tt½ ½ == kk

rateconstant constant kk == rate t = time t = time tt½ half-life ½ == half-life

GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS PV = nRT PA = Ptotal

XA, where XA =

moles A total moles

Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . . n= m

M

K = C + 273 D= m V

pressure volume temperature number of moles mass molar mass density kinetic energy velocity absorbance molar absorptivity path length concentration

P V T n m M D KE A a b c

KE per molecule = 1 mv 2 2

8.314 J mol 1 K

Gas constant, R

Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution

0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 atm

62.36 L torr mol 1 K 760 mm Hg 760 torr

STP

0.00 C and 1.000 atm

A = abc

THERMOCHEMISTRY/ ELECTROCHEMISTRY

q

mc T S products

S

S reactants

H

Hf products

H f reactants

G

Gf products

Gf reactants

G

H

T S

RT ln K n FE I!

q t

1 1

1

q m c T

heat mass specific heat capacity temperature

S

standard entropy

H

standard enthalpy

G n

standard free energy number of moles

E

standard reduction potential current (amperes) charge (coulombs) time (seconds)

I q t Faraday’s constant, F 1volt

96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons 1 joule 1 coulomb