Molecular Ecology Notes (2006) 6, 706– 708
doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01317.x
PRIMER NOTE Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Characterization of microsatellite markers for the tanoak tree, Lithocarpus densiflorus V E R O N I C A R . F . M O R R I S and R I C H A R D S . D O D D Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
Abstract We describe the development of 19 primers for amplification of microsatellite loci for tanoak, Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.). A population from Soquel State Demonstration Forest, Santa Cruz County, California (n = 20), and eight individuals from four additional coastal populations and one interior (Sierra Nevada) population were used to investigate polymorphism. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 10. Observed heterozygosity in the Soquel population ranged from 0.05 to 0.70, with two loci being fixed. Keywords: California, Lithocarpus, microsatellite, tanoak Received 14 October 2005; revision accepted 8 January 2006
Coastal woodlands of northern California and southern Oregon are suffering heavy mortality from infection by Phytophthora ramorum, which causes sudden oak death (McPherson et al. 2005). Tanoak, Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.), is a common component of these coastal woodlands and is also found in interior woodlands of the Sierra Nevada in California. This species is unusual in that infection occurs in foliage as well as in the main stem where cankers are produced. Recently, heavy losses of tanoak have become a major concern to natural resource managers in this region of the Pacific coast of North America. Tanoak is able to reproduce vegetatively as well as by seed, but no data are available on the population genetic structure of this species and how different modes of reproduction may affect spatial distribution of genotypes. Population genetic studies are lacking in tanoak, but these are important in beginning to understand host–pathogen interactions at the host-population level. To date, there have been no microsatellite markers derived specifically for use on L. densiflorus, but they will be a particularly valuable tool for assessing population genetic diversity and relatedness among individuals of this species. Mature L. densiflorus leaves were obtained from Soquel State Demonstration Forest, Santa Cruz County, California. Genomic DNA was extracted using a simplified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Cullings
Correspondence: Veronica R. F. Morris, Fax: (510) 643-5438; E-mail:
[email protected]
1992). This DNA was used to build a microsatellite-enriched library by following a modified Glen & Schable (2005) protocol. Four micrograms of extracted DNA was restricted with RsaI (New England Biolabs) and ligated to doublestranded SuperSNX-24 linkers (forward 5′-GTTTAAGGCCTAGCTAGCAGAATC-3′, reverse 5′-GATTCTGCTAGCTAGGCCTTAAACAAAA-3′). The restriction–ligation reaction was hybridized to mixtures of the following single-stranded biotinylated oligonucleotide probes: (CA)13 (GA)15 (AT)4 (AAT)12 (CAA)9 (AACC)5 (AACG)5 (AAGC)5 (AAGG)8 (ATCC)5 (AAAC)6 (AAAG)6 (AATC)6 (AATG)6 (ACCT)6 (ACAG)6 (ACTC)6 (ACTG)6 (AAAT)8 (AACT)8 (AAGT)8 (ACAT)8 (AGAT)8. Magnetic beads coated with streptavidin (Dyna1) were used to capture hybridized DNA, while unhybridized DNA was discarded. The enrichment procedure was then repeated. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to recover enriched DNA, and 4 µL was cloned with a TOPO TA kit (Invitrogen). XL1-Blue (QIAGEN) chemically competent Escherichia coli was transformed with PCR II-TOPO TA cloning vectors ligated to enriched DNA per the manufacturer’s instructions. We screened for successful transformation using the β-galactosidase gene and amplified the inserts from positive colonies using M13 primers. Two hundred and twenty-four fragments (500– 1000 bp long) were sequenced with M13 forward and reverse primers using BigDye version 3.1 (Applied Biosystems) on an ABI 3100 automated sequencer. We designed primers for 87 sequences that were positive for microsatellite repeats and were appropriate for primer design of flanking regions. Primers were designed manually © 2006 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
© 2006 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Table 1 Primer sequences designed to amplify microsatellite loci in Lithocarpus densiflorus and their characterization in the native range of the species GenBank Accession no.
Ld1
DQ272386
Ld2
DQ272387
Ld3
DQ272388
Ld4
DQ272389
Ld5
DQ272390
Ld6
DQ272391
Ld7
DQ272392
Ld8
DQ272393
Ld9
DQ272394
Ld10
DQ272395
Ld11
DQ272396
Ld12
DQ272397
Ld13
DQ272398
Ld14
DQ272399
Ld15
DQ272400
Ld16
DQ272401
Ld17
DQ272402
Ld18
DQ272403
Ld19
DQ272404
Sequence 5′−3′
Repeat sequence
Allele range (bp)*
F: CTGATGAAGAGGAAGCCGAAG† R: GTGGCCCTTTCTGACATGG F: GGCACATAGAGTTAAACCC‡ R: GGCCCACCAAAATGCTATCTC F: GCTAAAATTGGTGACTATG‡ R: GGTTTACTAGAGCTCCAAAGG F: GCCGGTCAATATAATTTGTTGC† R: GAGTAGGGTAGGGCTGATC F: TGCTCCGAACCCATGTA‡ R: GAAATCGTTTCTTTGGGGTGTG F: CTAGAGAGTCAGGGTAAGCACC‡ R: CAGAAAAGAAATGAAGATGCTG F: ACCACACGAATGCAGCACAATCAC‡ R: GAATACCTCCTGTCCCACGTGAC F: GTATCGGCGGCTTCGGTGGTC† R: CAAATAGCCACGTTGCAACAC F: GGCAAGAGATCCTGATGCATGTG† R: CAGAATCAATCTGCAATCTC F: GAGACAAGAATGAGCATCTC R: GTGATTGCATGTCTAGCTG† F: CTGTTGGGTATGGTTGTCACTC‡ R: CCTTAATTATGAGGAAAAAAC F: CATCATCAAAACTACCGAC‡ R: CGGTATCGATCTTGGAACAAC F: GATTCGCAATACGATTCACG‡ R: CGCATATGTATTTTCGTGGGAG F: GTCCAGGCTGCAGGCAATAG‡ R: ATTGCCCTTGCCATTG F: GCAGCACACAATGCAATTTCC‡ R: GTTCCATCAACTATTGACTCTG F: CCTTCATTTCACATAATAGTGAATC‡ R: GGAGTTGCCACCTGATTATAGG F: CACAAGTTTATTCAATTTATTGG‡ R: CAAGACCATTAGAGCACC F: GTTTGGCTTTGGCGCCACCTTCAC† R: GGAGTGACTTCGAGGTCGTTTGG F: GAATTTCATTTTCAGGAGAG‡ R: GATATGGCGTGGGATACACTTC
(CTAT)3CTAG(CTAC)
224 –228
C(A)4C(A)5C(A)8C(A)7(C(A)4)3C(A)5C(A)7C(A)6
Total no. of alleles
HO
HE
FIS
2
0.350
0.358
+0.022
268 – 299
4
0.350
0.349
− 0.004
(AG)22
348 – 378
10
0.450
0.749
+0.405
(A)21
190 –197
2
—
—
—
(GTT)6A(GTT)
188 –200
3
0.300
0.349
+0.143
(A)21
452– 455
2
—
—
—
(CT)9
407– 415
3
0.300
0.328
+0.088
(ATTT)7
165 –177
3
0.700
0.591
− 0.190
(GA)14
117–121
2
0.200
0.185
− 0.086
C(T)4C(T)5C(T)5C(T)3
195 –201
2
0.700
0.508
− 0.393
(CTTT)8
248 –264
4
0.200
0.623
+0.685
(CCAAA)4
118 –153
5
0.650
0.545
− 0.199
(TATG)2(TA)2(TATG)5
206 –234
5
0.050
0.576
+ 0.915
(CAA)2TGG(CAA)2AAA(CAA)5TAA(CAA)3
191–206
5
0.650
0.688
+0.057
(GA)5C(GA)6(A(GA)3)3A(GA)2AA(GA)14
380 – 430
6
0.211
0.589
+0.649
(AC)9
428 – 432
3
0.000
0.185
+1
(AT)6(GTAT)3
141–145
3
0.650
0.617
− 0.056
(CT)20
147–181
7
0.150
0.355
+0.584
(GA)11
158 –182
6
0.450
0.704
+0.367
HO, observed heterozygosity; HE, expected heterozygosity; FIS, fixation index; *, allele sizes and number of alleles for samples from six populations in the species range; †, primer fluorescently labelled with HEX; ‡, primer fluorescently labelled with 6-FAM.
P R I M E R N O T E 707
Primer
708 P R I M E R N O T E and with the aid of the software fastpcr (Kalendar 2005). Synthesized primers (OPERON and Invitrogen) were optimized for amplification on the source tree’s DNA and were visualized on a 2.5% agarose gel. Thirty-seven primers yielded products that were both the expected size and appeared to be polymorphic. Flourescently labelled primers (6-FAM and HEX, OPERON) were obtained for these 37. To screen for polymorphism and test performance in the species’ range, we carried out PCR on extracted DNA from 20 individuals from the Soquel State Demonstration Forest, seven individuals from populations in northern coastal California (Forestville, Cazadero, Salt Point Park and Fish Rock Road) and one individual from an interior population in the Plumas National Forest, Butte County, California. PCR conditions were as follows: 20 mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 50 mm KCl, 25 µg/mL BSA for all except locus Ld3 which had 12.5 µg/mL BSA, 4 mm MgCl2 for all except loci Ld1 and Ld3 which each took 2 mm MgCl2, 0.52 mm of each primer, 150 µm of each dNTP, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen) and 2.5 µL of a 1:20 dilution of extracted DNA in a 25 µL reaction. PCR profile started with one activation cycle at 95 °C for 10 min followed by two cycles of 1 min denaturing at 94 °C, 1 min annealing at 60 °C and 35 s extension at 70 °C. This was followed by 18 cycles of 45 s denaturing at 93 °C, 45 s annealing at a step-down starting from 59 °C and going down 0.5 °C per cycle, and 45 s extension at 70 °C. Then there were 20 cycles of 30 s denaturing at 92 °C, 30 s annealing at 50 °C and 1 min extension at 70 °C. This was followed by a final extension for 5 min at 72 °C. Two microlitres of PCR product was mixed with a solution of 8 µL of formamide and 0.5 µL of appropriate ROX size standard (ROX 350 or ROX 500, Applied Biosystems) and electrophoresed on an ABI 3100 automated sequencer. Results were analysed with genescan 3.7 and genotyper 3.7 software (Applied Biosystems). Of the 37 tested primers, 19 showed polymorphism within the species range examined here and yielded reproducible and scorable bands (Table 1). The 20 individuals from a single population in Soquel were then screened for fragment size
variation at these loci. Observed and expected heterozygosities in the population were obtained using the program cervus 2.0 (Marshall et al. 1998). Deviation from Hardy– Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) were tested with genepop 3.4 (Raymond & Rousset 1995) using the probability test with default values. Of the 19 tested primers, 17 showed polymorphism within the Soquel population (Table 1). Loci Ld4 and Ld6 were fixed. Allelic richness across all individuals scored ranged from two to 10, while allelic richness within the Soquel population ranged from two to eight, excluding the fixed loci. Significant LD was observed between loci Ld1 and Ld2. This could indicate these loci are on the same chromosome. LD can also indicate a history of admixture between two or more populations. This is also supported by significant deviation from HWE (P < 0.002) being detected for loci Ld11, Ld13 and Ld18.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank Alejandro Nettel and Per J. Palsboll for technical advice.
References Cullings KW (1992) Design and testing of a plant-specific PCR primer for ecological and evolutionary studies. Molecular Ecology, 1, 233–240. Glen TC, Schable NA (2005) Isolating microsatellite DNA loci. Methods in Enzymology, 395, 202–222. Kalendar R (2005) FASTPCR (version 3.6.59): software for PCR primer design and analysis. Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Marshall TC, Slate J, Kruuk L, Pemberton JM (1998) Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Molecular Ecology, 7, 639–655. McPherson BA, Mori SR, Wood DL et al. (2005) Sudden oak death in California: disease progression in oaks and tanoaks. Forest Ecology and Management, 213, 71–89. Raymond M, Rousset F (1995) genepop (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86, 248–249.
© 2006 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd