Chapter
3
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS PA T A_O\MNER,SHIP PART B-SOUR,CES O[. EARNING
PARI C_\MEALTI{ AND RDSOURCEFULNESS PART D-POVERTY AND DEPRIVATION PART E-CONSUMPTION PART F-SUPPLY
PAHf G_UTILITIES PART H_\ilANTS PART I_PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES PART J_LABOUR AND ENTERPRISD PART K_POPULATION
PART T',_PUBLIC Í.INANCE
PARÎ M_PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION OF lryEALTH PART N-TRADE (CASH & Cn^EDrT)
PARI o-LoANS AND TNTEREST/PUBLIC DEBT
PAÍUI A_O\MNERSHIP to priÎthe Qur'ãn is replete with a very large number of references goods' .rut" o*rr"rship oì the means of production and of co'sumer o*n"rship of natural as well as man-made goods' The These "o.r", of items like animals, natural wealth found former category "o*p,i,u, in the in water an¿ túat wiinin or upon the surface of land. Included and canals' latter a,re items like houses, crops' orchards, water courses of these list The troves' jewellery treasure and means of transport, as shelter and goods includes consrimable items like food, clothing iell a"s capital goods and means of production like canals, transport, livestock, orcha,rds, money and capital' jointly owngd goods The iJur'an also lays down the concept of in addition to individuaþ owned goods' It does not lay down any respected on individual ownership. The ownership of wealth is or minor, ""ifi"g major female, or male withoì¡t any discrimination between a^rrdpersonsofsoundorunsoundintellect.However,distinctionis
madebetweenownership,possessionandtherightsofusebydifin the ferent hands. The sourcã, ãf o*tt"tthip that a¡e to be found Qur'ãnarebusinessandpersonalearnings,inheritance'will'gifts' non-commercial aäcumulated wealth, and wealth acquired through natural goods of is ownership like dower. Also recognised personal with "f""*"ot, acquires nãt aheady in anyone's ownership that one labour.
Ecolrol\dtc Gu¡opr,wps rN THE Qun Ãll
185
A-OWNER,gHTP 1: Collective Ownership See verse 7:L28
at 139 above.
,)ylts ril jtilt dtrll ç íç,,*¡- (r¿¡) "P ,wï, ie oI'¿ç:S iirt çii5 pi err ¡¡."i iïrr
t iitt
648. They ask thee concerning (things taken as) spoils of war. Say: "(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah and the Messenger; so fear Al.Iah, and keep straight the relations between yourselves: Obey Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe." (8:1)
,)*"ru-s
'.'#
ç F¿ uci $tr3 (r¿q) jlt uLs Jdårl gt5 eÉfJl¡ êl¡ il'¿v ze
649. And know that out of all the booty that ye may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah and to the Messenger, and to near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer. (8:a1)
3F u
i1 dil
¡åír3 tãÉ
iìÁ
i+ t2. llti (ro.)
"Fi
650. But (now) enjoy what ye took in war, lawful and good: But fear Allah: for Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (8:69)
t4iÅ
,*ti f :tis (r i Ais é,yis,i:rí;:t f+t. ¡ tX )s it-l. zrs
Ê ,þ
iirr
o
t)
¡i3
651. And He made you heirs of their lands, their houses, and their goods, and of a land which ye had not frequented (before). And Allah has power over all things. (33:27)
Economic Pammeters
186
,y
* þtl
¿i,r¡ ,,ri
ui
çv -tyi .-+" tbt ;ti u5 (r
o
v)
¡ þ Li fu-,ilr #¡ vt i", F l-* zê g
""
652. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from them; for this ye made no expedition with either cavalry or camelry: But Allah gives power to His messengers over any He pleases: and Allah has power over all things. (59:6)
,)vl.s 'N ,sial J"l ir .¿-v: rft ;ti u (ror) t rJi ó,q i é Wl uts ,É-,.it¡"t,i+t¡ ..çj{ "ir¿t .!7t tÉ rúde dJ) i4 Y5 ôe:ê i*! æi t¡ & :W,\ll .r3 yti/! i-p ¡bt él iirr tttrül-ilil tttlv )3,
r
653. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships - belongs to Allah- to His Messenger and to kindred and orphans, the needy and the wayfarer: In order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you. So take what the Messdnger a.ssigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from you. And fear Allah; for Allah is strict in Punishment. (59:7)
rttit¡
r+;V; æ
V;i #
aút
aî.åt
;þ
út*¿: pt S
(ro¿)
i;t Jft-
n ók)r¡ ¡rltei
ç
Aú,t
654. (Some part is due) to the indigent Muhøji,rs, those who were expelled from their homes and their property, while seeking Grace from Allah and (His) Good Pleasure. But those who before them, had homes (in Madinah) and had adopted the faith. (59: 8-9)
Econourc Guroor,nws IN THE eun'Ãu
L87
2: Prir¡ate Ownership
(1) Oî productöoe goods
,FLl
çú iti+", i'J¿jj (roo) qj $.¡3 riq; í:riivi q¡ q 6iåv >i¡ tJrr{ FIS
çti
útí3
655. But if ye decide to take one wife in place of another, even if ye had given the latter a whole treasure for dower, take not the lea"st bit of back: \{'ould ye take by
it
slander and a manifest wrong? @:20) See also verse 9:24
,y &
it
at 230 above.
EÉ! W
,MS xg J vr-\ (ror) rr'j t;d. tlr4j q;;,, t;þ;; "s At-i
656. Set forth to them the parable of two men: For one of them W'e provided two ga,rdens of grapevines and surrounded them with date palms: in between the two We
placed cornfields. (18:32)
t* v* W li p is ufr ¿ldÉgr Ef (rov)
tji
657. Each of those gardens brought forth its produce, and failed not in the least therein: in the midst of them We caused a river to flow. (18:38) See also verse 18:79
at
645 above.
íg
útt *+11 ,t-,75¡.-,¡t! ¿Kí 3,t.iJt rÍ! (ro,r) r;¡úí E J oi Jß.:, s\íi vt^, ui,i) ¿L vI Jr .¡i ,S¡i æ 'í;Y; V't ,X; rr' 'ir¡, Uiß E¡;;-3
t^l;#i,*jiu,.l,_;ú
658. As for the wall.
It belonged to two youths, orphans,
in the town; there wa"s, beneath it, a buried treasure, to which they were entitled: their father had been a righ_ teous ma¡r: so thy T,ord desired that they should attain
Econom'i,c Parameters
their age of full strength and get out their treasure -a mercy (and favour) from thy Lord. I did it not of my own accord. Such is the interpretation of (those things) over which thou wast unable to hold patience. (18:82)
g
ê ö( ó::ti úJ (ro1) &i s,/ju,t# 'ê.v \lv )&l
wlS fl:e ,r-.; '¿j l) jti ¡l tþt
s$
Cy
blt qr
¡bt él
Cr f
659. Qãrün was doubtless, of the people of Moses: but he acted insolently towa¡ds them: such were the treasure We had bestowed on him, that their very keys would have been a burden to a body of strong men: Behold, his people
said to him: "Exult not, for Allah loveth not those who exult (in riches). (28:76) See also verse 33:27
at 65L above.
ú út uul;i Q¡-i ûÉ
ü J fti¡ ú1 tti- fii (rr.) ó-r
660. See they not that them cattle fa"shioned
"q
it
is We Who have created for which our hands have
among other things -which are under their dominion? (36:71)
'q ,i*;."t ë"J. 't ¿1 li.¡' éJ (rr r) ¿S
yu*l j. j:r't
W
Ë'r-t:")
itr¿
661. This man is my brother: he has nine and ninety ewes, and I have (but) one: yet he says, 'Commit her to my care: and is (moreover) harsh to me in speech." (38:23) See also verse 92:L1
(2) Ol consurner
524 above
goods
3E 3!t ¡^:
& ,F rí
at
e;
iirt
(rrv)
e/l
$.
:
t/tÍlt
Eco¡tourc Gumpr,¡¡rps IN THE Qun'á¡
189
662. Didst thou not turn thy vision to those who abandoned their homes, though they were thousands (in number), for fear of death? Allah said to them: "Die": Then He restored them to life. For Allah is full of bounty to mankind, but most of them are ungrateful. (2:2a3)
u v;i
-tí¡ rril
,w
ii ui u¡ Úri (rrr)
,r..,¡¡rii
usþ.i5
uru_2
663. They said: "How could we refuse to ûght in the cause of Allah, seeing that we were turned out of our homes and our families? (2:246)
.#
.rQ ¿ï;j (rrr) rl'a!r3 ç'|3;J,l dJr¡ :4ts !4íl U gj"sJl vi:n,p' ó;u" ttrt3 çfr ¡rpr å,r orl +?ts
*tii,ts.¡Jl¡
Ñt
U.?-h.ål
664. Fair in the eyes of men is the love of things they covet: women and sons; heaped-up hoards of gold and silver; horss branded (for blood and excellence): and (wealth of) cattle and well-tilled land. Such are the possessions
of this world's life. (3:14)
{5 .-iut d4i¿l ú"* {3 lt í v,! J( "tt5"i Ét
"gt
É'"i
!lì5 (rro)
.¡t éti,l t tv
665. To orphans restore their property (when they reach their age), nor substitute (your) worthless things for (their) good ones; and devour not their substance (by mixing it up) with your own. For this is indeed a great sin. (4:2) See also verse 4:8
# i;l
at 533 above.
o!í ¿
¡"
tr,!,Êlt
Jtyi
¿i tit+": ttr!
.í5
.,"+t ¡riit3 Crrr)
dl
!r,,rri
óS W S,l vS ,;f-'**gi W otl vS 9\ és yF bþií
nA "tt5"i
lí¡: tJ¿Áxr_
i;t tsg Q:F\ tl#;
190
Economic Po,rameters
666. Make trial of orphans until they reach the age of ma,rriage, if then ye find sound judgement in them, relea.se their property to them: but consume it not wastefull¡ nor
in haste against their growing up. If the guardian is welloff, let him claim no remuneration. But if he is poor, let him have for himself what is just and reasonable. TWhen ye release their property to them, take witnesses in their presence: but all sufficient is Allah in taking account. (4:6)
¿
sXút
u.o
;+t itø ¿* 1fu"
c¿;it él
(rrv)
öi4,., \v ¡çÞ
667. Those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans eat up a Fire into their own bodies: they will soon be enduring a blazing Fire! (4:10)
¡*t
öþ i bY A-lt ss (rr,r)
s f*':-'-t t
í
t",
A i:jr úi#
668. The Unbelievers wish, if ye ïsere negligent of your arms and your baggage, to assault you in a single rush. @:L02)
ot#
f+Jl5
i tibv +lt
A;Étt (rrq)
669. So the earthquake took them unawares, and they lay prostrate in their homes in thé morning! (7:78)
É.i
tjÅ
oi .Íl .L
*,
e¿v: æ
É;|c¡åÍi (rv.) iilt
670. (They are) those who have been expelled from their homes in defiance of right - (for no cause) except that they sa¡ "Our Lord is Allah". (22:a0)
i"
* uç çíi"r; { lrti a-¡ít C.rr> o'ix g f E ft!ryi i $"h!/.¡r*i fr*
Hu-
671. O ye who believe! Enter not houses other than your own, until ye have asked'permission and saluted those
Econourc GuroplrNes
rN THE
eunfur
191
in them: that is best for you, in order that ye may (what is seemly). Qa:ZT)
See also verse 33:22
heed
at 65L above.
ttrfu>úi,n *i '.ry ys gl o: & (rvv) 672. That they may enjoy the fruits of this (a,rtistry): It was not their hands that made this: will they not then give thanks? (36:85)
c É¡i .ijil .?¡Íl A#t )F:. (rvr) ,t*iS at ¿rik-'s ú*¿S Srt ,i :í-i S&drii¡ ê¿V:
ó,í+åt
#
dirrî
673. (Some part is due) to the indigent muhajirs, those who were expelled from their homes and their propert¡ while seeking grace from Allah and (His) Good Þteasurã, and aiding Allah and His Messenger:Such a¡e indeed the sincere ones. (59:8)
i alt * ô' éi¡ 'i (rv¿) írE,ú fç¿ 674. Allah forbids you is
u.-str
s
í$.*-
not with rega,rd to those who fight not (your) for faith nor drive you out of your homes. 4ou (60:8)
3: Joint Ownership
|j.7it-r gltrt ;tl ui ,,# ,)V"). (rvo¡ ', û- j!.jv¡ ¿.ir-tgt ¿j ei ,# v,; 'rr1 :y ,t",u¿
6sr
675. Flom what is left by parents and those nea¡est re_ lated there is a share for men and a share for \ilomen, whether the property be small or large; a determinate share. (4:7)
Economic Parameters
L92
E 3t fA {:sti ; iirr &ç- ('rvr) ul' is-t', ¿( ols i)j u, ffi # *pr ¿y 'Ã^. f
ù!¡
,¡S!r
tj
V; *lS ,fi. yç.\5,''^i.Jl t ¿tl oF JSI çry 6y.1 'e¡j ii5 { é"- i olr :is õjåJ {su.l u.-+t V æj- *s +;. ;,: &Al iI, ibt él rtJl .i o-jw fi +¡i rni ¿ti¡ i {sUls i)
3,1 ¿)
t2. j"1:Jt
¿)
65;
.
I
LUÉ
ór
676. Allah (thus) directs you as regards your children's (inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is two'thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her sha¡e is a half. For parents, a sixth share ofthe inheritance to each, ifthe deceased left children; ifno children, and the parents are the (only) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased
left brothers (or sisters) the mother has a sixth. (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies and debts. Ye know not whether your pa,rents or your children are nearest to you in benefit. These are settled portions ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-Knowing. All-Wise. ( :11) See also verse 4:1.2 at, 592 above. See verse 18:79
at 645 abo¡¡e.
See verse L8:82
at 658 above.
See verse 38:23
at 661 above.
ü W'¿J': zV il o+ ,)t'*;tai' rÁ ití (rvv) çì i-¡ít .Íl ,r-. ë rtþ æ'.uJIt 677. (David) said: "He has undoubtedly wronged thee in demanding thy (single) ewe to be added to his (flock of) ewes; truly many are the partners (in business) who ïvrong each other: not so do those who believe. (38:2a)
Eco¡rtotrnc Gurosf,lt¡ps IN THE Qun'Ãr.l
193
4: Sources of Ownership (1) Eornån7 See verse 4:32
at 231 above.
(2) Inheritance See verses
4:Ll,L2 at 676 and 592 above.
See verse 18:79
at 645 above.
See verse 1.8:82
at
667 above.
(s) wiu
{*i F tst f*.ttW tÉi ¡_¡ír (.r^> fi ol þ n 9Éi ,i fi Ou t33 ¡¡bt *gt b 'ú
¿,11
kj-u_
e/r
þ.ttí ¿rlr ¿ þ?
678. O ye who believe! when death approaches any of you, (take) witnesses among yourselves when making bequests; two just men of your own (brotherhood) or others from outside ifye are journeying through the earth, and the chance ofdeath befalls you (thus). (5:106)
u)
Gólt
óç.ir| g4ltl d¡ t - d)ç t14 æs (rvq) Ê ,þ ¡r drr :i # Éii¡ Fei ,>J,,¡; A$s l'*å zs
679. To (benefit) every one, We have appointed sha¡ers and heirs to property left by parents and relatives. To those, also, to whom your right hand was pledged, give their due portion. For truly Allah is witness to all things.
(
:33)
Econom,í,c Parømeters
194
(5) $odaqah
W rrrt".ll: af-^:tl¡ ,)fu o¡¡¿lf uil (r,,r.¡ #lj 9'l Jd+ ,t', ,¡olt3 rtígt j) fflrv úçtS
'*'{
iirr3
ir ü
q} J+¡t
680. Alms a¡e for the poor and the need¡ and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to the T[uth); for those in bondage and in debt: in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (Thus is it) ordained by Allah. And Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. (9:60)
(6) Boots at 648 above. 8:41. at 649 above.
See verse 8:L See verse
(7) Fay'
ùt ;ti u (r,¡,,r) é*irys 'N ai¿l J.Î ¿o Lvi "t órç { J c¡ti .rrl^1t¡ .rþt¡ j_rt ,s{-s
,p, ls f+ t;5 \'i i*lt Éi *¡ Þ '-,+o' *
fr:"
yttrr i_¡;
iÌrt él ¡irt téts Wv 68L. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships belongs to Allah, to His Messenger and to kindred and orpha,ns, the needy and the wayfarer; in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you. So take what the Messenger assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from you. And fear Allah: for Allah is stricü in Punishment. (59:7) See also verse 59:8 See verse 59:9
tl
Jpt
at 472 above.
at 473 above.
t4 JjF- {+++ rÉ ,,V ullS (r¡ v) vrry"
,idr e-r¡¡)¡
Eco¡vourc Gumpr,n¡ps IN THE eun'Ãrv 682. And those who ca,me after them say: ,,Our Lord! forgive us, and our brethren who came before us. (5g:10)
5: No
Limit on Ownership
See verse 3:1.4
at g4 above.
See verse 4:20
at 654
See verses 18:32-33
abor¡e.
at 655-õ6 above.
See verse L8:82
at 657 above.
See verse 28:76
at 658 above.
See verse 38:23
at 661 above.
6: No Discrimination in the Right of Ownership (1) Between male/femøle at 675 above.
See verse 4:7
at 506 above.
See verse 4:32
(2) Betuteen rnøjor/múnor at 665 above.
See verse 4:2 See verse
4:6 at,666 above.
(8) Between sane/önsane See verse 4:5
(l)
at 533 above.
Between Muslåm/non- Muslöm See verse 3:14 See verse 8:L
at 664 above.
at 648 above.
at 649 above. See verse 28:76 at 658 above. See verse 8:41
See verse 36:35
at
See r¡erse 37l-7L
at 301 above.
See verse 38:23
at 66L above.
See verse 92:LL
at 524 above.
672 above.
195
196
Economi,c Parameters
q"t é.Ji Ïi¡ ..:f (r¡r) 683. Perish the hands of the father of f'U-"1 Perish he!(111:1)
,4
u3 ííu {É
jÊi
6 (r¡¿)
684. No profit to him from all his wealth, and all his gains! (111:1-2)
7: Ownership, Possession and Right to Use
(1) Ownership uith
tiè Åj
,iJ
possessi,on ønd ri'ght
ó/l {*1 F
¿n¡l1|
ttt
to use
íir
,?{
Jê ú; q:Åu, ügilti d/-{li{
(r,,ro¡
*/
It
is prescribed, when death approaches a,ny of you, if he leave any goods, that he make a bequest to parents and next ofkin; according to reasonable usage; this is due
685.
from the God-fearing. (2:180) See also verse 2:261 See verse 2:262
at 64 above.
at 65 above.
8f¡ {tt qvr;qt ét'yl $fu Aút ps (r,rr) * #t ¿E ¿t'rçvi ty.z * ,f ry*i ; \i. Jþ q drr¡ Þ ¿r¡ W- ¿ov 686. And the likeness of those who spend their substance, seeking to please Allah and to strengthen their souls is as a garden, high and fertile: heavy rain falls on it but makes it yield a double increase of harvest, and if it receives not heavy rain, light moisture sufficeth it. Allah seeth well whatever ye do. (2:265) See verse 2:267
at 54 above.
See verse 2:274
at 55 above.
See verse 3:L4
at 94 above.
EcoNo¡r¡rc Gunnr,n¡ss IN THE eunrá.¡
r.i3{ri
.i¡
197
Jçi frF æ ,i t F,iit
él (r,rv)
ú:iÉ W É ,tÉtt 4-7 qrisri¡
it ,i
687. Those who ridect faith- neither their possessioru¡ nor their (numerous) progeny will ar¡ail them aught against
Aþh.
They will be Companions of the Fire- dwelling therein (foreved. (3:116) See verse 3:186 See verse 4:11
at 333 above.
at 676 above.
at 592 above. See verse 4:20 at 654 above. See verse 4:L2
See verse 18:32
at 655 above.
vhw a P lt ß.:;i dñgr Ef (r¡¡) l.tJr-?
688. Each of those gardens brought forth its produce, and failed not in the least therein: in the midst of them We caused a river to flow. (18:83)
ff *o' É å' æ-,^ts # âfi¿ {n
#"_
úV ô]l--'é
It is no fault in the blind nor in one born la,me, nor in one a,fricted with illness nor in yourselves, that ye should eat in your on¡n houses, or those ofyour fathers, 689.
Econom'i,c Parameters
198
or your mothers, or your brothers, or your sisters, or your father's brothers, or your father's sisters, or your mother's brothers, or your mother's sisters, or in houses of which the keys a¡e in your possession. or in the house ofa sincere friend of yours: there is no blame on you whether ye eat in company or separately. But if ye enter houses, salute a greeting or blessing and purity as from each other Atlah. Thus does Allah make clear the Signs to you: that ye may understand. Qa:6L)
-
See also verse 33:27
at 659 above.
(2) Ownershi,p with possessi,on but wi,thout ri,ght to use See verse 6:L4L
at 588 above.
See verse L7:26 at,417 above.
(3
)
See verse 5L:19
at 589 above.
See verse 70:24
at 590 above.
Ownershi,p wöthout possess'ùon See verse 2:279
at
L36 above.
# tbt ;Ei u3 (rq') ri'r¡ ,t{ ü7 ,þ ui iU.b' #; v,f¿ is ,F
,y te þti ui
çlra
:t-yt
l-¿" z,-*
Í
"þ
690. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from them, for this ye made no expedition with either cavalry or camelry: But Allah gives power to His messengers over any He pleases: and Allah has power over all things. (59:6) See verses 59:7,8
ui
ji.t
L:3.¿
at 653 and 654 above.
3jþ- r+¡+ ,t "q 13t+'
aúts (rq r) .¿ .-J ',iil l¡l-.;!i
v--
691. And those who came after them say: "Our Lord! forgive us, and our brethren who came before us". (59:10)
Ecoro¡r¡rc Guropr,rwes rN THE eun'Ãr.l
(l)
199
Ownershöp wóthout grossess,úon,and wöthout råght See verse 4:5
to
at 533 above.
el W \ts tW
J ";;
,)tþ, Áai ril jti (rq v)
ttis !Éi c¿¡Ít il F."tt "!^ir-i .A ,Ú.i¿l ?S 'ti -i;f*;tt trí Éi \ts fi3 r" t *lr¡ .¿1"!r I r
.
tr..-
útii"t
q:
692. (David) said: .He has undoubtedly wronged thee in demanding thy (single) ewe to be added to his (floch of) ewes: truly many a¡e the partners (in business) who wrong each other: not so do those who believe and work deeds of righteousness and how few are they?" And David gathered that We had tried him: he a.sked forgiveness of
his Lord, fell down, bowing (in prostration), and turned (to Allah in repentance). (Bg:2 )
(õ) Posseseöon without ounershi4t and wöthout röght to
urp: eL;
W-,r
\'4
i",
f
.þ {
o!s(rqr)
693. If ye axe on a journey. And cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession (may serve) (2:283) See also verse 4:2 See verse 4:6
at 665 above.
at 666 above.
See verse 4:10
at
667 above.
G) nöght to use wåthout
ounershöp and possess,ôon
See verse 2:233 aft,644 above.
at 633 above. See verse 2:24L at 79 above. See verse 2:26L at 64 above. See verse L8:33 at 656 above. See verse 24:61 at 689 above. See verse 36:80 at 298 above. See verse 2:240
use
Eennom'íc Pømmeters
(7)
Possessöon ønd råght
to tse wíthout owncrahíp
See verse 426 at 666 abor¡e.
3F s
él drt
Ét¡ çi
>tit
t
. tÉt (rq¿) "F3
694. But (uour) eujoy what ye took in war lavrful and good: But fea¡ Alla,h: for Allah is Oft-forgiving. Most Merciful. (8:69) See verse 36:35
at 672 above.
PART B_SOUR,CES OF EARNING While consumption is regulated by drawing a line between the concept of þalõl allid. hrdrn, earning is also distinguishable between ihe lawful and the unlawful. Fheely available natural produce is lawful for everybody. Thade is expressly decla¡ed to be lau'ful. Remuneration charged for physical labour or a^s a return for one's inborn capabilit¡ for exa,mple, brea,st feeding of a child, is also declared to be lawfut. Knowledge is also treated to be a source of earning wealth. .A,mong the unlawful earnings, the Qur'ãn expressly mentions all the sources of earning which are morall¡ socially or legally defective. In addition to this general rule the Qur'ãn categorically refers to some sources that are prohibited. The examples a¡e sortition, gambling, ribd (interest) and professions involving obscenit¡ in addition to ea,rnings made through unlawful (bdïil) mearu¡ which include exactions without free consent of the other pa,rty. The Qur'ãn also explains the wisdom underlying the prohibition of some of the unlawful sources of earning.
202
Economic Parømeters
B-SOUR,CES OF EARNING 1: Lawful
(1) bee
goode
i-, ¿-"t W
W
u--fli
g$ É,1 Éi iJi (rro¡
ÉÞ f ,t ïÍ= VçS tq oul ,íi,t3 t'"íi ,r,H'*#;
695. And remember we saidr ,ßEnrer of the plenty therein as ye wish: but enter the gate with humility, in posture and in words, and We shall forgive you your faults and increase (the portion of) those who do good." (2:58) See also verse2:267
at 54 above.
4 f &i:p! úrr Éi i-;¡r kju-c.,q.,).íl ,'-rt & 1^þ v ifu if r él î, u i'is f,tt,-¡,_ crirlr
L_;-
696. O ye who believe! F\rlfil (all) obligations. Lawful unto you (for food) a¡e all four-footed animals with the exceptions named: but animals of the chase a¡e forbidden while ye are in the sacred precincts or in pilgrim garb: For Allah doth comma,nd according to His Will and Plan. (5:1) See verse 5:2
at
16 above.
ß ,s î, iris l-^t tþ i Éì û-ú (rqv) ¡: ç*t3r y,8- dt U JÍt u F"Ã'*r"H þ U:u_
ut¡.' *{i
j,eri ¡d'-;,; lli "ri&i
q ifur ,F
to vs
&
rþ dlr
jí.(rt
t
UrÁ
s V1 ju.s orú cq!'3
"Y'r ùts
697. Q ye who believe! kill not game while in the sacred precincts or in pilgrim garb. If any of you doth so
Eco¡¡otr¿lc Gu¡opr,n*ps IN THE Qun,Ãn
203
intentionall¡ the compensation is an ofiering, brought to the Ka'bah, of a domestic animal equivalent to the one he killed, a"s adjudged by two just men among you; or by way of atonment, the feeding of the indigent: or its equivalent in fasß; that he may taste of the penalty of his deed. Allah forgives what is past: for repetition Allah will Exact from him the penalty. For Allah is exalted, and Lord of Retribution. (5:95) See also verse 5:96
at 85 above.
H-í
í5
43 +tit
'É,
íY ,ræJ U
jii
,riit
ç (rq,r) it!
rvJI
r¡sJ -.
{¡.l
It is He Who sends down rain from the rky. F}om ye drink, a¡rd out of it (grows) the vegetation on which ye feed your cattle. (16:10) 698.
it
See verse 1.8:33
+
it1
É1
at 657 above.
l2iQ
*s *4
699. (Abundant) was
itát
F{
t¡,t", ly'ti3(rqq) $y
ühe produce
this man had: he said course of a mutual argument: f'More wealth have I than you, and more honour and poriler in (my following of) men. (13:34)
to his sempanion in the
See verse 27:60 at,287 above.
$fu
ü till ,^ir ES u'a'ß si-, t13 (v..) i rlrt r
700. And when he arrived at the watering (place) in Madyan, he found there a group of men watering (their flocks), and besides them he found two women who were keeping back (their flocks). He said: uWhat is the matter with you?" They said: "We cannot water (our flocks) until the shepherds take back (their flocks): and our father is a very cild man." (23:23)
204
Economic Pørameters
,tr'ti q jJ
ei
ju;i
Þ' "jl jç
(y.r)
"i vf
t -'!"i"J': -it :i'tt -)iÞ ,',0 ,-Jl '.v.v. 701. So he watered (their flocks) for them; then he turned back to the shade, and said: "O my Lord! truly am I in (desperate) need of any good that thou dost send me!" Q8:2A)
qs zV þt- A t:* {tY *i
ol ¡þ¡i,,r, (v.Y)
If your stream be some morning lost
7O2. Say: "See ye?
(in the underground ea,rth), who then can supply you with clear-flowing water?" (67:30) See also verseTT:27
at
L72 above.
(2) Busi,ness Profit
,tút
i*- 6 il
JrsF-
ú u'Jt ðñ- c¿ji (v.r)
ltlr J| ët ujl AÉ é\-{¡ ó:il ¡ ûrLlr íLi;,5;
u,
û
6{q v.-Jt ¿av s.s ú é ;úr ¿þ,.i.í5ìü su ú¡ I'lt
if
jt
) êtt fil Já't5
6iú
,'^1v
v
'nb
¿:ÈW
703. Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the evil one by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: "Tlade is like usuiy," but Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past: their case is for Allah (to judge); but those who repeat (the ofience) are Companions of the Fire: they will abide therein (forever). (2:275)
Eco¡.¡olr¡lc Gunpr,nsos IN THE Qun'ÃN
(8)
Rernuneratöon
of
205
seraúce
¿i
i¡i ê,*Y #;
ú
:jç {¡ u+li i'"tts SuÅ i tÍ-3 I
i +j}Ju, #ÉS
,fii *'ír;¡
,Fs{ri æ; ój¿t3il3 (y.¿) ntr',.¡: :lrlt þ3 t;v1t'i-
¿u
&
rt:l i,!¡ .l{l Jr +rb,t &S gtz
t*i-i oi i,i
w tv * ,,stss wF y¡ téts +:Åu, Ëi ,: rL 'tl \k e fs.iri ols
\4.
Jþ q iir $i ¡;tt3 iitt
704. The mothers shall give suck to their offspring for two whole yeaxs, if the father desires to complete the term. But he shall bea¡ the cost of their food and clothing on equitable terms. No soul shall have a burden laid on it greater than it can bear. No mother shall be treated unfairly on account of her child, nor father on account of his child. An heir shall be chargeable in the same ïyay, if they both decide on wea^ning, by mutual consent, and a,fter due consultation, there is no blame on them. If ye decide on a foster-mother for your offspring there is no blame on you, provided ye pay (the mother) what ye offered, on equitable terms. But fear Allah and know that Allah sees well what ye do. (2:233) See also verse 18:77
at
626 above.
4o:U (n Ys t*u- 31 ú-flt É útí (v.o) ,L #.sw. H .Jb q-à ü ,yi e,/rit d,l
705. They said: "O Dhu al Qarnayn! The Gog and Magog (people) do great mischief on earth: Shall we then render thee tribute in order that thou mightest erect a ba¡rier between us and them? (18:94)
f* .l*i ,'A ¿ttó V i: y- þ
u jÉ (v.r)
v'i &.s
706. He said: "(The power) in which my Lord had established me is better (than tribute): Help me therefore
206
Economic Parameters
with strength (and labour): I will erect a stronger barrier between you and them. (18:95) See also verce 23:72
at
198 above.
¿yu-.li él ojti ,Lãþt &
êi
t;íLJ tr;tå(v.v)
6 é+u, t; ¡i
qA-
707. Afterwa¡ds one of the (damsels) came (back) to him, walking bashfully. She said: "My father invites thee that he may rewa¡d thee for having watered (Our flocks) for
us". (28:25)
úr+ul
v ¿- él trtÍ-l ç{q u.Å-J c^ltí (v. ¡) cn Yt
&Pl
708. Said one of the (damsels): "O my (dear) father! truly the best of men for thee to employ is the (man) who is strong and trusty"...(28:26) engage him on wages:
i,i .rt ,¡l¡ ,Stl ,t:6! Á;.*i oi i-;î oi
.¡J
jtí
(v. q)
l;í q Áy o¡ tp ú^"-ri o!¡ ça ,f a¡rs o1=Èt .i dlt ;ú oJ j+;rjr JÁ
709. He said: "I intend to wed one of tt"r" *y daughters to thee on condition that thou serve me for eight yea,rs; but if thou complete ten yeaxs, it will be (grace) from thee. But I intend not to place thee under a difficuþ: thou wilt find me, indeed, if Allah wills, one of the righteous." (28:27)
(Ð
Remunerøt'ùon of knoutled4e/skôU
A o:'4 ix vs t*U 3l ú-Ðt lij- Útí (vr.) tL 6ëJW. ,H üi ii V-à *)) æ.r- r',ll "F4
710. They said: "O Dhu al Qarnayn! The God and Magog (people) do great mischief on earth: Shall we then render thee tribute in order that thou mightest erect a ba¡rier between us and them? (13:94)
Eco¡rourc Gunpr,r¡¡ss rN THE eunÃN
F* +*i tþ,¿*v
V j:
207
*. þ u jú (vr r) I,lrj &3
711. He said: "(The power) in which my Lord had established me is better (than tribute): Help me therefore with strength (And labour): I will erect a stronger barrier between you and them. (13:95)
*í ilt éi F u-* s1S
,s\ t ,þ 'q.r't ujljú (trv) i9 '+'*i ç t; 8:iztl Jç-_u &j! v jQ ts isi
7L2. He said: "This has been given to me because of a certain knowledge which I have. Did he not know that Allah had destroyed, before him (whole) generationswhich were superior to him in strength and greater in amount (Of riches) they had collected? But the wicked are not called (immediately) to account for their sins. (28:7s)
jrt ú: U
'^X"È ri1
¡
uu; ¡,", ór"iyt ,jú tj!¡ (v r r)
Jfu- i ,Jr[f ßS o. æ ü. t .þ.,¡rî dl
713. Now, when trouble touches *u,o, ú cries to Us: But when We bestow a favour upon him as from Ourselves, he says, "This has been given to me because of a certain knowledge ( I have)! Na¡ but this is but a trial, but most ofthem understand not! (39:49)
2: Unlawful (1
)
Void,/aoödøble trønsactöons
cKil jJ U tj'Js - t?. OJÊ¡Jü
714. And do not eat up your property among yourselves for vanities, nor use it as bait for the judges, with intent
Economic Parameters
208
that ye may eat up wrongfully and knowingly a little of (other) people's property. (2:188)
oúl
jrl ðS
iÉ tJÉ s5 t')Jt þÞi"t (vro¡
Aþ.uÍ'i5
É¿i t¡tiÉ 14þ +þq,t, 715. That they took usury, though they were forbidden; and that they devoured men's substance wrongfully. We have prepared for those among them who reject Faith a grievous punishment.
(
:
161)
3fr 9þ11¡;Þ!t e7 W él tÉì &-¡ír q:q (vtr) ¿t:&-
e-útS
pt ,]r1, o"
it¡"i :Ú4itsiiÍl
¿t,."ä-S +Þqrt, oÉrt
+r ¿uf&.'is l r,*ye é.,í'it:irl indeed many who believe! There
among a,re 716. O the priests and anchorites, who in falsehood devour the substance of men and hinder (them) from the Way of Allah. And there are those who bury gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah: announce unto them a
most grievous penaþ- (9:3a)
(2) nlegal grøtöficati'on See verse 2:188
at 7L4
above.
Exemption: See verse 24:61
at 689 above.
(3) Gømblöngfi'ottery +ét-
F
U\
EJI É" ú;ç (v rv) us i;¡rÍrr3 í4":Ítlt'5 is,Jttt't âlS,r.,t't , .ill ¡--rtt ës
cij[, IÉr"rí*i
¿t'r
í,s,:ts
rát &'¿! W {s
I
u
.í1
¿al
åi Ér
717. Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked
Eco¡vo¡r¿lc Gu¡oor,r¡¡ps rN THE euR'Ãn
209
the na,rre of other than Allah; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been paxtly eaten by a wild animal; unless ye are able to slaughter i1 (in due form); that which is sacrificed on stone (átars), (forbidden) also is the division (of meat) by ra,ffiing witî ¿ì,rrou¡s: that is impiety. (5:B)
;i-e;;Jl',
í5ril
i'i'.ru, !,tx,r
&. ej- ¿i ohår L_j-uA(vr,r) çs
líl
æ f,-ts
46 Èt ,¿ ': OF.=.t
718. Satan's plan is (but) to excite enmity and hatred between you, with intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from the remembrance of Allah, andÍrom prayer: Will ye not then abstain? (5:gl)
Q) nibã (Interest) See verse 2:275
Y4
at 703 above.
{ Ûr3 ç^;,iåt êj--) t tlt ôr ;t¡ '
(vrq)
,i
ri'1
f'¿-
719. Allah will deprive usury of all blessing, but will give increase'for deeds of charity; for He roveth not creatrlres ungrateful and wicked. (2:2T6)
úJ
lijil b é.t; l,s' iiil ,.åír ¡¡i i_;¡t riju cv r.) i..t
w_y { 72O. O ye who believe! fear Allah, and give up what re_ mains of your demand for usury, if ye are indeed believers. (2:278) See also verse 3:L30 See verse 4:16L
at
at
452 above.
7L5 above.
Econom'i,c Parameters
2L0
x oúil çll¡,"l "t t'i.a u.s ,t ffì E3 (vv r) F ú;ir'ú .br e3 J:L--Í tf: ü; ffi u5 .ilr
t
tç.;-
¡.ir.aft
721. That which ye lay out for increase through the property of (other) people, will have no increase with Allah: but that which ye lay out for charit¡ seeking the countenance of Allah, (will increase): it is these who will get a recompense multiplied. (30:39)
(5) Obscenttg See verse 6:151
v¡s
at 4L above.
'av, uitíì t4tó
u+'t
ÚU
.rrt¡ !¡¡ tll¡ (vvr)
.i u pt .-1" ¡lpi,-riJt ,U
i
ibt ól
"1,
U
3#
*We 722,Whenthey do aught that is shameful, they say: uAllah commanded us found our fathers doing so"; and thus;" Say: "Na¡ Allah never commands what is shameful: Do ye say of Allah what ye know not?" (7:28) See verse 24:19 See verse
at 514 above:
24:2I at 515 above.
(6) Breoch of trust See verse 2:283 at,642 above. See verse 4:6
at 666 above.
See verse 8:27 at' 570 above.
(7) Pålferøge, thefi, Plunder See verse 5:33
at
31. above.
W V Ã:e V*-i IÉÉ¡t¡ 'iirta;lt', iirwl', (vvr) .
i
¿.
t--
'É rf
drt3 :irt
,t' it3
Ecoxorr¡rc Gurppr,wps IN THE Qun,ÃN
2Lt
723. As to the theft, male or female, cut off his or her hands: a punishment by way of example, from Allah, for their crime: And Allah is Exalted in Power, F\¡ll of rffisdom. (5:38)
f Èi ,ÞJ.¿ &ti¡t ,H e)V, f'# Ëíi (vv¿) |rt,tr ft ut vfrj 3\ç ¿ii
tt
724. At length when he had furnished them forth with provisions (suitable) for them, he put the drinking cup into his brother's saddlebag, then shouted out a crier: "O ye (in) the caravan! Behold! ye are thieves, without doubt!" (L2:70)
(8) Rernunerøtí,on of
¿¡ v
úJ
öttegøt
act
t?Í ú éJ úÉ ôfr i,í*,!;Ç3
(vyo) dËJiJl
725. So there came the sorcerers to Pha¡aoh: They said, "Of course we shall have a (suitable) reward if we win!', (7:113)
¿¡ r* úJ tj"Í 6 üi ö*j- ge i,ça:t,rá: (vvr) úllill
e,flij
r3l
fts
p tY
726. So when the sorcerers arrived, they said to pha,raoh: "Of course, shall we have a (suitable) reward, if we win?" He said: "Yes, (and more)- for ye shall in that case be raised to posts nearest (to my person) (26:4L,42)
3: 'Wisdom in Prohibiting Some Unlawful Activities See verse 2:272 at,66 above. See verse 5:9L
at 718 above.
See verse 20:131
at 508 above.
PART C_\MEALTH AND RESOURCEFULNESS The Qur'ãn treats wealth as a source of maintenance and sustenance. One of the characteristics of wealth is that it changes hands and is not sticky. It requires careful planning for its protection and growth. Efforts to increase wealth are not undesirable: Hoa,rding and leaving wealth idle are, however, condemned. The Qur'ãn emphasises increased circulation of wealth. Wastage of wealth in one's possession is prohibited. It is also prohibited to destroy wealth owned by others, whatever its form; crops, livestock or other rósources. It is also not permissible to waste resources by extravagant expenditure or by passing them on to those who are not able to judiciously utilize them. Resourcefulness is Allah's blessing upon a community. The criterion of resourcefulness is abundance of economic resources' human capital and livestock, in addition to intangible factors like peace and satisfaction. The Qur'ãn appreciates efforts to enhance one's wealth but does not recognise wealthiness as a mea,Íiure of honour nor does it allow it to be treated as a status symbol. Man should be grateful to Allah for blessing him with economic resources but should not be haughty nor indulge in vices as a consequence of possessing these resources. Concealment of wealth is not desirable. One should not be neglectful of efforts towa¡ds enhancement of resources as the future is unpredictable.
Econourc Guroar,tltss
rN THE eun,Ãu
2L3
C_\ryEALTH AND RESOURCEFULNESS L: \Mealth
(1) Its functúons
q É ,i,' E
¿lt &ti,i
tË, ig
;riie.st
Vj is (vvv)
é tjçs e4s W eç,:rtS
727. To those weak of understanding make not over your
propert¡ which Allah hath made a mearu¡ of support fo" you, but feed and clothe them therewith, and ìpeak to them words of kindness and justice. (a:5)
(2) Weatth-the ideol end of huinan efiort a
.t_¡n
;, qj";_¡ rçj,lr i,*t Uy û-ú- üJ (vr¡)
*,'vJ- ,;, 3,i;_ iirr3 çpr ii iåg
t,elt g-i:t.,
çi
,-rLa¡'
728. The life of this world is alluring to those *no ,"¡""t faith. And they scoff at those who believe. But the jghteous will be above them on the Day of Resurrection;ior Allah bestows His abundance without measure on whom He will. (2:2LZ) See also verse 5:100
at 455 above.
jt
ir éi v+ flp ¡v,i v, iJ,ri t;5 (vvr) et t** 4 '=^.3s1 ¿lç é qrï Vv ,)f S,i;i y ¿tlol a;þt ¿
729.It is not your wealth nor your sons, that will bring you nearer to Us in degree: but only those who believã
and work righteousness; these a¡e the ones for whom there is a multiplied reward for their deeds, while secure they (reside) in the dweltings on high! g+:if)
*Ft
åe
il çlr þr 6j (vr.)
tconomi,e Parameters
2t4
730. And what is the life of this world, but goods and chattels of decePtion? (57:20)
W +Jt Y ë
'Í3
(vrr)
731. Heed not the type of despicable man ready with oaths. (68:10)
ík3É" (vrr) é"' , 782. Aslanderer, going about with calumnies'
f-l
ç
(68:1"L)
*¿l ¿tÍi Cvrr)
733. (Habitually) hindering (all) good, transgressing beyond ùounds, deeP in sin. (68:12) ',-5.
Jþ(vr¿)
with all that,
ba"se'born'
fj
734. Violent (and cruel) (68:13)
-
-lrl
,.lr#3 dul5 ór oi (vro) 735. Because he possesses wealth and (numerous) sons' (68:1a)
'Åu
t,i- í
n
W,'t
4F ¡it +s Li ie (vrr) ¡é
{¡ ;133
736. Noah said: "O my Lord! they have disobeyed me'
buttheyfollow(men)whosewealthandchildrengive them no increase but only loss' (71:21)
(3)
Wealthönees
-
øtrôøl
See verses 3:185,86
at 313 and 333 above'
at 3L4 above' See verse 8:28 at 32L above' See verse 1"8:7 at 322 above' See verse 39:49 at 2L2 above' See verse 64:15 at 68 above'
See verse 6:165
Ecot¡otvtlc Gunpr,nlps IN THE Qun'ÃN .
ii
t
t.
ðv-¿ î;'fr 3
i51ó
'r|.i
2L5
¿lt u l3J óLa¡)l tÍÚ (vrv)
úf1 737. Now, a"s for man, (when his Lord trieth him, giving him honour and gifts, then saith he, (pufied up), "My Lord hath honoured me". (89:1"5)
(!)
Ðesúrøböli,tg
of öncreasöng weøIth
F, ,íJry Us u:s Út¡ u ,pU o#- (vr¡) ti,r é+.li ùí V¿ vs tlv- I C Éi r.eY-J q bfs
é tç Jo- Uç ù!¡ $.ä' æ 'i*is í)": æ,/r)ll ¿ é u3 ¡;vr5 Fil ., u¡i qrie drr þßa-
Vç
ols
M
'i'"J
738. They swear by Allah that they said nothing (evil), but indeed they uttered blasphemy, and they did it after accepting Islam: and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry out: this revenge of theirs was (their) only return for the bounty with which Allah and His Messenger had enriched, them! If they repent, it will be best for them: But if they turn back (To their evil ways), Allah will punish them with a grievous penalty in this life and in the Hereafter: They shall have none on earth to protect or help them. (9:7a) See verse 11:3
at 80 above.
See verse L7:70 at" 215 above.
ül É-uJj
ftV n ,yru;lt't & ;Uo' tt:,K\(vrq)
# ats'aB +o
dÉ
åt
#-
víÍ
^j3 739. Marry those among you who are single, or the virtuous ones among your slaves, male or female: If they are in poverty. Allah will give them means out of His grace: for Allah encompasseth all, and He knoweth all things.
Qaßz)
Eønomí,c Parometers
216 See also verse 28:77 See verse 57:20
See verse
(l)
at 33 above.
at'88 above..
7!:L2 at õ44 above.
Precøutåons
to increøse
ån
wq,lth
(a) Compete without envying See verse 4232
at
See verse 4:54
at 4 above.
See verse 57:20
231. above.
at 88 above.
(b) No wastage of wealth
:
See verse 2:205 See verse 4:5
at 21 above
at 727 above.
See r¡erse L7:3L
at
190 above.
(c) No squandering See verse 9:60
at 681 above.
(d) No withholding' See verse 9:34
at 716 above.
r4o.And he collected (yeauh) (70:ls)
"'.*1rl;t";:i
(e) No concealment to er¡ade social responsiþility, See verse 4:37
at 2 above.
(f) No foul means for
incre¿ise
See veise 5:100
at 45õ above.
See verse L7:3L
at
190 above.
EcoNot¿tc Gumpr,n¡ss IN THE eun'ÃN t
4Ã
tU
ó,J
oJ
,qt
þ
2L7
Éþ
çfJ
'í3 (vt r)
çir r;pt ¿¡
741. But force not your maids to prostitution when they desire chastit¡ in order that ye may make a gain in the goods of the life. (24:33)
(g) The ideal
Vi:¿
t+¿u-
¿*t tV
W ¿ilt
al ¿ç tiJ ya
ç¡t¡i¡ Pt
iilt
ç?) (v¿ v)
É! ofigtirfvßfi
úp-v,iq
Qèts
742. .Lllah sets forth a Parable: a city enjoying security and quiet abundantly supplied with sustenance from every place: Yet was it ungrateful for the favours of Allah: So Atlah made it taste of hunger and terror (in extremes) (closing in on it) like a garment (from every side), because of the (evil) which (its people) wroughr. (16:112)
#);4 *t é
c¿ult tiqt
þ tÉi ,i¡Ír itrt i;3 (v¡r) ôí143 ë n ¡-:,st ,Á;a,t rÍ çrlt ¿ tLi
eÈ F. v ëqs J un l uút
743. Allah has promised to those among you who believe and work righteous deeds, that He will, of a surety, grant them in the land, inheritance (of power), as He granted it to those before them;,that He will establish inãuthority their religion, the one which He has chosen for them; and that He will change (their state), after the fear in which they (lived), to one of security and peace: Qa:56)
33 \3:y,!3 ,+*2\ )At
\
qÈ û, ølS ç*
,
Ci,
,*j *l_) cr,,>
fí:râl.5¡ir e¿Xr rÍi
744. For the covenants (of security and safeguard.enjoyed) by the Quraysh, their covenants (covering) journeys by winter and summer Let them adore the Lord of
-
218
Economic Parameters
this house, Who provides them with food against hunger, and with security against fear (of danger). (106:1-4)
2: Resourcefulness
(1) In economic resourceg See verse
7l:L2 at 544 above.
(2) In human caPåtal See verse 7L:L2
(S)
In
at 544 above.
conduc'üae øtmosPhere
See verse L6:LL2
at
265 above.
Q) But not ôn assi,gni,ng socåal status út¡ KF ó,ítt .*:. *í iilr Í,1 r:#
L
fl
4I1! ,Fi ,y s u*.!ull ¡i ór<í "ji drt él iÚ ¿ut ¡1 'i. ô;tb í4r i; "tlJ' iç- ßts Èrt ats ii,r¡
¿,ç- is
F' j. 'í
¡l iui (vto¡
4
"{
ù"; *i
745. Their Prophet said to them: "Allah hath appointed falüt as king over you. They said: "How can he exercise authority over us when we are better fitted than he to exercise authorit¡ and he is not even gifted with wealth in abundance?" He said: "Allah hath chosen him above you, and hath gifted him abundantly with knowledge and bodily prou'ess: Allah granteth His authority to whom He pleaseth. Allah is All-Embracing, and He knoweth all things." (2:2a7)
Ut ¡f3 (vtr) rr. .ír ri¡ E ttll t:trl .t *Ás öi.f q +'Ã'j 4 3fÉ
ijåll ,þ,VkSVy
12 'fu
ítl
Aút yy ¿r
Ecouotvtc Guppr,rNps IN THE Qun'ÃN
2L9
746. And the chiefs of his people, who disbelieved and denied the meeting in the Hereafter, and on whom \Me had bestowed the good things of this life, said: "He is no more than a man like yourselves: he eats of that of which ye eat, and drinks of what ye drink. (23:33) "If ye obey a man like yourselves, behold, it is certain ye will be lost." (æ:34)
¡.iJ fl t3l
{j oJ
,¡t5*,Ít
é éS i "fut ¡tl¡ ,)*")t ru ¿u 6ítÍ3 V* a S*.iL çl j"í
ór^ipr jvS W
747.
And,
g tç¡. iÁ.¡r: (v¿v)
,Fu-
V
'ó
j rr çl .,+¡ri
3y< lie;,-;,
y":
.il 3çri5
they say: u'What sort of a messenger is this,
who eats foods, and walks through the streets? Ttrhy has not an angel been sent down to him to give admonition with him? Or (why) ha.s not a trea"sure been bestowed on him, or why has he (not) a garden for enjoyment?" The wicked say: "Ye follow none other tha,n a man bewitched." (25:7,8)
e,4 F u.3 t3'Jri3 {tl;ií ,f
Vvs (v¿¡)
748. They said: "We have more in wealth and in sons, and we cannot be punished." (34:35)
W +w y
ë 'í3 (vtr) t,')* ¿g
d)
d).! 't4
.ntl3 4utl
,É
ór oi
749. Heed not the type of despicable man ready with oaths. A slanderer, going about with calumnies. (Habitualty) hindering (all good, transgressing beyond bounds,
Economdc Parømeters
deep in sin. Violenf (and cruel). \ryith all that, base. born-Because he possessee wealth imd (numerous) sons. (68:10-1a) See also verse 89:17 aft Q.!,y',above.
(õ) And not lædöng to høughtöness
i,r
ts!5
*V,bS
Jrrl tr.ilt
& tui
t3J3
(vo.)
uþ ¿r $t 750. Yet when \üe bestou'Our favours on ma,n, he turns
ary¡ .g,nd becomes remote on his side (instead.of coming to Us) and when evil seizes him he gives himself up to
despair. (17:83)
See also verse 71:21
(6) Non-Mualúm
at Z86 above.
behøaiour toutøtdn incrz.zørse
See yerses 74:12-15
at 519 above.
c'J
r* F
¿s(vor)
{u ¿á ,.riír iíiri iíu él q,;4
âs3e",
751. Woe to every (kind of) scandalmonger and backWho pileth up wealth and layeth it b¡ thinking that his wealth would make him last,foreverl (iOA,f-e¡ " b,ite.r,
PJ,RT D-POVERIY AND DEPRIVATION Fear and hunger are not desirable situations in Islam. These are sometimes the natural consequence of human actions and unjust be. haviour. Thus while deprination ought to be treated as a test of patience and perseverance, efforts should be made to eliminate the causes of distress. Poverty should not be made a symbol of disgrace and disgnst. It should also not restrain one from tbe mission for which the Messenge¡ of Allah v¡as deputed. Ponerty or fear of poverty should not lead to self-destruction through suicide or infanticide, nor should it induce a¡ryone to pursue undesirable mearu¡ of removing poverty. Societies which have gained wealth through foul means cannot be made an ideal for Muslims.
Economic Parameters
222
D_POVERTY AND DEPRIVATION L: Fear and'Want Undesirable See verse 1,6:LL2
at 742 above.
See verses 106:3-4
at
2: Fear and Want: a
rf-t f -a-)
744 above.
Tlial
- ,tl,
LJ+'J
762. Be sure we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives or the fruits (of your toil), but give glad tidings to those who patiently 'peffievere. (2:155)
e Í.iÍ;ú ,t;,:st ¿,0'aii rfl çir irpr ¡"" tÍl (vor) ,Þr!l ,.?Él tiJ ;i; ielr3 ,?gt ffi Q ¿rrt .Lu, W v¡i tíii krr ¿:,ry Ji tþi cþS o;;JtS WF':
ç-yr j.äí -u-f ,1.*Ír,
F
i ¿( tíé
M\Vj
¿:fu- çA 753. The likeness of the life of the present is'as the rain which We send down from the skies: by its mingling arises the produce of the earth, which provides food for men and animals: (it grows) till the earth is clad with its golden ornaments and is decked out (in beauty): the people to whom it belongs think they have all powers of disposal over it: there reaches it Our command by night or by day, and We make it like a harvest clean-mown, as if it had not flourished only the day before! Thus do We explain the Signs in detail for those who reflect. (10:2a)
U."ri *"33 Vi ¡1 ú,
rr
y--þ
,r; ú.,Vs (vor)
tç u1k uì-"-çs tÍ,_ç vr":
Econourc Gupor,rxes
223
rN THE Qun'Ãw
754. How many populations that insolently opposed the command of their Lord and of His messengers, did We not then call to account - to severe account? - And We imposed on them an exemplary Punishment. (65:8) t
t.
ói ð# -
',;,1;5
Ufl;
'^!.3
¡it
u
l3j
óLajll
tÍ-tí
(voo)
úf1 E6i
j: i*
ó:¿
* iit; ^l+t u lil úlj
755. Now, as for man, when his Lord trieth him, giving him honour and gifts, then saith he, (puffed up). "My Lord hath honoured me". But when he trieth him, restricting his subsistence for him, then saith he (in despair), "My Lord hath humiliated me!" (89:15-16)
3: Individual Poverty Not a Disgrace
¿
é:
itrful "W ¿*1t líÀ Ju ÚU¡ (vor) tt* ,a 3*.åß :jJ j;,í V j ¿t5*lt
756. And they say: ulVhat sort of a messenger is this, who eats foods, and walks through the streets? Why has not an angel been sent down to him to give admonition with him? (25:7)
jvs
w ,Fv- V
'^i
sfJ ri )g C ,lt, ri
t,rÇ,.^I,
y"¡ \il 3*:s
úJ
(vov)
ó;lhjl
767. "Or (*hy) has not a trea"sure been bestowed on him, or why has he (not) a garden for enjoyment? The wicked say: "Ye follow none other than a man bewitched." (25:8)
,h,4 F
u,":
ti.iri3 .ír5"i:[í
,f
Ws(vo¡)
758. They said: "We have more in wealth and in sons, and we cannot be punished." (34:35)
áÁ ,ßS
3+u-s ;t
ti ,A ofli fu-
ji ol ¡
(vor)
!rü-.i otlt
224
Economic parameters
769. Say: "Verily my Lord enlarges and restricts the provision to whom He pleases, but most men understand
not."
(34:36)
il p: ú'* itrt jU ¡lri {3 ¡ir¡"i E3 (v.r .)
es t**
\
'¡-at
qrï up f s vl v é ^'É
¡iì .ri¡rt ;
760. It is not your wealth nor your sons, that will bring you nearer to Us, in degree: but only those who believe and work righteousness; these are the ones for whom there is a multiplied reward for their deeds, while secure they (reside) in the dwellings on high! (3a:37) See verses 89:L5-16
at
755 above.
4: Poverty or its Fear should not Justify Infanticide See verse 6:151. See verse
at 4L above.
l7:3L at 190 above.
5: No Foul Means to Redress Poverty
*
,þt t'rlt 3. úfr. Éll fi?'i tÍií (vr r) u.Jl .: (- t:jjjl lrpLr ¿rÍ: í*i * þ d1 ¿nr uåu .tt
rþ
{q#*;
761. But when he delivereth them, behold! they transgress insolently through the ea¡th in deûance of right! O mankind! your insolence is against your own souls, an enjoyment of the life of the present: in the end, to Us is your return, and We shall show you the truth of all that ye did. (10:23)
Ecotro¡r¡rc Guropr,u.lps IN THE eun,Ãu
r
t'r:;r¡
225
¡rpr ..p dl (vrv) .,þr\ll ,?Éi tiJ .-r.- iu,lr3 úrÍ,1 Jflí V ¿rlil &tr ,i v¡ v7i Çi uþ o** Jî ú,ti #s osJt., Ur;,i
*yt
2l;att ¿,0'ts1i
j,:.1; -rl.,r
,ul
çlr
r!r, ;ç i ¿( tí*; ra¡{6ç
o:fu-çA 762. The likeness of the life of the present is as the rain which we send down from the skies. By its minglingarises the produce of the ea,rth, which provides food fãr men and animals: (It grows) till the earth is clad with its golden ornaments and is decked out (in beauty): the people to whom it belongs think they have all powers of disposal over it: There reaches it Our command by night or by
day. And We make it like a ha¡vest clean_mown, as if it had not flourished only the day before! Thus áo We explain the Signs in detail for those who reflect. (10:24)
at 182 above. 89:1.7 at 444 above.
See verse 24:33 See verse
rf
>ßí
.rljtr S:çt s(vrr)
763. And ye devour inheritance, all with greed. (gg:1g)
6: Deprivation No Bar to Islamic Mission
'í5 çoitl 'þ1 úS gt
A:ç Lt+ íi:l;i.í,.¡í t.-
é# JÁ "t¡ úl èl
Y
ucil
ùJ
jrfu
.iL
cvrr>
jt f: jii
rti ç1r.r,,rit
764. Say: 'T tell you not that with me are the treasures of Allah, nor do I know what is hidden, nor do I tell you I am an angel. I but follow what is revealed to me." day: "Can the blind be held equal to the seeing?', Will ye thãn consider not? (6:50)
Economic Parameters
226
7: The Cycle of HardshiP and Ease
t3j
.ír
r
.,
ú ël V; úúl ,i; 3!3 (vro) 3;'t- trz #"þ h; tt¡'T?:) ii r{tßl
dñ"$.
765. When trouble touches men, they cry to their Lord, turning back to Him in repentance: but when He gives them a taste of mercy as from Himself, behold, some of them pay part - worship to other gods besides their Lord' (30:33)
jú rÍ: 4;r- Uç
rit
¡
uus
¡å ót"i)l ,;; lif (vrr)
Jfui,Jí #54." "l¿ t,þ
ca-tlui1
766. Now, when trouble touches *urr, ú cries to Us' But when We bestow a favour upon him as from Ourselves, he says, "This has been given to me because of a certain knowledge (I have)! Nay but this is but a trial, but most of them understand not! (39:49)
¡rÅ
oli U
aj bi "rF
Ç ót"j)l
t53i l1J tÍ13 cvrv)
ot";>t éÉ ro¿*i
*iÍt q
{.Líu
767. When We give man a taste of a Mercy from Ourselves, he doth exult thereat, but when some ill happens to him, on account of the deeds which his hands have sent forth, truly then is man ungrateful! @2:48)
.Íó .¡¡;jl¡ d',, ¿¿ --
v--
í-íiilt
fu
3* t', p çi u{1 l;*hj
v *t" ,H (vr,t) ¿irr
J¡k
{ iilr
öi 11 t7- -P
,¿t
768. Let the man of means spend according to his means: and the man whose resources a¡e restricted, let him spend according to what Allah has given him. AIIah puts no burden on any person beyond what He ha"s given him' After a difficulty, Allah will soon grant relief. (65:7)
tÅ
Êt é Ítç (vrq)
Eco¡qoulc Gutopl,runs rN THE eun,Ãr.r
tF-
"t:t é
J) 769. So, verily- with every difficulty, there is relief: Veril¡ with every difficuþ there is relief. (g4:5_6)
PATUI E_CONSUMPTION The Qur,ãn enumerates a number of items that are not allowed to be used by believers. It also lays down the standa¡d and manner of consumption. A man is generally allowed to use what he owns but the Qur'ãn also lays down certain conditions under which items not owned by an individual can also be lawfully consumed. Moreover, there are some emergency situations in which the Qur'ãnic law stipulating distinction between lawful and unlawful items is waived. Among the items that the Qur'ãn prohibits are blood, carcass, wine and swine flesh. The lawful items include livestock (milk and meat), catch from waters and all the items that are described as "clean". The use of gold as ornaments and silken cloth is permissible only for women.
The Qur'ãn does not approve of under-consumption just as it disapproves of over-consumption. Atl the same these are relative terms which change with income levels. As a result the Qur'ãn does not specify the heads of expenditure which can be treated to be either avoidable or compulsory. It does recommend that the standard of living of a consumer should be the true reflection of his economic condition. For instance, people who can afford to remain clean and well dressed should not live otherwise. Although the basic condition of using other peoples' property is wilful consent of the olüner, there are a few situations in which the use of property is made permissible without the owner's consent. one such example is the use of war booty (ghanfmah). Dower money is the right of the wife. But in case she willingly forgoes a portion of her right the husband is allowed to use it. The broad category of possessions that one is not allowed to use are trusts placed under his or her charge. A very needy administrator of orphan's property may use it only sparingly. The rules of consumption explained above notwithstanding, there may be some situations under which the items approved by the Qur'ãn are not available and a believer is placed in a precariolls condition. under such a situation the Qur'ãn temporarily waives off its restrictions and permits consumption of those items which otherwise a¡e not permissible.
Ecot¡o¡r¡tc Gu¡opr,wps rN THE Qun'Ãx
229
E_CONSUMPTION 1: Land Sufficient to Satisfy See verse 4L:10
at
All Needs
184 above.
2: Consumption Being Monitored rqí .iu
irti jr!
77O. He may say (boastfully): Wealth have I squandered in abundance. (90:6)
3,;i ô7
i ,ii ç"t-i
(vv I )
771. Thinketh he that none beholdeth him. (g0:Z)
3: Overconsumption/Underconsumption Disapproved
{5
drt
&:t t2 tf
ú
t}:,¡S
Stt
'af
ckrlt ¿¿e (vvv) ¿t *¿+r ,?F
*r
fi
772. Of.the cattle a,re some for burden and some for meat: Eat what Allah hath provided for you, a,nd follow not the footsteps of Satan: for he is to you an avowed enemy. $:L42)
W,Jt
U-r
ÉltçÅ úsVçts6rcvvr)
773. Eat and drink: but wa.ste not by excess. For Allah loveth not the wasters. (7:31) See also verse 17:26
at
ALT above.
,|7 ji"*tu 84 ú{rþt
ót¡¡J
ú( u-rgt ' éj (vv¿) t:f
774.Yeúly spendthrifts are brothers of the Evil Ones and the Evil One is to his Lord (Himself) ungrateful. (lZ:22) See verse L7:29
at62 above.
See verse 17:30
at 201 above.
Economic Parameters
230
4: Lawful Items of ConsumPtion
gz"[rjiu'í1 .Å.r
,u;ir
¡ u,
9.,4-
Ç { +i iit
úl
(vvo;
çi þ\ +ar
775. Lawfitl unto you (for food) are all four-footed animals with the exceptions named: but animals of the chase are forbidden while ye are in the sacred precincts or in pilgrim garb: For Allah doth command according to His Will and Plan. (5:1)
+i5lr úr1
elt r6s ¿iÞr iA "J"i i:,ri (vvr) J i" ítut ii L
776. This day are (all) things good and pure made lawful unto you. The food of the People of the Book is lawful unto you and yours is lawful unto them. (5:5) See verse 5:88
at 257 above.
See verse 5:96
at 85 above.
$il;;_vþts#yl-tit &:tt.W
(vvv)
ôV ó-,3J r. --( *r
¿)
777. So eat of the sustenance which Allah has provided for you, lawful and good; and be grateful for the favours of Allah, if it is He whom ye serve. (16:114)
+J!,Å e|i ¿ {rt -f I b'f"-s J es \"?4 (vv¡) ta. ,úçr V*\ W W ru;it i;+ ,y f)3 E# -itt )t¿.,.Jl
778. uThat they may witness the benefits (provided) for them, and celebrate the name of Allah, through the Days appointed, over the cattle which He has provided for them (for sacrifice): then eat ye thereofand feed the distressed ones in want. (22:28)
Eco¡ro¡r¿rc Gunnr,rups IN THE eun,ÃN ¿ó-,
-ri 16 + )fJ{ t'.
.l'lt
-
æ thll
ata
-ilt grt
I t! i. -¿ üF fù.la.{ ¡la;{ yj
23L
,s!jJ (vvq) I
,ÉlJ
l#"r¡ É" u ti1 ;elt é ,+is "¡{ t5:¡v\
ttit ie
grsrit
779. Such (is the Pilgrimage): Whoever honours the sa_ .cred rites of Allah, for him it is good in the sight of his Lord. Lawful to you (For food in pilgrimage) are cattle, except those mentioned to you (as exceptions): but shun the abomination of idols, and shun the word that is false (22:30) See also verse 23:51 See verse 43:18
at
at 260 above.
220 above.
5: Unlawful ftems
78O. They ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say:
"In them is great sin, and some profit, for men: but the sin is greater than the profit. They ask thee how much they are to spend; Say: ',What is beyond your needs. Thus doth Allah make clear to you His Signs: in order that ye may consider. (2:2L9)
É ,F
"bi YS
t*t
;Sttt r*1r ê<,tr ,Jt"? (v,rr) us L.b"'¡t5 'c-sill-, ír_rrrtf¡ i4+it3 , "ff
\Lrr;*i ùlj
ëS
'¿\ ,þ '¿! u5 ils v .íl ött åi pt c'i;!!
781. Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of others than Allah; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a headlong fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been
232
Econom'i,c Parameters
(partly) eaten by a wild a"nimal; unless ye are able to slaughter it (in due form); that which is sacrificed on stone (altars); (forbidden) also is the division (of meat) by raffiing with arrows: that is impiety. (5:3) See also verse 5:90
'*ri eú þ 51
at
Yy
464 above.
ül 6 tl u .-i qi 'í ¡í cv,rv>
,Þ)'ég ¡r+ Ê ri \i,i.^11.15 ri i'J ¡;¡
oi
{l
, ,pt É¡i ,:t
782. Say: "I find not in the message received by me by inspiration any (meat) forbidden to be eaten by one who wishes to eat it, unless it be dead meat, or blood poured forth, or the flesh of swine - for it is an abomination or what is impious, (meat) on which a name has been invoked other than Allah's. (6:1a5)
# iç ull (v,¡'r)
.pr r¡ /-+t ès ¡s,:t'r'rtJt "p"t "t>* rbr éF rE 'í3 ü 1*
Þl ,f v, PlÉ
783. He ha"s only forbidden you dead meat, and blood and the flesh of swine, and any (food) over which the name of other than Allah has been invoked. But if one is forced by necessity, without willful disobedience' nor transgressing due limits- then Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (16:115)
6: Law of Emergency
¡*r ¡irt
t¡ J-+t ès él
*-il
>r,
¡Sttt 411
;E
i¡
Ëi# iç ull(v¡¿)
çtí zo
yrt û
9t 4.:,
"Fi 3;* 784. He hath only forbidden you dead meat, and blood,
and the flesh of swine, and that on which'any other name hath been invoked besides that of Allah. But if one is forced by necessit¡ without willful disobedience, nor
EcoNo¡r¿rc Gunpr,ntps rN THE
Qun'Ãm
2gg
- then is he guiltless. For Allah is Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful. (2:173) transgressing due limits
JF
'út
éF
¡l +.W Le W ¿ fui f
(rno)
"F: 785. But if any is forced by hunger, with no inclination to transgression, Allah is indeed Oft-Forgiving, Most Mer-
ciful. (5:3)
(v,,rr) "F3 3* æ.i 39;É 'í3 Ü 1* '*-t 786. But (even so), if u pe"son is forced by necessity,
f
without willful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits - thy Lord is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (6:145)
.Lí u¡ Èü ës ;3tr', Íi.1t Éi# iç á (v¡v) ' ,.' i-o fut "F:3:;æ'ðt é9 ;E i¡ ,, r'rl+¡l çtí
t
787. He has only forbidden you dead meat, and bod, and the flesh of swine, and any (food) over which the name of other than Allah has been invoked. But if one is forced by necessit¡ Without willful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits -Then Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (16:115)
7: Faithful Reflection of Economic Position See verse 4:37
at 2 above.
See verse 4:38
at 56 above.
See verse
7:3t at 252 above.
úr el+irilj et$.
(;i.fl
Itlr
wt iy- aae çir ¡;pr ;
4:ivúJ(v,r,t) !¡ì crú æþ,:ilt
SÑ-er'l 9-!l
W A.k
788. Say: Who hath forbidden the beautiful (gifts) of Allah Which He hath produced for His servants, and the
234
Economie Parameters
things, clean and pure, (which IIe hath provided) for sustenance? Say: They are, in the life of this world, for those who believe, (rod) purely for them on the Day of Judgement. Thus do We explain the Signs in detail for those who understand. (7:32) See also verse 16:1L4 See verse 28:60
at 259 above.
at 89 above.
8: Desire to Maintain High Standards of Living at the Cost of Increase in Population See r¡erse 6:151
at 41 above.
See verse L7:3L
at t90 above.
PART F_SUPPLY The Qur'ãn states that the planet earth has been provided with all the amenities which axe necessaxy for catering to unlimited wants of man. Allah has created resources on and within the earth in abundance. But the distribution of these resources is not in equal proportions. This follows a Divine scheme of unequal distribution: scarcity for some but plenty for others. As such there seems to be a lag between creation and availability. The Divine scheme of distribution of resources for human life does not mean that aggregate supply is short of aggregate needs. while describing Divine creation the Qur'ãn emphasises that all other living beings on the earth are also sustained by the same source.
Economic Parameters
236
F_SUPPLY 1: Land-Contents Sufficient for Man's Needs
,f n
t4-W;iS
,*lsi Vr¡ u
iS Ç'J.;
er\l: (v'rq) ):':r zr9|
789. And the earth We have spread out (Like a carpet): set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance. (15:19)
æ:1,
F cfi .,'þr'ttt W ii tt-+¡ (vr')
'ó
790. and We have provided therein means of subsistence - for you and for those for whose sustenance ye are not responsible. (15:20)
¿ø,
ll 'ii: v', 'iq'È u"^1 'íl ¡o dr" úJJ (vq l) t.
g:t791. And there is not a thing but its (sources and) treasures (inexhaustible) are with Us; but We only send down thereof in due and a^scertainable measures. (15:21)
ôßtfuit iY ,T;.al b
aiv'ëi'èlt tul'' (vqy) ,W.f.
'^s
þi v't I
792. And We send the fecundating winds, then cause the rain to descend from the sky, therewith providing you with water (in abundance), though ye axe not the guardians of its stores. (15:22) See verse 4L:10
at
184 above.
2: Allah Has Created Unlimited Resources
.i gl ;;- r¡í*
¿J¡
;#U u, f ú Jw
fiiS
(vrr)
lP út i)l olu;u
793. And he giveth you of all that ye ask for. But if ye count the favours of Allah, never will ye be able to
Ecor.Io¡i,Irc Gu¡opr,u.¡ps IN THE
Qun'Ãu
237
number them. Veril¡ man is given up to injustice and ingratitude. (I4ßa)
o9;1,
{ F u3 çþ,tt. W É tilrá¡ (vq
¿
)
794. And We have provided therein means of subsistence - for you and for those for whose sustenance ye a,re not responsible. (15:20)
"ç23
JF
¡br
,il trtz'¿ {
S,l
ü4 \fu :,ls(vro¡
796. If. ye would count up the favorus of Allah, never would ye be able to number them; for Allah is OftForgiving, Most Mercifirl. (16:18) See also verse 1.7:20 See verse 42:12
at
at
189 above.
L60 above.
3: Ar¡ailability is Scarce and Measured See verse L5:20
at 790 above.
See verse 41.:10
at
184 above.
4: Distribution is Unequal See verse L6:71.
at 277 above.
See verse 28:82
at 202 above.
See verse 422L2
at
160 above.
PANjr G_UTILITIES At places the Qur'ãn mentions a number of natural resources which provide innumerable benefits to man. Foremost among these items is our planet which is provided with the elements and ingredients suitable for ma¡r and his requirements for comfortable living. It is this pla,net which is provided with all the a,menities necessary for Allah's creatures. Among the utilities the Qur'ãn refers to are food, clothing, shelter, drink, fats, trarrsport, irrigation, fuel and fire. Land is so formed as to make it convenient for the people to mor¡e oVer its surface. Allah has created health-giving and comforting things and others which a¡e used for defence. The Qur'ãn also makes a mention of durable assets which have been made available to man. In addition to elemenis vital for human [fe, the Qur'ãn also recounts items a,nenable to comfortable living, a,rticles of decoration and items which satisfy aesthetic ta.ste.
Ecotrtorr¿rc Gurppr,lxss IN THE eun,Ãw
239
G_UTILITIES L: Earth-the Habitat of Mankind
* il
ït'3
fú,/r!l
¿ fb(vqr)
796. "On earth will be your dwelling place and your means of livelihood
-
See also verse 27:61
at 5lT above
.iL ;t;:,st", uj
f
i
I'tt
æi
for a time,, (2:36)
úrll
þ þ¿J )=t-t3i ç^,¡fit ..f tr
F .rit iiti (vqv) (
ftn úá'-tt ii*": cn"Í.ltt
a¡,
l:t al;i
797.It is Allah Who has made for you the ea.rth as a resting place, and the sky as a canopy, and has given you shape and made your shapes beautiful and ha"s provided for you sustenance. Of things pure and good such is Allah your Lord. So glory to Allah, The Lord of the worlds! @0:6Q See also verse 41:10
at
184 above.
2: Utilities Provided by Allah (1) Food See verse 16:5
at 547 abole.
p U", +br ú fi rV þt e jii oút¡ó (vr,r)
o#t
It is He Who sends down rain from the sky. Fyom ye drink, and out of it (grows) the vegetation on which ye feed your cattle. (16:10) 798.
it
See verse 16:14
49
W.
at 7 above.
í1 vbi"t
,F ú!:.lfu*f(vqq) sfr w3 âry
Economic Parameters
240
799. With it We grow for you gardens of date palms and vines; in them have ye abundant fruits: and of them ye eat (and have enjoyment). (23:19)
æ3 .
ttJi,,# ;W
¿* ,y eF ifS(zt..¡tt d,1!-)
800. Also a tree springing out of Mount Sinai, which produces oil, and relish for those who use it for food. (23:20) :
See also verse 23:2L See verse 36:72
at
294 above.
at 302 above.
(2) Clothöns See verse L6:5
)# ,i
at 547 above.
ís ,PS
Vtyi v')
í.+1ttt
w ftç. ú lJ i+ ibt¡ (,r't) itJ f* it- WL;t Úç ,r;lt çnr
il
És3
úÚi
Þt*..'i¡
!ti:i;
801. It is Allah'Who made your habitations homes a^nd rest and quiet for you; and made for you, out of the skins of animals, (tents for) dwellings, which ye find so light (and handy) when ye travel and when ye stop (in your travels). And out of their wool, and their soft fibres (between wool and hair), and their hair, rich stuffand articles of convenience (to serve you) for a time. (16:80)
fi æt
Jgr
c¿
þu.
fg
It
,y,trs
íi i+ ,Y,r íi
ixÞ,.rrÁ ú,
tbt¡ (,r.v)
#
æt s,"t
9t
ô# p *
'^r-r.'fjanrr
is Allah Who made out of the things He created, some things to give you shade; of the hills He made some for your shelter; He made you garments to protect you from heat, and coats of mail to protect you from your (mutual) violence. Thus does He complete His favours on you, that ye may bow to His Will (in Islam). (16:81)
802.
Ecoxovr¡c Guppr,nws rN THE QunÃrv
24L
(3) Shelter
(,1,)
See verse L6:80
at 80L above.
See verse L6:81
at 802 above.
Dri,nk See verse L6:10
ê eþ. j
at 698 above.
ei g
í+j ,wlr ¿ íJ éJj er.r) 4* É.vqtr 6 etS +¡ *
803. And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive Sign. Flom what is within their bodies, between excretions and blood, we produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable to those who drink it. (16:66)
l*, 4 ¿:'i* -,rr!t5 J*lr ç¡j
¿a3 Or. r)
ôM çé i-.{ -Ui .i $t ta; ri;,r",
804. And from the fruit of the date palm and the vine, ye get out wholesome drink, and food: behold, in this also is a Sign for those who are wise. (16:67)
fis U*.
j gV
i+j ¡err ¿ íi éJj (^.0) 3fÉ
w3i#
3F
eu:r:t
e1,w.
þSW-,
805. And in cattle (too) ye have an instructive example. Ftom within their bodies We produce (milk) for you to drink: there are, in them, (besides), numerous (other) benefits for you; and of their (meat) ye eat. And on them, as well as in ships, ye ride. (23:2L-22)
ôft- Ws *fi V; é
qr,r¡¡
û.r)
806. And that We have subjected them to their (use). Of them some do ca,rry them and some they eat. (36:?2)
Economic Parameters
242
(5) Fats See
vs 23:20,2L at 294 and 805 above.
(6) hansport See verse 6:L42 at,772 above.
fu,
il 1.¡! çrr,t í * J f*i
'É3 (,r.v)
"rz"''3sl f:.t 3l r*o'
807. And they carry your heavy loads to lands that you äould not (otherwise) reach except with souls distressed: for your Lord is indeed Most Kind, Most Merciful. (16:7)
i u ji¡ l:s u{l +g\ iqt¡ ;+t¡ (,r.,r) 3ñ 808. And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which ye have no knowledge. (16:8) t3-j,,
{^¡
r,:J 4 ljíl f ".11 Èt'r. .lråt éfi þ:,'r{tí
809.
.ril yS Çr.q)
U 4 çF"t ¿t# {At Y ¿" \iat5
It is He Who has made the sea subject, that ye
may eat thereof flesh that is fresh and tender, and that ye may extract therefrom ornaments to wear, and thou seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that ye may seek (thus) of the bounty of Allah and that ye may be grateful. (16:14) See also verses 23:2L,22 See verse 36:72
at 805 above.
aI 806 above.
(7) Imúgatöon See verse 25:49
at 563 above.
Eco¡qo¡r¡tc Gutonr,r¡rps rN THE
eun'Ãrv
Z4g
(8) Fuel/Fúre at 555 above. verses 56:TL-73 at 556,552 above.
See verse 86:80
'See
(9)
Wholesorrùe and, heølth göaông See verse L6:66
at 808 above.
See verses 16:68-6g
at 54g-4g above.
(10) Artöcles of Defense See verse
l6:8L at 802 above.
(11) Durøble assets See verse L6:80
at 801 above.
(12) Comforts See verse L6:6
at 802 above.
é4 .íl :.i! Vf,t i *.
"¡J frÉí
'r*,351
,Vs
(,rr.¡
f.t olur"lr
810. And they carry your heavy loads to lands that you could not (otherwise) reach except with souls distressed: for your Lord is indeed Most Kind. Most Merciful. (16:7) See verse 16:8
,#
ù;
Vtni
at 808 above.
fi ,nS k ft*. ,i
ú
írtót
f j+ ibr¡ (¡r r)
ifi f+ it Wi# ríç rr;;Ír *" il Ési úúi 6;H-r¡ 6_,t¡-:rj
811. It is Allah Who made your habitations homes of rest and quiet for you; and made for you, out of the skins of piTulr, (tents for) dwellings, which ye find so light (and handy) when ye travel and when ye stop 1i" yoL trr* els), and out of their wool, and their soft-fiùres (between wool and hair), and their hair, rich stufi and a¡ticles of convenience (to serve you) for a time. (16:g0)
Economi,c Parameters
244
ú íJ É3 >{rÞ ..îrÁ fi í5 J+ íin¡ otv) '# U,'r f ,PS e'S þu. þ "W,tr3 9t
dgl
J# þ
*'turf:.,ü.r?
is Allah Who made out of the things He created, some things to give you shade; of the hills He made some for your shelter; He'made you garments to protect you
812.
It
from heat, and coats of mail to protect you from your (mutual) violence. Thus does He complete His favours on you, that ye may bow to His Will (in Islam)' (16:81) See verse 36272
(1 S
at 806 above.
) Di ecoratöae i,te¡ne L-:s uf¿ {u
ii¡
*ts jqt¡ ¡+t¡ (¡rr) .úÃ_J
813. And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys for you to ride and use for show: And He has created (other) ittit gt of whictr ye have no knowledge' (16:8) É_j" l^¡
u,r 4 çÊ6. 4t F .r;il yS (,tr¿) Èl'r. .fult ,si') V¡¡üi 'b 4 tÉ;ü'", d-¡i .'.¡ t#.s o:'þ f5'Js
814. It is He rWho has made the sea subject, that ye may eat thereof flesh that is fresh and tender, and that
ye may extract therefrom ornaments to wear, and thou ye may seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that seek (thus) of the bounty of Altah and that ye may be grateful. (16:1a) (1,1,) Aestheti,c goods
ö-1''"' ,,Þ3 öþi Ûe itÉ w.
þ
Çr t
o¡
815. And ye have a sense of pride and beauty in them as ye drive them home in the evening, and a's ye lead them forth to pasture in the morning' (16:6)
Ecolourc Gutopr,rxns See verse 16:8
rN THE eun'ÃN
at 813 above. See verse i,6:I4 at g14 above.
245
PART TT_\ryANTS us to distinThere axe many references in the Qur',ãn which enable items guish between necessities, comforts and luxuries' Among the care and ãt Ur"i" necessity are food, drink, clothing, shelter, medical rest. and other Means of transport provided through riding animals a hxury. PaIameans are treated to be comfort, and sometimes a"s Among the luxuries. be to tial buildings and monuments are treated passing reference characteristics of human wa,nts, the Qurtãn makes a to only two:
1. Human wants are never fully satisfied'
2. Man is desirous of ever increasing which he
ha"s
been Provided'
a,mounts of the
¡[ingç with
Ecolqo¡r,uc Gumpr,rups rN THÞ eun,ÃN
247
H_\ryANTS 1: Necessities
(1)
Food,
at 533 above. See verse LL:6 at 12L above. See verse 4:5
ë i ¡F U.u,þtitt riv V¡;l r,ì* a).ks (¡rr)
¡l-u iry q ii, tj,é ct- ,H. sl ur¡ e pW uø ,-f:i u;i *"5 *+rr .jl gl¡ t'r;1
it 3Å
úu
fi¿ foi
Í3 . '"i[ql, ,z
o¿¡-.
816. Such (being their state), We raised them up (from sleep). That they might question each other. Said one of them, "How long have ye stayed (here)?,, They said, o\['e have stayed (perhaps) a da¡ or part of a day.,, (At length) they (all) said, *Allah (alone) knows best hou¡ long ye have stayed here...now send ye then one of you with this money of yours to .the town: let him find out which is the best food (to be had) and bring some to you, that (ye may) satisfy your hunger therewith: And let him behave with ca¡e and courtesy. And let him not inform any one about you. (18:19) See also verse 20:118 See verse 20:L19
.
at 3g5 above.
at 396 above.
t,
çf ç::,f
,v W
t*í';1
I øot J!t:7 f:í <^r'>
817. Do they not look at the ea,rth, how many noble things of all kinds We have produced therein? (26:Z)
ëruçlrdJø(¡r¡) Ln æ.# i¡ úr-i'í 818. No food will there be fo, tfr"* but a bitter Dart, which will neither nourish nor satisfy hunger. (Sa:O-Z)
Eennomic Parømeters
248
(2) Ðrönk at 698 above. See verse 20:118 at 395 above. See verse 20:11.9 at 563 above. See verses 25:48-49 at 698 above. See verse 16:10
(3)
Clothöns See verse 4:5
u-¿'o
at 533 above.
þl* é¿tibtl Éþ sil r,i i5i ,#-
(¡tq)
819. O ye children of Adan! We have bestowed raiment upon you to cover your sha,rre, as well as to be an adornment to you. (7:26) See also verse 20:118
(,1,)
at 395 above.
Shetter See verse 11.:6
at
See verse 20:118
1.21 above.
at 395 above.
(6) Heølth. See verse 16:69
at 549 above.
,N-',
# ,sútt(,rv') ,N- S '>'z; 'lS¡'t
é:r)Å-
820. urffho gives me food and drink- And when I it is He who cures me". (26:79-80)
a^m
ill,
(6) Leöeure/rest See verse LTzI2
at 6 above.
,fS ÉV ilts Llq ,JJl & A it
,tút
í3 Çrt r)
tiv :6t
is Who makes the night as a robe for you, a,nd sleep as repose; and makes the Day (as it wgle)
821. And He
a Resurrection; (25:47)
Ecoxourc Guropr,rxps See verse 27:86 See verse
28:ß
rN THE eun'ÃN
249
at 564 above. àt,
g above.
at 10 above. See verse 40:61 at 567 above. See verse 78:10 at 424 above. See verse 30:23
(7) Loaóng compøng
V:i
W
,n3
i4t",
.1 z )='í:
fdr¡*
ttll ç, (¡ v v)
822.It is He Who.created you from
a single person, and made his mate of like nature, in order that he might dwell
with her (in love). (7:139)
Wt:kÅ
Çts:i í&I
¿rfu- cé
+i
ú
.,t¡i
f ,y ¿j,gl ,i::Ovr)
.i Jt'¿"i': i3ú íq. Es
823. And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquillity û.ith them, and He has put love and mercy between your (hearts): verily in that are Signs for those who reflect. (30:21) Ð.
Comforts See verse 16:80
at 808 above.
See verse 40:79
at 550 above.
,)É-ti-ü
*", iít\L Éi'Li3 (,tvr)
824. And We shall bestow on them, of fruit and meat, anything they shall desire. (52:22)
,i 'rft a-¿v.iS vtrt,(,tro¡ 825. \ryith goblets, (shining) beakers. And cups (filled) ttr.
out of clea¡-flowing fountains. (56:13)
250
Econam'i,c Parameters
ôg*i¡ k' ôÉú'í Crvr) 826. No after-ache will they receive therefrom, nor will they sufier intoxication. (56:19)
¿,:fu-ü #s(,rvv) 827. And with fruits, any that they may select. (56:20)
ðtté ei '-,L li
(,tr,.r¡
828. And the flesh of fowls, any that they may desire. (56:21)
3: Luxuries See verse 7:74 ú
at 28 above.
ç¡
w3 öþ-i
b iG W. Pi (^rr¡
829. And ye have a sense of pride and beauty in them a"s ye drive them home in the evening, and a^s ye lead them forth to pa"sture in the morning. (16:6) See verse I-6:8
at 813 above.
#hi q;'l u ,t É¡ V^4-; ó.å.¡ 'í (,tr')
ó¡G
830. Not the slightest sound will they hea¡ of Hell: What their souls desired, in that wilt they dwell. (21:102)
Íî ¿rtt ú:<¡ oi i r¡ <,rrr) ;'t:'þ-W t-¿w:9 Útu reA'¿f9u'
#- ê@
i+tS
831. And were it not that (all) men might become of one (evil) way of life, We would provide, for everyone that blasphemes against (Allah) Most Gracious, silver roofs for their houses, and (silver) stairways on which to go up. (43:33)
ôK- W t:ys u.6;1 ¡,ç4.i (^rY) 832. And (silver) doors to their houses, and thrones (of silver) on which they could recline. (a3:3a)
EcoNoIr¿tc GuDsf,INns IN TIIE Qun'ÃN
251
tt í;!r3 çir ¡rpr ¿r:; 11 .rr¡! Jí ú!) tf':S (¡rr) @.éß.io
833. And also adornments of gold. But all this were notiing but conveniences of the present life: The Hereafter, in the sight of thy Lord, is for the righteous. (a3:35)
tr W¡ vtS^S +r ,a
,t +4, ,tY 3v- c'trt)
ú:!å W. i'iscn"lr fu;3 ¡ilr
#
834. To them will be passed round, dishes and goblets of gold: there will be there all that the souls could desire, all that, the eyes could delight in: And ye shall abide therein (for aye). @3:7L)
"n-j, V-IJS
W ¿tt;t-ij É ,.f <,rro)
835. There will be for them therein all that they and more besides in Our Presence. (50:35) See verse 57:20
wish-
at 730 above.
4: Characteristics of 'Wânts
(1) Wonts øre neúer fulty
satösfied,
û,¡ *t's ç6 ,þ J,- ,l Vçs W.s ry u i,rrt ',f
,¡x fl
4
,1,
t2. ú
(¡rr)
el æi
l*:1H:
And remember ye said: "o Moses! -" one kind of food (always): so beseech thy Lord for us to produce for us of what the ea¡th groweth-its pot-herbs, and cucumbers, its garlic, lentils, and onions". (2:61) BBG.
;,1
U gt.;"j>tl
fi (¡rv)
837. Na¡ shall man have fiust) anything he hankers after? (53:24) See verse 53:48
at
186 above.
252
Economôc Pørameters
ti:¡ é,åit vs ,i¿3 (,rr,r) tiríf
rfu {: ,it;;',
l:t*r
rW."
t 3 t7 t s-. {¡¡ { ûr{¡j
i;1 ¿1
ë-'i
838. Leave Me alone, (to deal) with the (creature) whom
I ceated (bare and) alone! Tlo whom I granted resources in abundance, And sons to be by his side! Tìo whom I made life smooth and comfortable! Yet is he greedy. that
I should add (Yet more).
(74:11-15)
(2) Mon wønts more ønd rnow of ø thðng he ís See verse 74:L5
at 838
abor¡e.
prooåde.d
PART I_PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES The Qur'ã n directly and indirectly mentions a number of economic activities that are productive in nature. In most of these cases, reference is made with a tone of approval. These activities include agriculture, trade, fishing, industry, craftsmanship, weapon manufacturing, shþbuilding and construction. The Qur'ãn also recommends precision in workmanship. It treats loss in production'as a loss of inputs. Verses describing facts, causes and processes associated with making a product lead us to infer that these factors are productive. The most significant a,rnong these factors a¡e land and labour. Other factors which can be inferred a¡e raw material, capital, and entrepreneurial risk. The factor of land includes all the natural resources like mountaius, woods, minerals, strea,ms and flowing water, and animals. and their produce. There is also a mention of environmental factors that a^re conducive'to production; exa,mples of this a¡e rain-bearing clouds, day light, peaÆe and security.
254
Econom,i,c Pammeters
I_PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES 1: Agriculture See verse 2:22
at
106 above.
i inqt je iÍl jtt (,rrq) ,þu, + ó!l ¡íu w ç ! ïÅá, ,t?t ,H 'i5
;r!t # jj!
Jfu-
rr3í u3
6F.s
839. He said: "He says: a heifer not trained to till the soil or water the fields: sound and without blemish." They said: "Now ha.st thou brought the truth." Then they offered her in sacriûce, but not with goodwill. (2:71) See also verse 2:205 See verse 3:14
w iirt
at 2L above.
at 9L above.
It F çlr ¡rPr e;Å.i sfu u Jr (,t¿') y iþf, v't t<ûti ú"åri t# ey o; aivi
&1
ór4]¡
,ßS
840. What they spend in the life of this (material) world may be likened to a wind which brings a nipping frost: It strikes and destroys the ha¡vest of men who have wronged
their own souls: it is not Allah that hath wronged them, but they wrong themselves. (3:117)
@ ¿'lts ¡rút¡ ,zJ,sj',,?L y,rrt
*3
'Lfui
,sÐt
ç3 (,r¿ r)
tatåíi ¿tltS oir-lltS'íh
841. It is He who produceth gardens, with trellises and without, and dates, and tilth with produce of all kinds, and olives and pomegranates, simila¡ (in kind) and different (in va,riety): (6:141)
4
âs3tó
t 2...
f*
ui
u.\s
g, e ¿Yii iu (¡¿ v) ô,sÉ
rf
>i,J;
!l
d3¿
Ecoro¡r¡rc GuÞpr,rNss IN THE Qun'Ãu
842. (Joseph) said: "For seven
yea,rs shall ye
255
dilþntly
soïv af¡ is your wont: and the harvests that ye reap, ye shall leave them in the ea,r, except a little, of which ye
shall eat. (L?:AT) See also verse L8:32 See verse L8:33
at 656 above.
at 657 above.
See verse 32:27 at,169 above. See verse 36:33
at 305 above
See verse 36:34
at 288 above.
See verse 36:35
at
672 above.
9f"* nvi
f(,ttr)
843. How many were the gardens and springs they left behind. @a225)
,
f
,t"s r ú':s
)--þ;
Q,t
t)
844. And cornfields and noble buildings. @4:26)
orÊ
wv,r F3(,,rro)
845. And wealth (and conveniences of life), wherein they had taken such delightl $a:27)
û-il Yç V":is ¿r.ilC^¿.) 846. Thus (was their end)! And We make other people inherit (those things)! @ :28)
û-F VtIYS þrrtS iøt æ *k
Yi (,r,rv)
847. And neither heaven nor ea¡th shed a tea,r over them: nor were they given a respite (again). @a:29) See verses 56:63-64 at,27L above.
!:5t1í (¡¿¡) 848. As the morning broke, they called out, one to another. (68:21)
üg:.:,
256
Economic Parømeters
,br {
d
fl; þ letur ei (,r¿q)
849. Go ye to your tilth (betimes) in the morning, if ye would gather the fruits. (68:22)
!çve-
*¡
¡üût¡ úro.¡
850. So they depa,rted, conversing in secret low
tones,.
(68:23)
2: Trade See verse 2:198
¿1
i)t ifut
at
L5 above.
çr óiú f*¿{3
&
b5u.,ú tjsuts biat ¡1 cvt
él iirt ¡¡Ít5
ð"
t
t3J3
J.l
,r þ't'
d)l ,-þ Vsw 'i¡
¿t5*å15
0ror)
..r;r3t¡
vti:tt í,-l., 851. But when ye are clear of the sacred precincts and of pilgrim garb, ye may'hunt and let not the hatred of some people in (once) shutting you out of .the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgression (and hostility on your paxt). Help ye one another in righteousness and piet¡ but help ye not one another in sin and rancour: fear Allah: for Allah is strict in punishment. (5:2)
at 814 above. See verse L7:L2 at 6 See verse L6:L4
at 8 above. See verse 62:1.0 at L4 above. See verse 17:66
î;'.;.5
úi
f
úi
f
æ
4
¡' #
'rç
e.t úr c,tov) "i,i 3V1b ,É, :'A iirrs .ír: û-Ðt i, ïÉs\ {u5 ot¡t U :/í4 tt tt.ittt *6 ,i c¿
úþ- .¡rll ¿ öi.*
fr
æi
þ
Él'
,-tsfls ,-1r-i
"rLi
f, 3*'
t; trrJtti $il J"- ¿ o*tl,t- ¿:flS +[ +-
Eco¡to¡r¡lc Guropr,runs IN THE Qun'Ãn
.
257
852. thy Lord doth know that thou standest forth (to prayer) nigh two thirds of the night, or half the night, or a third of the night, and so doth a party of those with thee. But Allah doth appoint Night and Day in due mea"sure. He knoweth that ye are unable to keep count thereof so He hath turned to you (in mercy): read ye, therefore, of the Qur'ãn as much a,n may be easy for you. He knoweth that there may be (some) among you in ill-health; others travelling through the land, seeking of Allah's bounty; yet others fighting in Allah's cause. Read ye, therefore, as much of the Qur'ãn ar¡ may be easy (for you); (73:20)
3: Fishing See verse L6:14
at 7 above.
4: Manufacturing See verses 30:46
at
þi ,r¡ þr. ú
11, 35:12
g.
at
{j
12 and 45:L2
qt{'r*
ai 13 above.
'¿¿es
(,tor)
¿ti*
'Who
853. It was We taught him the making of coats of mail for your benefit to guard you from each other's violence: Will ye then be grateful? (21:80)
q jJ Vv
t u¿ts )rat ¿.,'s',
ç;* ;l?t gi (,ror) b4.3þ
854. (Commanding), "Make thou coats of mail, balancing well the rings of chain armour, and work ye righteousness; for be sure I see (clearly) all that ye do." (34:1L) Ð:
Craftsmanship
eVs
.'¡ &.uê's t . -¿ 'V V. t
'rl,rl-t
Uú
$*,v Ms ljl.l 5rl5 Jl t ul *l
3k
(rto o1
rrß3 vt'*ç ta
3¡f;l
Econornic Porømeters as he desired, (making) arches, images, basins, as large as reservoirs, and (cooking) cauldrons fixed (in their places): "Work ye, sons of David, with thanks! But few of My serr¡ants are grateful! (3a:13)
855. They worked for him
6:
'W'eapon
Manufacturing
See verse 21:80
at 853 above.
See verse 34:11
at 854 above.
7: Ship Building
Vts t¡þ! .fuirl &1 ¿) r[ té:-l¡ (,ror) 856. So We inspired him (with this message); '(Construct the ark within Our sight and under Our guidance. (11:37)
8: Construction
3#
u-l
S-, S;'fi e.t t
Çrov)
857. Do ye buitd a landma^rk on every high place to amuse yourselves? (26:128)
¿rM {A
e* ¿:li*s(,ro,r)
858. "And do ye get for yourselves fine buildings in the hope of living therein (forever)? (26:L29)
9: Factors of Production
(1) I'ønd See verse 36:33
at 305 above.
(2) I'øbour See verse 18:95
at 706 above.
Eco¡lolr¡rc Guroplutns rN THE eun'Ãu
259
(8) Røw materöal
iti ,;ø;^J'J,| cÉ .¡:b t3J .-r,- ,s+It JJ ;,.i;l (,roq) ty, # ¿;i ¿il iÉ rju l+ r¡l ¡t É¡r
859. "Bring me blocks of iron. At length, when he had filled up the space between the two steep mountainsides, he said, "Blow (with your bellows)" thãn, when he had made it (red) a"s fire, he said: *Bring me, that I may pour over it, molten lead." (13:g6) (,1,)
Capital See verse 2:279
(6)
at
136 above.
Råsk
il,ttit ís,çtt {*is {.ñl ói
ol
.-lt (¡r . )
ðy*t i:VS rÁr¡lÉt jti,,iS firy,
:É.:";3 rÃ5r¡í
VÉJ
860. Say: Ifit be that your fathers, your sons, your broth_ ers, your mates, or your kindred; the wealth that ye have gained; the commerce in which ye fear a declineior the dwellings in which ye delight-(9:24)
(6)
Technology See verse 34:11
(7)
C ond,uc,í,oe
at 854 above.
atmosphere
See verse 2:205
at 20L above.
See verse 10:67
at 561 above.
See verse 1,6:L12 See verse L7:L2
at 742 above.
at 6 above.
at 564 above. 30:46 at L1 above.
See verse 27:86 See verse
See verse 34:L8
at 408 above.
Eænom'tc Pøra¡neters
260
10: Loss of Production meâns Loss of Inputs
W.
,yi u ,.,,þ ú? 'úii- &É gr, +15 (,tr r) t'r,;\
j.:/, t¡, æ-ilXSW::þ i
þ'*:v
,ts
861. So his fruits (and enjoyment) were encompassed (with ruin), and he remained twisting and turning his hands over what he had spent ou his propert¡ which had (now) tumbled to pieces to its very foundations, and he could only sa¡ "Woe is me! Would I had never ascribed pa,rtners to my Lord and Cherisher!. (18:42)
j
F { '¡}i¡ ¡;i; :ti/ t:, i:)}lc,rrY) æ ,i. Li,r-f rÍl 3þ ðt Érr3 cH{ tW oÉrlt
¿nf
862. See ye the seed that ye so$' in the ground? (56:63) Is it ye that cause it to grow, or are We the cause? (56:64) Were it Our will, We could crumble it to dry powder, and ye would be left inwonderment, (56:65) (Saying)' "We are
indeed left with debts (for nothing): (56:66) "Indeed a¡e we shut out (of the fruits of our labour)". (56:67)
PARjÎ J-I,ABOUR AND ENTERPRISE The Qur'ãn states that living in this world is an arduous task as life is full of drudgery and struggle. Earning livelihood demands enterprise. The Qur'ãn spurs man to take part in economic pursuits. Physical labour enjoys a place of dignity in Islam. The natural law of economic return stipulates that labour is productive irrespective of its purpose and ultimate object. But it does not always guarantee orpulence. Persons with scarce resources should not be oversensitive to their state just aÉ¡ persons with plenty ought not to be haughty. The labour force also requires rest which needs to be guaranteed. rt is necessary to ensure that a fair wage is contracted without any pressure or blackmail on either side. using labour saving devices is permissible and is, indeed, a blessing of Allah. National t-ransformation can be brought about only with willpower and efiort in the right direction.
262
Econom'i'c Pørameters
J_LABOUR AND ENTERPRISE L: Arduos world and drudgerous life
u
&i-v
+tys d
líÅ úl isu
u (¡rr) ;r¡¡
"b
f+t
863. Then We said: "O Adam! Veril¡ this is an enemy to thee and thy wife: So let him not get you both out of the garden, so that thou are landed in misery. (20:117)
oy
ús W
L# ii ¡
él (,rr¿)
864. There is therein (enough provision) for thee not to go hungry nor to go naked. (20:118)
865. Nor
'i¡ W.l"P { 'íÍie (,rr o¡ "r'í to suffer from thirst, nor from the sun's heat.
(20:119)
tf.t, j bi"ú {jr ;rlt é É
éút
ç (,rrr)
irr:tt *lS çti ,y VS 866. It is He Who has made the earth manageable for you, so traverse ye through its tracts and enjoy of the sustenance which He furnishes: but unto Him is the Resurrection. (67:15)
6çj J oi 'f iuÍtts Nt iA- drt3 {,rrv) ó'-i þ 3tu ö1 'f eÉr e fr t; !r'ltÚ i*. rls ¿rfls {t +- ê öfr- ol\, 4 rj.*
.rtÍí
d_9
4
fr u b'ltt¡ {rl .l*" j
ö*.(ü-
867. But AIIah doth appoint night and day in due measure. He knoweth that ye are unable to keep count thereof' So He hath turned to you (in mercy): read ye, therefore, of the Qur'ã n as much as may be easy for you' He knoweth that there may be (some) among you in ill-health; others
Eco¡.lourc Guropr,Nes IN THE eun
Ãr.r
263
travelling through the land, seeking of Allah,s bounty; yet others fighting in Allah,s cause. Read ye, therefore, as much of the Qur,ãn as may be easy (for you). (TB:20)
J$i
B5g uÍ+ t3J¡
e-i rí,iie r+r"É þ. ûr,r)
i-ç
868. It is We Who created them, and We have made their joints strong. (76:28)
{.i
óLaj)l tj;,t ,,ã (^rq)
869. Verily We have created man into toil a¡d struggle. (90: )
2: Livelihood demands Enterprise See verse 67:15
at 866 above.
See verse 73:20
at 862 above.
3: Dignity of Labour
ft
tsits
,r:ni ïitt É i*ri
ù!¡ Çry.)
+tF,
870. And if they suckle your (offspring), give them their recompense: and take mutual counsel. (65:6)
d,i
i
!t[í tþi t;;ur*,t yj J^l lil t3J ;",:i';,¡ (,rvr) i:é utétó þæ- öi L_j, tst4 W. t-çg t-Å;ríú_ lpi yt¿,ti:â q
871. When they proceeded: until, when they came to the inhabitants of a town, they asked them for food, but they refused them hospitality. They found there a wall on the point of fatling down, but he set it up straight. (Moses) said: 'Îf thou hadst wished, surely thou coJdst have exacted some recompense for it!,' (1S:ZZ)
Economic Parameters
264
¿.
o:'4 ir+us t-*u- 3I ,,fr'ilt lij- ÚÉ ovY) fr¿,,
#.3W.
,H üf .þ t+-Þ óJ ,þi ,þ,ir!l
8?2. They said: "O Dhu al-Qa¡nayn! The Gog and Magog (people) do great mischief on ea¡th: Shall we then render thee tribute in order that thou mightest erect a barrier between us and them? (18:9a)
óJ+,1ú*'l tJf
Þ
$¡
t ,ul .+ru_ EÅ;J cJti (,rvr) dn
!l .}rfl
S73. Said one of the (damsels): "O my (dear) father! engage him on u'ages: truly the best of men for thee to employ is the (man) who is strong and trusty". (28:26)
,Jb ,¡t oi .!.;í Ys ù1
,Íl ,-r'"ét.lç*l oi i,.rí jt iÉ ) Jtll1. o¡ t* uë| öç&# ,-t:,V ¡.rår ,5o itl ;ii oJ ¿+;tir J.ti (,r,v
¿
874. He said: "I intend to wed one of these my daughters to thee, on condition that thou serve me for eight yea,rs; but if thou complete ten yea,rs' it will be (grace) from thee. But I intend not to place thee under a difficulty: thou wilt find me, indeed, if Allah wills, one of the righteous." (28227)
4: Natural Law of Economic Return
rfvt
dl ul
uþ-:s
ríll irpl Lr], Srl ú (,rvo) St:=- { q; é, W
875. Those who desire the life of the present and its glitter - to them We shall pay (the price of) their deeds therein- without diminution. (11:15)
5: Man Should Not Be Oversensitive to Fluctuating For-
tunes See verse 11:9
at 207 above.
Ecor.Ioìd¡c Gu¡opr,I¡rlps IN T¡IE Qun'Ãr.l See verse L1:1.0
at 208 above.
See verse 11:11
at 405 above.
i,t;
liJ5 EV,ES
arl
gt
iyt
"i'
265
E;;i
t3J3
(,tvr)
uþ- sr
$r
876. Yet when We bestow Our favours on man, he turns away and becomes remote on his side (instead of coming to Us) and when evil seizes him he gives himself up to despair! (17:83)
6: Leisure and Rest are Necessary
qi tf'+¡
#' oi uîç;i d'lri :,V1t') ¿jt g¡¡å¡ (¡vv)
ùSåJl ¡i,Ê lrJjÅJ
,i f i,,tti )
x*¡ r.ii çt'r iiot, ,Ultl iir,Xíi 2up
ifS çu"JlS
877. lVe have made the Night and the Day as two (of
Our) Signs: the Sþof the Night have We obscured, while the Sign of the Day We have made to enlighten you; that ye may seek bounty from your Lord, and that ye may know the number and count of the )'eaxs: all things have We explained in detail. (L7:L2) See also verse 28:73 See ve¡se 30:23
at 9 above.'
at'10 above.
t#:6ts q
.e¡Ír drl
ôtß,4 { ,t'
(¡v¡)
ü''fr ibt ét
878. It is Allah Who has made the Night for you, that ye may rest therein, and the Day, as that which hetps (you) to see. Verily Allah is F\¡ll of Grace and Bounty to men: yet most men give no thanks. (a0:61) See verses 78:S11
at
42&25 above.
Econom'ic Parømeters
266
7: Fair \il'age'Without Pressure
?-L^rÍ¿i.ít r
rJ¿-,t
i¡,¡i (-.-t\J
'* L;
,r1 ç
--
æ
ir
Vg-J (,rvq)
íyá-,;; i,,þ,P6 f e{ri $ o|s w t#. Qtfr þ.vrts uri-*i:fi(t f :*'1 o9 f eyi { ¿,-i; f ,'ø t:ls
879. Let the women live (in 'iddah) in the same style as ye live, according to your means: Annoy them not, so as to restrict them. And if they carry (life in their wombs), then spend (your substance) on them until they deliver their burden: and if they suckle your (offspring), give them their recompense: And take mutual counsel together, according to what is just and reasonable. And if ye find yourselves in difficulties, let another ïvoman suckle
(the child) on the (father's) behalf. (65:6)
8: 'Wage Bargaining Allowed See verse 65:6
at 879 above.
9: Labour Saving Devices See verse L6:7
at 807 above.
L0: Process of Change Demands Collective'Will Power See verse 8:53
at 420 above.
See verse 13:11
at
42L above.
PART K-POPULATION The Qur'ãn attaches great importance to the popuration factor in determining the strength of a nation, its economic status and prestige. It terms as sinful the pre'Islamic practice of infanticide on the basis of poverty and strictly prohibits any such act. However, it does not treat overpopulation as an unconditionally ideal situation. The Qur'ãn is not totally oblivious to the'relationship between economic resources of an individual and the desire to enjoy family life. It, however, recommends restraint from marriage for as long as a person can be certain of his ability to maintain a family without much difficulty.
Thus in the Qur'ãn restraint from ma¡riage seems to be the only recipe of family planning. The most important point to note is that the eur'ãn does not credit unqualified increase in population; it emphasises ideological orientation and moral training of its followers to excel others in moral and material life. Thus according to the Qur'ãn a relatively smaller body of people with a strong moral and spiritual force is more powerful than a much larger force without moral orientation. As one of the short-term methods of population planning, on account of ideological, strategic and social demands, the eur,ãn recommends mobility and migration of its followers.
268
Economic Poratneters
K_POPULATION 1: Importance of Population
(1)
Source of strength See verse L7:12 See verse 1.8:34
at 6. above at 699 above.
ôÑ q í:ót oút téts(¡,r.)
*.i rv:t ¡Vt e#"*s 880. "Yea, fear Him Who has bestowed on you freely all that ye know. (26:L32) FYeely has He bestowed on you cattle and sons. (26:133)
uAnd gardens and springs. (26:134)
(2) Sgmbol of preståge
¿¿Þt i*:¡t¡
çlt g*t \: ¿#ti jBi Çr,rr) Å;i
\,t',
u.Vt
¿ti.:,
y
J-é
881. Wealth and sons a,re allurements of the life of this world: but the things that endure, good deeds, a¡e best in the sight of thy Lord, as rewards, and best as (the foundation for) hopes. (18:a6)
;41 F
u,': l3üt3
$6"i uñ
,f
V¡¡S(,t,r,v) 882. They said: "We have more in wealth and in sons, and we cannot be punished". (34:35)
yw"
"a:":
{3 q'i çlt þt
!lL1 ç^^t,
;.i5!t3 ¿t5,.!t A i,
883. Know ye (all), that the life of this world is but pþ and amusement, pomp and mutual boasting and multi= plying, (in rivalry) among yourselves, riches a¡¡d children. (57:20)
Ecor.¡oldrc Guroplwes rN THE Qun,Ãn
269
2: Maintenance of Natural Course of Increase
(1) Conde¡nnøtöon of See verse 4:29
at 612 above.
& vs íf üi iJ $¡i
homi,cöd,e
'iJ
çl qç ,þ- ,tI uA Jt y-: (,r,r¿) "aa i:-2", *j ,--Jr ú; É4ç
*:
t-é bÇ *s fJ 'r3e çi ,r úf ¿!¡ lrt"t¿|J tU å¡.t.rr:J #.s í+.cç tJt J,r ols *Å ri'i
,¿r;'.1;I
Urr iç 4 I o,
*ç çi t--¿ s
ú¡l
u5; É# iit ¡r3 g t; i.;
884. Never should a believer kill a believer; but (if it so happens) by mistake, (compensation is due); if one (so) kills a believer, it is ordained that he should free a believing slave, and pay compensation to the deceased,s family unless they remit it freely. If the deceased belonged to a people at war with you, and he wâs a believer, the freeing of a believing slave (is enough)..If he belonged to a people with whom ye have a treaty of mutual alliance, compensation should be paid to his famil¡ and a believing. slave be freed. For those who find this beyond their means¡, (is prescribed) a fa^st for two months running: by way of repentance to Allah; for Allah hath all knowledge a¡rd all wisdom. (4:92)
w riÉ (ç ;.¡ç rså;t uç þ_ ,y) (rtrt o¡ otS * ù se3 885. If a man kills a believer intentionall¡ his recompense is hell, to abide therein (forever): and the wrath and the curse of Allah. ( :93)
u-_èt
b &tt'irrà *1 Js í:,lÀi i: *# (¡¡r)
886. The (selfish) soul of the other led him to the murder of his brother; he murdered him, and became (himself) one of the lost ones. (5:30)
Economic Parameters
270
WFÚ 6 U:rl é. & rÉr.r¡i J"i c¿ (¡,rv) vS
4e útiJl J3 uiKS ¿rrl .¡ ;toí ti p * u"r cúr rpi dK urpi
887. On that account: We ordained for the children of Israel that if anyone slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. (5:32) See also verse 6:15L
at 41 above.
ß vs;¿U il ùr iy ¿tl
ul,tst
j
r-
'ie
(,r,r,r)
u-p- tu ei":t gg, ttr; úí
úríiå;
êt.¡ritt
t
ti#
888. Nor take life - which Allah has made sacred - except for just cause. And if anyone is slain wrongfull¡ We have given his heir authority (to demand Qiçdç or to forgive): but let him not exceed bounds in the matter of taking Iife: for he is helped (by the law). (17:33)
(2) Cond,emnøti,on of
ônfanti'ci'd,e
(a) On false religious grounds
r+r'iriFW-ütü#. *t *
-t-
ü-j lçrþ.5
d.kS (,r¡q)
f"rr4 ir'tç¡
889. Even so, in the eyes of most of the pagans, their partners made alluring the slaughter of their children, in order to lead them to their own destruction and cause confusion in their religion. (6:137)
(b) On false economic grounds
tçf3
tP,
ríL
¡ivri bÍf ú-ú È
"t' (^q.)
ú-,-vt,tj(v-,tu s þt þ's:;;t u
;il,'il, v
Eco¡,¡on¿Ic
Guppr,wps IN THE Qun'ÃN
zTL
890. Lost a,re those who slay their children, from foll¡ without knowledge, and forbid food which Allah hath provided for them, inventing (lies) against Allah. They have indeed gone astray and heeded no guidance. (6:140)
(c) Due to poverty
W y Uj Si i* fst if v, ii pt¡ ¡i, c,rrr) íS:; F Ç*l y ¡slri t¡}5 i¡ rir"-J u-4tgu,', Uí¡'
i¡ F. YSW *
J*'
u ,l.?lilrl
Vy iS ¡"EI;
iU ,, í¿t íl\ þq it 'at;-r gÍ' ¡"'
891. Say: "Come, I will rehearse what Allah hath (really) prohibited you from": join not anything as equal with Him: Be good to your parents: Kill not your children on a plea of wants -'We provide sustenance for you and for them-come not nigh to shameful deeds, whether open or secret: Take not life which Allah hath made sacred, by way ofjustice and law. Thus doth He command you, that ye may learn wisdom. (6:151)
(d) Due to fear of poverty
ét
pr C:; F q*t q- ftúi ¡riu'i3 (,rrv) -, - úí
t4w órfF
892. KiIl not your children for fear of want: We shall provide sustenance for them as well a^s for you. Verily the killing of them is a great sin. (17:31) (e) Due to pre-Islamic custom
.i oi ,J" ,r:-,rí ü*]t a;Q ßJ &åt Hu- Cnqr> ¿'is.i_,i ¡fu {¡ *.:,is Jt;- lí ç .!u, lÅ 893. O Prophet! When believing women come to thee to take the oath of fealty to thee, that they will not associate in worship any other thing whatever with Allah, that they
272
Economic Parameters
will not steal, that they will not commit adultery (or fornication), that they will not kill their children. (60:12)
3: Large Population-an Ideal Subject to Qualifications
ñ4
l':t s*¡-É1
¡s*ri {3
x Oq¿) W "Tr3"i
¿té eS #i,Yi't çlr
i-,Pr
;
ç
894. Let not their wealth nor their (following in) sons dazzle thee: in reality Allah's plan is to punish them with these things in this life, and that their souls may perish in their (very) denial of Allah. (9:55)
fu; rt3 i'$ þ u\ V( í:ú u aú( (,so¡ û-Ðt
éui
?tvf rt;v,
+
i¿¿-tt rrt{y, l,.;#*;É ß.írt3 qriç;v eúç r" C;ty, ¿ri+t ë .,lrtj !:+!t¡ t¡,j*rt q
ys
$
895. As in the case of those before you: they were mightier than you in power, and more flourishing in wealth and children. They had their enjoyment of their portion: and ye have ofyours, as did those before you; and ye induþ in idle talk as they did. They! their works are fruitless in this world and in the Hereafter, and they will lose (all spiritual good). (9:69) See also verse 63:9
at 477 above.
osi
;¡i ¡
rr':-,
896. So hea¡ken not to those who deny (the truth). (6S:8) Their desire is that thou shouldst be pliant: So would they be pliant. (68:8-9) Also see verses 68:10-14 at 731735 above.
Ecorsourc Gupp¡,¡r.¡ps IN THE Qun,Ãn
4: Population Cannot Exceed Aggregate Resources
tu
d,l Ys ú.i *t¿
u ,{ïs,i3¡ #
jÉ aqv)
t:&,ú.:
E97. Of the bounties of thy Lord We bestow freely on all-these as well as those the bounties of thy Lord are not closed (to anyone). (17:20)
V¡
irs W. ¿ls V,y æ *tú ,ilr.rårr
'
ri?
W ,Þs (,tq¡) çÇi
ç.ri évtçi
898. He set on the (earth) mountains standing ûrm, high above it, and bestowed blessings on the earth, and measured therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in four days, in accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (sustenance). (a1:10)
V-,zS jrrYJS ûqq) is He Who has spread out the earth for (His) CV>|
899.
It
creatures: (55:10)
5: Marriage and Social Status
irú
ns (r..¡ I ,l"t ùrS ç"r$t W cn pCi ,*1;tt û "åEr
ç^L;t ó#
oî
È<+
F-
'f'ví*
ft'qV
900. If any of you have not the means wherewith to wed free believing women, they may wed believing girls from arnong those whom your right hands possess. And Allah hath full knowledge about your faith. Ye are one from another. $:25)
Marriage and Economic Resources See verse 4:26
at 900 above.
274
Economic Parameters
ol pü13 irV
'f
n
a^Èrr3
8 ;,,0'
+o,r
Uts'aB
ii't
t
:,K\(q. t)
r;¿-;tß ç#
901. Marry those among you who are single, or the virtuous ones among your slaves, male or female: if they are in poverty. Allah will give them means out of His grace: For Allah encompasseth all, and He knoweth all things. Qaßz)
t
*F- æ ee
¿,t4-
{ i-;ir +¡:43 (q.v) þ,¡
902. Let those who find not the wherewithal for marriage keep themselves chaste, until Allah gives them means out of His grace. Qaß\)
7: Population and Ideological/Moral Orientation
*¡r p. ú
f {r
t
i),1
f;\ ó&
J;#l e
,t-¡Ír iú (q.r) ti't¡ r,Jt gi!, íry ú-,ti{t
903. But those who were convinced that they must meet Allah, said: "How oft, by Allah's will, hath a small force vanquished a big one? Allah is with those who steadfastly persevere." (2:2a9) See also verse 4:25 See verse 9:55
at 900 above.
at 894 above.
See verse 18:46
at 88L above.
,W."t
, f^"i v;\ 3;'.¿-i (q.¿) ¿r,.t¿:- { J,, *+l .i J ütÀ
Qt æ
904. So they think that because We have granted them abundance of wealth and sons, (23:55) We would hasten them on in every good? Nay they do not understand. (23:56) See also verse 34:37
at
729 above.
Ecot¡oIr¡rc Gumpr,rnps IN THE eun ÃN
u, t*l ¿:í
,U.I
,y;
9-05. Now, they said,
275
çbr úU É+ ,y.-!ír! rÅ,tá Éí¡ il ú-4t +i uS.ÅrI* t1,-:-t5
*t"r,
fru came to them in Tluth, from Us, the sons of those who believe with him, _"slay and keep alive their females", but the prots of unbelievers (end) in nothing but errors (and delusions)...(40:25)
ori(xr ¿i ñ (q.r)
y ë i¡ ú:-rç ;¡i 3: \',3 '',;r. du rí ór oi €.i "r.i JÉ fi *" N çE tr, zV
)k *
ç>^-
4...a
úl,.3
906. So hearken not to those who deny (the Tluth). (63:g) Their desire is that thou shourdst be pliant, ro *o.rld th"y be pliant. Heed not the type of despicable man_ready with oaths. A slanderer, going about with calumnies. (Habitually) hindering (all) good, transgressing beyond bounds, deep in sin. Violent (and cruel)_with all ihat, base-born. Because he possesses wealth and (numerousj sons. (68:8-L4)
8: The Decisive Factor of Strength
f¿
ñ
råi
bf* å',: ff #-
úJ drqrl
,þ
,*9t q? qJt çq (q.y)
!tl{ ¿:t ,::jþ ôtu- 'í i; *UVy û.Ðt ü ots .,¡5t,
907. O Prophet! rouse the believers to the fight. Ifthere are twenty amongst you, patient and persevering, they will vanquish two hundred: if a hundred, they ,ill uu* quish a thousand ofthe unbelievers: for these are a people without understanding. (8:65)
Econom'i,c Parameters
276
û9tu 8 úi 'tt ít drr '*Á óli (q',r) tttÍ- l;,tt it fi ,.úri tJrJ J.- - åi f"r É oJ¡ çnrb Z908. For the present, Allah hath lightened your (tast)' for He knoweth that there is a weak spot in you. But (even so), ifthere are a hundred ofyou, patient and persevering, they will vanquish two hundred, and if a thousand, they wiII vanquish two thousand, with the leave of Allah: for Allah is with those who patiently persevere. (8:66) See also verse 34:35
at 758 above'
n ßS Jfr) lt-r.i å
tt¡"Jl Lrri-
ji
'ol
¡ {r,r)
3é-r- 'í oút 909. Say: "Verily my Lord enlarges and restricts the provision to whom He pleases, but most men understand
not."
(34:36)
it ;r: É'y f r .tu, ¡t{ri i¡ f,t¡ es
63 (r t ')
w v,¿""at {'É é qt? u.ç ,ys çl ¡ ¿¡¡i
+:¡t .t
910. It is not your wealth nor your sons, that will bring you nearer to Us, in degree: but only those who believe and work righteousness-these are the ones for whom there is a multiplied reward for their deeds, while secure they (reside) in the dwellings on high! (34:37)
9: Methods of Population Planning
(1) Short term
ill el*" é \hV
it
;U.ti
frt b\#
v" (q r r)
911. So take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah' ( :89)
Ecouolr¡rc GuDsLlNps rN THE Qun'Ãx
277
'¿'jÉ fl.-ill JtÉ Í<;ir, &ç ,i¡Ír él (q r r) ..+t¡ Itlt þri fJ ji Ú,¡ ./r!t ,r. ,Wi,;rL,l ú Ve
{
W-t:Zuþ 912. When angels take the souls of those who die in sin against their souls, they say: ,,fn what (plight) were ye? They reply: "Weak and oppressed were we in the earth.', They say: "Was not the earth of Allah spacious enough for you to move yourselves away. (4:gT)
rlli! ts'^es ts¡tÂ,s pi a¡ít éJ (q r r) é úis ,_ Alr: F. ,Vsi úë. qi Vi¿S rr:i cr¡Ír¡ :fur .U¡ bZU.r :.r v w- {¡ ¡ íJ VZU ls ti;l "
913. Those who believed, and adopted exile, and fought for the Faith, with their property and their persons, in the cause of Allah, as well as those who gave (them) asylum and aid these are (all) friends and protectors, one of another. As to those who believed but came not into exile; ye owe no duty of protection to them until they come into exile. (8:72)
A-lts Sl ,¡ts ¿.
t:ÇS ts¡vs t*;ì c¿;ír¡ (q r ¿)
7¡ 3:¿": iF ;I t;"; J*gt F .4rî ttraj t55l
914. Those who believe, and adopt exile, and fight for the Faith, in the cause of Allah, as well as those who give (them) asylum and aid-these are (all) in very truth the Believers: For them is the forgiveness of sins and a provision most generous. (8:24)
(2) long-terrn (a) Polygamy
É *ú u bÁ
&
,iJ¡ (qro)
iis as..;* ttár ,f,
Uconomi,c Parømeters
915. If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, marry vvomen of your choice, two, or three, or four. (4:3)
(b) Preaching t-.í
P
LSJjß
i ols *3 d/ *UJ i¡i v ü. ¿*lt kiu- (q r't> {
iitt él ./tfu
.i :aL,tt- ttrt3 eíu, 'tÅr. Y; a8l ijirr
916. O Messenger! proclaim the (Message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His Mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For AIIah guideth not those who reject Faith. (5:67)
iat \/:ts *u, al w J Ûî (qrv) * t tt t;fi ç æ.i 3l'ô--;1." ji! ¡r;r+i e*åu,'P $s 917. Invite (all) to the way of thy Lord with wisdom and beautifulpreaching; and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious: for thy Lord knoweth best, who have strayed from His Path, and who receive guidance. (16:125)
1.0:
Non-Muslimst Attitude Towards Population See verses 74:L2-L5
at 838 above.
PART L_PUBLIC FINANCE Infaq (spending of income and wealth) is one of the most repeated words in the Qur'ãn. The overall connotation (or implied meaning) of a majority of verses on the subject reflects the eur,anic policy ãf expenditure on a large number of heads that now fall in the dãmain of
public expenditure. This requires a well planned system of organizing receipts and expenditure on heads prescribed by the eur,ã,n. with-
out such budgeting the objectives laid down by the eur,ãn would not be achieved and the Islamic system would remain an unfulfilled goal. It is because of this fact that these verses have been classified under the heading of public finance. There are, however, a number of verses which refer exclusively to individual behaviour. These have been reproduced in the next part. The objective of the policy of expenditure as referred to in the
Qur'ãn is derivable from its emphasis on freedom, 1 fulfilment of basic necessities, and redistribution of wealth. These policy measures lead to the achievement of social justice. The Qur'ãn also lays down the strategy to be adopted by the rightly guided Muslims in carrying out their public pro"*p.rrditrrre gramme after it has been decided by mutual consultation. If the programme is resisted by dissidents or evaders, the community is advised not to surrender to them but defend the programme steadfastly. The dissidents should be forced to comply with the collective decision and compensate for their offense. It should be the policy of the government to encourage the people to participate in programmes of social welfare. The rule that governs the levy and àisÃarge of personal liabilities is guided by the principle of capacity to bear. The government functionaries should be considerate, sympathetic and courteous while collecting funds. Personal liabilities should not be transferred towards others. The principles of spending and redistribution require judicious planning rliberating slaves or-/a/cÈu
raqabøh(g:L3) in the context of very early social structure was understood to imply freedom from slavery through mãnumission or financing a personal slave to ea¡n freedom by payment ortne ag;eea amount. This act helped the slave to become a free person. while the verse (õ:g0) also expressly relates to this head and paying for a¡r undischarged debtor erren f.óm zakat findÃ, verse 76:9 admires the feeding of a person whoibecause of imprisonment, detention or any similar reason, is restrained from earning his livelihood laser¡. eu these verses taken together justify broadening of the s=cope of the primitive con_ cept of serfdom to the contemporaxy positio*of vulnerable national dependence and recommend making efforts for meaningful national freedom and self-relia^nce.
280
Emnomóc Parameters
with mutual consultation. There should be no lavish or
wasteful one not supported. spending. unnatural equality in redistribution is cannot be deprived of his rights simply on account of his unbecoming or sinful conduct elsewhere. Among the heads of iucome that the Qur'ãn lists are zalcãt and. prisoners of war' 'ushr, i,nfdq, idzyah, fag', 'ønfdl and ransom of alien form of goods the in collection to suggest references There are also and services. The heads of expenditure of zakd,t and' 'ushr collections are pre' cisely laid down but this is not so in case of other incomes' The point to note is the empha.sis which the Qur'ãn lays on its fiscal measures in contrast with its concern about monetary measures. This leads us to believe that enforcing economic policy and strategy should rely more on fiscal measures than on any other policy.
Ecot¡olvrrc Guropr,u.lps rN THE Qun'ÃN
281
L_PUBLIC FINANCE L: Objectives of Fiscal Policy
(1) tueedom
b+S ts¡6s tÉi ,i¡ít éJ (qr,r) F."$1 Éë.qi V'øi rr¡ì cr¡Ír¡ :irl ü.¡a
é #\s
rltEu,
918. Those who believed, and adopted exile, and fought persons, in the cause of Allah as well as those who gave (them) asylum and aid these are (all) friends and protectors, one of another. (8:72)
. for the faith, with their property and their
,)fu o¡¡-:lf Uil (q rq) j) ri;* úçtS ,¡li 1!l W ¿S w-ntS iiil3 dil 6 o-i Jdåil "fr "*"tifl
W
,4¡"-Jl5 a_ *113
919. Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to the T}uth); for those in bondage and in debt: in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer; (Thus is it) ordained by Allah. And Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. (9:60)
*i k t¡¡r u i3,i u3 (q v.) 920. And what will explain to thee the path that (It is:) freeing the bondman; (90:13)
is
steep?- (90:12)
(2) Fulfitment of
basúc needs
See verse 2:L77 at,568 above.
u.-qttvj
# ú it:'i, ,p :,9- ti u iui ¡ (qrr) y-,
* c ti;;;
J4¡.rt ¿t3
.agtt¡ jþt¡ ,:ujÍt3
*y¡tut
éF
921. They ask thee What they should spend (in charity). Say: W'hatever ye spend that is good, is for parents and
Ðconom'í,c Parameters
kindred and orphans and those in want and for wayfarerS. And whatever ye do that is good, Allah knoweth it well. (2:215) I
.j ü q.râF-.í Y +ll +l JElf" ,=^',-Ítt
éi
t {trl
&
-ð:\t
(qvv) ,l'-t-a (q l*,e-i U-Ðl Jl tt-ilv v) \3eLt b:,e>l ,çi ¡rr+r W.,/r!t ¿ u.ç
t
+è tÊt*
1..2
u5 úe1 ,vút
Jfu i
d:*.l
922. (Charity is) for those in need, who in Allah's cause are restricted (from travel). And cannot move about in the land, seeking (for trade or work): the ignorant man thinks, because of their modesty that they are free from want. Thou shalt know them by their (unfailing) mark: They beg not importunately from all and sundry. And whatever of good ye give, be assured Allah knoweth it well. (2:273) See also verse 8:1
at 648 above.
See verse 8:41
at 649 above.
See verse 9:60
at 919 above.
See verse 30:38
at 469 above.
See verse 51:19
at 589 above.
,)*').s óÉ{
"s f4
# opt J^i .:,r 9-yi iit ;ti E (qyr) ,f Wt u..ts ¿#l:""ël¡ j.Jt oÐs \ \íL j*1 Éì *¡ & ,çir "ç. fr:3 ./tirt i-! iitt él iilt téts tg;tv
923. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships belongs to Allah, to His Messenger and to kindred and orphans, the needy and the wayfarer; in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you. So take what the Messenger assigns to you, and deny yourselves that which he withholds from you. And fear Allah; for Allah is strict in punishment. (59:7)
Ecororr¿rc Guropr,nses rN THE Qun'Ãm
283
rltit¡ r+;V; æ Ç;1 û-út e#t Jþ (qvr) f" 4í 't-iS'Al Or:k-súl*rS $lt ,t i,*t ô&ó;Ër 924. (Some part is due) to the indigent muhajirs, those who were expelled from their homes and their property. While seeking Grace from Allah and (His) good pleasure, and aiding Allah and His messenger: Such are indeed the sincere ones. (59:8)
,i ö#- ef ,r úklt¡ :)t-r)\ iç c¡;¡r¡ (qro) Vri fi ¡.;v e¿s;é ¿ jr{ .i5 rdl Ét^ "¿ Sj- us "e;u; re Jti is ç,¿i * ¿rlçs óÉl¿jtl
ii,$G *)
925. But those who before them, had homes (in madinah) and had adopted the faith- show their affection to such as came to them for refuge, and entertain no desire in their hearts for things given to the (latter), but give them preference over themselves, even though poverty was their (own lot). And those saved from the covetousness of their own souls-they are the ones that achieve prosperity. (5g:g)
f+j{ ,¡ lsiá aÐtS(rrr¡ 926. And those who came after them. (5g:10)
lfuB ri-y-j f*f*"1 çt
& ¡rrrJt ¿"LrU¿(rvv¡ t:& ú,r'sç þ ,-j.í r,lr :.t f+ ¿l
927. And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive.
(saying), "We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: No reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (76:8-g)
ó#
.í5
.Ft ðçr< { ¡q yf (q v,r)
284
Economic Parømeters
928. Nay, nay! But ye honour not the orphans! Nor do ye encourage one another to feed the poor! (89:1718) See also verse 90:1"3
at 920 above.
(3) Red,i,stri,bution of wealth
dçt.s'N ,syt J.i er -¿.vt #
úr* { s
wt
¿rt3
¿!*1t¡
ti't ;Úi 6 (qvq)
ët: (,
j.-it ,s{s
,'r,i íÍ.3 r -" ( - ,-u¿it 929. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships-belongs to Allah-to His Messenger and to kindred and orphans. The needy and the wayfarer; in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you. (59:7)
2: Heads of Income (1) Zakat/'Ushr: (a) As also enjoined on Scriptuaries
fur)t ¿
rf)s rrtt V'l-r;þt !t":i¡ (rr,¡.
930. And be steadfast in prayer; practise regular charity; and bow down your heads with those who bow down (in worship). (2:a3) See also verse2:83
at 39 above.
q ö*i- o*]ts fr Pt ¿. ¿þlt olì ¿f;JJS ;þt ¿a¡*:tl3 élË O: ,J¡l vs ü jil 'aþr
931. But those among them who are well-grounded in knowledge, and the Believers, believe in what hath been revealed thee and what was revealed before thee: and (especially) those who establish regula,r prayer and practise
regular charity. $:1,62)
Eco¡rorr¡rc Gutopuxps IN THE Qun'ÃN See also verse 5:12
gflts !,'rI!
285
at 26L above.
¿L:is
¿*u e\ ,?i,1 #') (rrv) F ..:"1 U
932. And He hath made me blessed wheresoever I be, and hath enjoined on me Prayer and Charity as long as I live. (19:31)
b;
ç.:
i:
oís
çfJts tþu, ui ¡u-ir3 (rrr)
933. He used to enjoin on his people Prayer and Charit¡ and he was most acceptable in the sight of his Lord. (19:55)
e4rl
U
u¡u,,::t tr-l €þ4 (qrr) Arr ú V,is rfii;VIs gþl rúi¡
e-i| Çá¡l:
934. And'We made them leaders, guiding (men) by Our command, and We sent them inspiration to do good deeds, to establish regular prayers, and to practise regular charity: And they constantly served Us (and Us only). (2L:73)
(b) Levied on Muslims See verse 2:110
at 329 above.
See verse 6:L4L
at 276 above.
tiÅ.å tiJ
!j+!l ¿-r'u çir
,ó ,f qr fiS . 3t
ul-!
é
gjÅ
"i '
Ú -313 (rro) ,
y, itt .¡iJ ,; 'ki.Jli; "Ut t. V-aúts tþr ¿yi-s ú ',iÍ- uklÁi aLt t
t,-9*'v-
935. And ordain for us that which is good. In this life and in the Hereafter: For we have turned unto thee." He said: "\ry'ith My punishment I visit whom I will; But My mercy extendeth to all things. That (Mercy) I shall ordain for those who do right, and practise regula"r charity, and those who believe in Our signs. (7:156)
286
Econom,í,c parameters
.t$i (ét iå51r¡ ¿*Åþ (qrr) F 'rfii ¿jçi íjåt j#-S,l3r ,b4i..¿ e:Å\ ûi
¿slu-
936. The Believers men and. río*"rr,'*. prote"tors, ooe of another: they enjoin what is just, and forbid what is evil: they observe regular prayers, practise regular charity. (9:71)
J4 U {:is é# Íí;; .15"i ¿* É (qrv) "P U rilj J F- ert; r,I fllo 937; Of their goods take alms, that so thou mightest purify and sanctify them; and pray on their behalf, verily thy prayers axe a source of security for them: And Allah is One Who heareth and knoweth. (g:108)
íJç
ç drq r¿rÍ;r 3 6f7t Ili¡ ,rr¡ | ç*tí (qr¡)
938. So establish regular Prayer, give regula^r Charit¡ and hold fast to Allah! (22:75)
órç Cfl r" i-.i,t¡ (qrq) 939. Who are active in deeds of charity. (28:4)
flt j*tr
!ÉÞrj
tþt Fì¡ ;þr b{'r3
(q¿.)
út?J 940. So establish regular Prayer and give regular Charity; and obey the Messenger; that ye may receive mercy. (2a:56)
-i*
6,"-ttt
{:
çv u
e;?rt.!_;
b'lç4-
"u.i¡
{l rrli E3 (rt r)
,fit Vç-S ¡:rår !íd¡
941. And they have been comrr.randed no more than this: To worship Allah, offering Him sincere devotion, being true (in faith); to establish regular Prayer; and to practise regular Charity; and that is the Religion Right and Straight. (98:5)
Eco¡¡ovrc
Guronr,rmps rN THE Qun,ÃN
287
(c) Government to manage Zaleat: at 937 above.
See verse 9:103
(d) Businessments excuses not acceptable ctiJ3 rür
jr"{!t3
ft ,r ð¡ i¡ iiV d { jra; (q¿y) v,¡
t,+rfr
+}I,¡Jt
öe+
tflt:gj¡ l:låt
942. By men whom neither traffic nor merchandise can divert from the remembrance of Allah, nor from regular Prayer, nor from the practice of regular Charity: their (only) fear is for the Day when hearts and eyes will be transformed (in a world wholly new). (24:BZ)
(e) Heads of Zalaat expenditure
W C¡l:-ll¡ #ti $rr W
,\fu- o¡i¡f çl (q r) ¿s ,*)ts ytirt ¿5 ü;j3 ãçts .¿t<*:ll3
¿
"* "* tïrr3 lilr ü'o-j J:+.lr
943. Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hea"rts have been (recently) reconciled (to the truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Altah; and for the wayfa,rer; (Thus is it) ordained by Allah. And Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. (g:60)
(2) Ji,zsah
¡!t 'íi¿a.lr-i
, ¡U
'i¡ gl! ó&H i ú*iS
A-;ir
!.rr-tÍ
c.t
r>
öçy ¿:::* $ * t \*t !ri-¡ ;i" çill Frí
aÐt b &.t
û- :
¿**-
úS
^t i,
t;
944. Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day. Nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the Religion of Tbuth, from among the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission and feel themselves subdued. (9:29)
Econom'i,c Parameters
288
(3) Føy'
te þti u; pe Ly't ,-P ¿llt ;Ui t;3 (q o) ii,r¡ ,rrÍ ê þ '^u1, ËuS- At ßs ,r-, i3 +* 1* ze'"f 'þ 945. What Allah has bestowed on His Messenger (and ,y
¿
taken away) from them for this ye made no expendition with either cavalry or camelry: But Allah gives power to His pleases: and Allah has power over all things. (59:6)
Q) Booty See verseS:l
at 648 above.
See verse 8:41-
at 649 above.
(5) Ransom
llj j"
ere' Vys alt 'ë
11!¡ (q
¿
r)
au ul', i{ ti úÚ úÚtl br-ài é#3'i e ,i; "lijll lÁ¡1j31
+?l
946. Therefore, when ye meet the Unbelievers (in fight), smite at their necks; at length, when ye have thoroughly subdued them, bind a bond firmly (on them): thereafter (is the time for) either generosity or ransom: until the war lays down its burdens. (a7:a)
(6) Donation for Islømi'c co,ule
út¡-i
'^) 11Åþ
W
6-þ al C-g-.e;ir 13 ¡* (rrv)
ö#j
*ls fu-s
¡¡:- ut'ríry
947. Who is he that will loan to Allah a beautiful loan which Allah will double unto his credit and multiply many times? It is Atlah that giveth (you) want or plenty. And to Him shall be your return. (2:245) See also verse 5:12 at'
2t6 above.
Econorurc Gumpr,rxos rN THE Qun'Ãu See verse
57:tt at
See verse 64:LT
289
44L above.
at 493 above.
See verse 73:20 at,355 above.
(7) Mønual contributåon See verse L8:94
at 705 above.
See verse L8:95
at 706 above.
See verse 18:96
at 745 above.
(S) Infõq (oirtuous spendóng)
(a) The spirit of infaq: See verse 2:195
at 37 above.
See verse 3:1L7
at 47 above.
3fu 3:¿"t
t:iu.s
aþt ôH.i.;ii
cq ¿^)
i4s a-ii "a ëis J tÍ; ó¡¡fl r" újrî
"f-f
948. Who establish regular prayers and spend (freely) out of the gifts We have given them for sustenance. Such in truth are the believers: They have grades of dignity with their Lord and forgiveness, and generous sustenance. (8:3- ) See also verse 8:36
t¿t
t/-
l"ur. . .¿
at 48 above.
,r" i-it*t ú ë") ,"çt $
J
t':15 (q¿q) tf,
_*J *t;t¿ * ú st' u urls {Ss;-s pt 3jÉ , öÅ ttt4; v't,.i:Í-¡ åi i'|s f'it Lt)s3- $rr .¡*¡;, ¿iA u ú;ihj { 949. Against them make ready your strength to the utmost of your power, including steeds of war, to strike terror into (the hea¡ts of) the enemies, of Allah and your enemies, and others besides, whom ye may not know, but
Economic Parameters
whom Allah doth know. TV'hatever ye shall spend in the cause of Allah, shall be repaid unto you, and ye shall not be treated unjustly. (8:60)
'*
A.XS
Ér;
A "6Þ
ú 'i* ú vÞlr .rj (qo.)
èr tt,r¡ ,y1'.l i;i':, *
Ãsat
950. Some of the desert Arabs look upon their payments as a fine, and wath for disasters for you: on them be the disaster of Evil: For Allah is He that heareth and knoweth (all things). (9:98) t.
t....-*-
ta .À,rr*, ¡ &tt
f"
tr.J uål
ii A*$ qþs !t y "F: Jt*
¡bt ól
gi
¿.
ü'r3 (10\) ,.a t-.-, t>'t , ç¡,iJ I
'¿
tl ¡Ê*"
951. But some of the desert Arabs believe in Allah and the Last Da¡ and look on their payments as pious gifts bringing them nearer to Allah and obtaining the prayers of the Messenger. Aye, indeed they bring them nearer (to Him): soon will Allah admit them to His Mercy: For Allah is Oft-Forgiving. Most merciful. (9:99) See also verse 22:35
¿i
is-S
tsiv
q
at LLT above.
W5 É¡i c::yg- ,4i3i 3N- t:iVs q';;t u,
952. Twice will they will be given their reward, for that they have persevered that they avert evil with good, and that they spend (in charity) out of what 'We have given them. (28:54)
Éç ¡;i
oy^t-
¿;tát '
jW (qor) f a ú,;+ !,.t \)*, *::
q-3 wL-",
953. Their limbs do forsake their beds of sleep, the while they call on their Lord, in Fear and Hope: and they spend (in charity) out of the sustenance which We have bestowed on them. (32:16)
EcoNo¡\drc Gumnr,wps rN THE Qun,ÃN
29L
,;g :ill .l.f ¿ W. 3çÅ,i$ f,iÀ # v*uiç
(qo¿)
H.v:,H-
954. Behold, ye are those invited to spend (Of your substance) In the Way of Allah: But among you are some that are nigga,rdly. But any who are niggardly a¡e so at the expense of their own souls. (a7:88) See also verse 5L:19
at 598 above.
See verse 63:7
at
See verse 9225
at 494 above.
158 above.
(b) The quality of í,nfaq See 2:3 at,448 above.
fb:t t2. t.;¡i,i ¡ii .i¡¡r Hq (roo¡ ó;thl # ¿:Èt3 bw i¡ üå {¡ ry êí i rg
¿jtÍ oi +e ,r1
955. O ye who believe! spend out of (the bounties) We have provided for you, before the Day comes when no bargaining (will avail), nor friendship nor intercession. Those who reject Faith- they are the wrongdoers. (2:254) See verse
2:27I at,528 above.
See verse 3:92 at,53L above.
v ¿:31-S ÇÉ,ítr
eg.urt-rj M
o:
tbr
pi
956. (Nor) those who are niggardly. Or enjoin niggardliness on others, or hide the bounties which Allah hath bestowed on them: for We have prepared. For those who resist faith, a punishment that steeps them in contempt. @:37)
3fu f-
Aúts (q ov) ^l+ Air:ç 'i3 ,,rÍrt ;u, ,h'ri tL-j ;t;.i frj t frlår vSJ+lr Cdr, .íj
Economi,c Parameters
292
957. Nor those who spend of their substance, to be seen of men, but have no faith in Allah and the Last Day: If any take the EviI one for their intimate, what a dreadful intimate he is! (4:38) See also verse 9:53 See verse 9:54
at
SL above.
at 52 above.
çi.iål é ,i*Slt U u.$t ,:si*- u.lJi (qo¡) lu
r{;* iirr
î fr 3r}ó Ér\å .il ¡r-- {
cr-;,Ír¡
'/ çue
"fe 958. Those who slander such of the Believers as give themselves freely to (deeds of) charity, as well as such as can find nothing to give except the fruits of their labour-
and throw ridicule on them-Allah will throw back their ridicule on them: And they shall have a grievous penaþ (e-7e) See also verse 32:L6 See verse 35:29
e
Jr
at 953 above.
at 49L above.
ór¡o r,l¡ :¡r ,W ¿ É#
ii f
(qoq)
"t ,tF'í ,arlt3 .I úþ "l,tíi e"l iirt 13 ks WUs 3,i. út t*i A-ú ç "4is rbl ê ,þi
d;rrí
\t |tt q iirt¡ ;l-ll
959. And what cause have ye why ye should not spend in the cause of Allah?-For to Allah belongs the heritage of the heavens and the earth. Not equal among you are those who spent (freely) and fought before the victory. (\ ¡ith those who did so later). Those are higher in rank than those who spent (freely) and fought afterwa¡ds. But to all has Allah promised a goodly (reward). And Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do. (57:10) See verse 69:34 See verse 76:9
at 599 above.
at 927
above.
Ecomolr¡Ic Gumnr,rups IN THE Qun'Ãu
CtS
293
þl¿;
út¡
(qr.)
.-;-¿! o"*, eA.6'"4"t¿ 960. So he who gives (in charity) and fears (AUah). (92:b) And (in all sincerity) testifies to the best- (92:6) We will indeed make smooth for him the path to bliss. (92:7)
ô,^#
j-a!
çi?s
"þr3
F.
v ri! (rrr) éF,!.
961. But he who is a greedy miser and thinks himself self-sufficient,
and gives the lie to the Best, We
will indeed make smooth for him the path to Misery.
(92:8-10)
..¡iåu
qp ol ,s"j
t31
du
a èú- E3 (rrr)
962. Nor will his wealth profit him when he falls heating (into the Pit). Verily We take upon Ourselves to guide. (92:LI-I2)
g*- ítY jy-.¡ii
(qrr)
963. Those who spend their wealth for íncrease in selfpurification. (92:18) êj',
-tra *S {t4t,tl
eç * n ó¡;"' *"! t;3 (rrr) '-+"lf
964. And have in their minds no favour from anyone for which a reward is expected in return. (92:19) But only the desire to seek for the countenance of their Lord Most High. (92:20)
(e) The quantity of ånfdq See verse 2z2Lg
at 70 above.
294
Economic Parameters
{a
Ft l'u- ¡iéi (qro) "* Ats ùts i;is q Ë*
rts a:^t:u. ilu-s
965. The Evil one threatens you with poverty and bids you to conduct unseemly. Allah promiseth you His forgiveness and bounties. And Allah ca¡eth for all and He knoweth all things. (2:268)
v ¡_,xti fi
{:r4 iilt 3g,É
ü1
p\
,61 ,¡
(qrr) "S ¿ç¡Åu. u3
966. And whatever ye spend in charity or devotion, be sure Allah knows it all. But the wrongdoers have no helpers. (2:270) See also verse 3:LL4
u ¡ls::¿.¡ir!
at 586 above.
úút UlUs o& e¡ii
,# u.t:e 6þúll'i5 M
Cq.t>
o: titt pì
967. (Nor) those who are niggardly, or enjoin niggardliness on others, or hide the bounties which Altah hath bestowed on them; for rWe have prepared, for those who resist faith, a punishment that steeps them in contempt. @:37)
tí4,L3-'tæ ;ß ;iS
t1:s
jU+
,rtl"-
S ibt él (qr¡)
É,þz t71
ti
u ei|
968. Allah is never unjust in the least degree: If there is any good (done), he doubleth it, and giveth from His own Presence a great reward. (a:40)
ti;t3
i + iS i4 úS i+z 'etfr 3#- 'i5 (rrr) a
Jfu- lif
u
g.-i
drr
?6#J +f .íl
969. Nor could they spend anything (for the Cause)small or great- nor cut across a valle¡ but the deed is inscribed to their credit; that Allah may require their deed with the best (possible reward). (9:121)
EcoNon¡¡c Gumpr,n¡ns rN THE eun'Ãr,¡ See also verse L6:75
295
at 5g above
at 62 above. See verse 25:67 at 6L above. See verse 17:29
fieri Vr*t-
* ,i fG
Éri
J*i*¡
tjls
ols(rv.¡
970. If ye turn back (from the path), He will substitute in your stead a"nother people; then they would not be like you! (47:38)
i rbr3 pi qçp
S¡
Fú
u..rþ ¡r,tr y5i (qvr)
,.¡4! 9út i¡|us ö&.
aútoldú:f 4
971. In order that ye may not despair over matters that b¡ nor êxult over favours bestowed upon you. For Allah loveth not any rainglorious boaster - such persons ar¡ axe covetous and commend covetousness to pass you
men. (57:23,24)
3: The Role of The Media See verse 4:37 at,2 above. See verse 9:79
at 958 above.
See verse 35:29
at 49L above.
at gTL above. See verse 57:24 at 971 above. See verse 57:23
See verse 69:34
at 599 above.
See verse 89:18
at 445 above.
4: The Ethics of Collection
(1) Copocöty See 2:33
at 644 above.
v WS
4ß u rf ç;-3 {1 u.¿¡ dt ¿k I (qvv) c^¡i.if
Economic Parameters
296
972. Onno soul doth Allah place a burden greatr than it can bear. It gets every good that it earns, and it sufiers every ill that it earns. (2:286)
Itl¡ Çi o( i:is ibr éF
,fi
-Êrj
É vs fu ;l
it¡:
¿* i¿i 1.1 (qvr)
¿ti¡t ,¡ ç+lt 'e oú, & ¿rgiltt
,f :*
973. In it are Signs manifest; (for example), the Station of Abraham; whoever enters it attains security; Pilgrimage thereto is a duty men owe to Allah-those who can a,fford the journey; but if any deny faith, Allah stands not in need of any of His creatures. (3:97)
U {'+tt- ßs þui.ty'V u ¿Ltç- 'i (qv¿) t; þs| ,¡
içr.¡ ak iui
974. Allah will not call you to account for what is futile in your oaths. But He will call you to account for your deliberate oaths: for expiation, feed ten indigent persons, on a scale of the average for the food of your families; or clothe them; or give a slave his freedom. If that is beyond your means, fast for three days. That is the expiation for the oaths ye have sworn. But keep to your oaths. Thus doth Allah ma^ke clea,r to you His Signs, that ye may be grateful. (5:89) tt
,þu,
N- ü
VitS
t¡-3 il vài äK .ij
(qvo)
3#-j *¡
975. On no soul do \ü'e place a burden greater than it can bea¡: Before Us is a record which clearly shows the truth. They will never be wronged. (23:62)
Ecoxourc Gurpsr.rNns
rN THE Qun'Ãw
297
,Hr É:, # jy v3 p t ir:!,.!#å (qvr) í.í iilt fu'çì u il w¡ rbr úK .í ¿ilr öì q
tü-f
976. Let the man of means spend according to his means: and the man whose resources a¡e restricted, let him spend according to what Allah has given him. Allah puts no burden on any person beyond what He has given him. After a difficult¡ Allah will soon grant relief. (65:7) (2
)
N on-transferabi,Ióty
þi'fi
Jlf uYl iisirts 3i is(qvv)
977. No bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another. In the end, to your Lord is your return. (39:7)
(3) I'eniency ön collection See verse 9:103
at 937 above.
5: Heads of Public Expenditure
alrile ,r*lt¡ j_þt eri t; & iur ji3 (qv,r) f,þt
ji,
¡rlår
¡Vi-,
,e1t
j: ,*
st¡ J,+lt at5
b",i¿ t3J f++ú_l Ji.Jl.r 978. To spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin, for orphans, for the need¡ for the wayfa,rer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves; to be steadfast in prayer, and prabtise regular cha,rity to fulfil the contracts which ye have made. (2:L77)
ó.r#4 i
t:æi û-Ðt )þ- (qvq) u ¡*'+r '#-.,ar!l é qr* &i t iir 39 +- ,y t# u3 úre1 úrilr úi-{ \i di**1 Sil :l+¡ é ,¡ï=ttt ;Vt
Econom'i,c Parameters
298
979. (Charity is) for those in need, who, in Allah's cause a¡e restricted (from travel), and cannot move about in the land, seeking (for trade or work): the ignorant man thinks, because of their modesty that they are free from want. Thou shalt know them by their (unfailing) mark: They beg not importunately from all and sundry, and whatever of good ye give, be assured Allah knoweth it well. (2:273)
év d*lts Ûe"ç
ie
oJ
til iu,lt ,r, .'l,io' qr 'í\i;\Á- (qr.) it*iS iilt !r+r"j¡ p etr t-l-i3 iirt
980. They ask thee concerning (things taken as) spoils of war. Say: "(Such) spoils are at the disposal of Allah and the Messenger: so fear Allah, and keep straight the relations between yourselves: obey Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe." (8:L) See verse 8:74
at 914 above.
W r¡¡¿Jlr a!^:[f¡ ,)P- c;i'tel çl (q,rr) #li 1üt W ¿.s ,ry-its yÚi,l j) r{iö ãil:ts "* "{ iÌrr3 rirr 6 o-i dâfJt 981. Alms are for the poor and the need¡ and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hea¡ts have been (recently) reconciled (to the truth); for those in bondage, and in debt; in the cause of Allah, and for the wayfarer. (Thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. (9:60) See also verse 30:38 See verse 59:7
ti#
at
469above.
at 646 above.
i"r'sç
þ '";.i *t W :,,1r
uiJ (q,rv)
982. (Saying), "We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: No reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (76:9) See also verse 90:13
at
920 above.
Ecouo¡r,rrc Guronr,rups IN THE Qun'Ãr
2gg
6: No Discrimination on the Basis of Faith or Deeds See verse 24:22
at 5 above.
7: The LJnwanted Reaction of Non-Beneficiaries
Vi W Éí op çi.iåt ,.r. Å'#- ,i ¡nS (q¡r) Ui"t-r- *t5J W rÞ- i o¡s
983. And among them are men who slander thee in the matter of (the distribution of) the alms. If they a,re given part thereof, they are pleased, but if not, behold! they are indignant! (9:58)
8: Expenditure Policy to be Decided by Consultation
éjrå eÁS t'þ !iú'lj fiJ ttpr
cr;ír¡ (q,r¿)
3#-ø::u.s*.
984. Those who harken to their Lord, and establish regular prayer; who (conduct) their a,ffairs by mutual consultation; who spend out of what We bestow on them for sustenance; (42:38)
bj€#-é
.34l
&;vi
riJ
¡¡Ír3 (q¡o)
985. And those who, when an oppressive wrong is inflicted on them, (are not cowed but) help and defend themselves. (a2ß9)
9:
Redistribution is No Substitute for National Cohesion
t; tt1-È,_p!t j t; ,.firi i
"* rf
re* ,ig. -Ãs (q,rr) 'åI úë..¿íî iÙr ßs r,ç* ûe. üfr
986. And (moreover) He hath put a,ffection between their hearts: not if thou hadst spent all that is in the earth, 2The distribution of the proceeds of zakõ,t which is collected from Muslims alone is an exception.
Economic Parameters couldst thou have produced that affection, but Allah hath done it: for He is exalted in might, Wise. (8:63)
PART M_PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH The mechanism of private distribution is introduced in the Qur'ãn not only under the word infaq but also with padaqah, qarl, and other connotations. Infaq literally means spending. It signifies any spending whether for good cause or bad. That is why spending by non-believers for opposing Islam, their spending on their wives, spending by hypocrites, spending by Muslims on their wives by way of dower and sustenance are all termed infaq. Infaq qualifies itself to become virtuous in case it is made for Allah's pleasure. It should be done scrupulously, without any desire for publicity. While it is not objectionable to give to others openly it is more worthy of reward before Allah to conceal the award. AII acts of distribution of wealth should be made according to the capacity of the owner who should neither act miserly nor lavishly. None, not even the poor, are exempt from this act of philanthropy. The monetary amounts to be spent or quantity to be distributed is left on the individuals' honest personal judgement. One should not be over-sensitive about facing poverty as a result of generosity. On the contrar¡ this distribution of wealth introduces overall prosperity and well-being and is ultimately better for the giver. Wealth in anyone's possession is due to the poor as a right and not as a voluntary act of charity; this right should be given to them like all others. Subsequentl¡ when once given the giver should not expect any regard from the receiver; such generosity is regarded as qard hasan; literall¡ a loan advanced to Allah Who will reward the giver. One point to remember is that personal physical contribution as in ji,hdd, does not absolve one of the obligation of making material contribution. The beneficiaries of infaq not only include those classes that are included in the list of zalcat recipients but also a number of other classes without necèssarily considering their financial standing. These additional beneficia¡ies are parents, other near relations, orphans, neighbours, fellow-workers and travellers. In addition to this undefined subject area of infaq, the Qur'ãn also imposes sad,aqah with fixed rates; this is termed as kaffõrah or expiation. It is prescribed in case of a particular fault in observance of a fast or in performing Hajj. There is also compensatory payment in the case of flouting an oath or using some sort of metaphorical language for divorce. The expiations in all these cases difer in value and call for feeding and clothing from one poor person in some cases to sixty poor persons in other ca,ses.
Economic Parotneters
\ifhile the abor¡e mechùism of charitable spending bri'gs about inter-personal distribution, the Qur'ãnic law of inheritance efiects intergenerational distributíon. In addition, a mân is allou¡ed to make a will of a portion of one's property in favour of anybod¡ preferably the near relaticjns who are not legally the sharers of inheritance. The Qur'ãn claims that distribution of wealth has a favourable multiplier effect.
Econorr¡rc Gumpln*ps rN THE
Qun'Ãn
B0g
M_PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH 1: The fnstruments of Private Distribution
(1) Infõq See verse 2:261.
at 64 above.
See verse 2:262
at 65 above.
8.s i,+s ,<.t,
eil" ü,
u
t) o*'' €
r+
t*i
t
Xl t_+Ít Hq (r,rv)
j"¡¡t !y'ç {¡ ,ir!t 6
"öè iilt éi
!ír"l¡ y- trLró d,i
ii.íJ Ççi r;+r,
987. O ye who believe! Give of the good things which ye have (honourably) earned. And of the fruits of the earth which We have produced for you; and do not even aim at getting anything which is bad in order that out of it ye may give away something when ye yourselves would not receive it except with closed eyes. And know that Allah is free of all wants, and worthy of all praise. (2:267) See verse 2:27L at,528 above.
;t4r iJ 3g' us
* 3Ñ { Ê-'j flt uç- * f+ry
,y
W
æ
W
yS (q¡,r)
:r¡
us rrl
988. Whatever of good ye give benefits your own souls, and ye shall only do so seeking the .'Face" of Allah. Whatever good ye give, shall be rendered back to you, and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:272)
ó4¡4 { dlt .l+¡ ¿ fra-i ¿,.iit ,i¡;ss (q,rq) 'ó; &t 6'y ;vi ¿+qr F-.r_ rln .¡ l¡,a'.-P ft\ z4; 4 ríut1 úrt1 ¡úr ói4 i r"e riil 3ç**êW ,l
989. (Charity is) for those in need, who, in Allah,s cause, are restricted (from travel), and cannot move about in the land, seeking (for trade or work): the ignorant man
Econornic Parameters
304
thinks, because of their modest, that they are free from want. Thou shalt know them by their (unfailing) mark: They beg not importunately from all and sundry. And whatever of good ye give, be assured Allah knoweth it well. (2: 273)
q*S t'- .,V/ts S#- cr-ii (qq') rllj"i "hlt, ô;'t'-r^ i¡ ¡¡; J- 'i¡ tr) Yé¡i
ê
990. Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord: On them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (2:27a) See also verse 3:92
at 539 above.
eø.d'r ¡.:¡ q
þ
,_t"ir
& Jç'; iqil (qq r) rltii ,y t:;uøl qt F.
991. Men are the protectors and maintainers of women' because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them from their means. @ßa)
^;:U
J& Aúts (qqr) Q¡ ;r^- qi 'u Èåt fr ns;ll ç:*ru, 'í:
d*ç'i5
u,rit Ñ., éty,
992. Nor those who spend of their substance, to be seen of men, but have no faith in Allah and the Last Day: If any take the evil one for their intimate, what a dreadful intimate he is! (4:38) See verse L4:3L
rt'
at 58 above.
P' ,W ff 't
'þ1
l4t
ii'r¡
"t-
*
fiaiç;uo
W. ¿*,í ri_íi o"
k
å(i,
u;'ç ,H
(qq
us
r)
',fu-
Vs'otsl,Fl f f* r:r J*,*,. to
spend (of your sub993. Behold, ye are those invited you are some that But among of Allah: stance) in the way
EcoNourc Gumpr,urns rN THE Qun'Ãu
305
But any who are niggardly are so at the
a,re niggardly.
But Allah is free of all wants, and it is ye that are needy. If ye turn back (Flom the Path), he will substitute in your stead another people; then they would not be like you! (a7:38) expense of their own souls.
(2) Sødaqøh/Zakdt
ú ""-+ eb ,y ,slr y,j 6-; þ ¿9
ô,r
,f
(qq¿)
.i,lu
.d¿i J.i ,¡¡',á -t l-. , 994. And if any of you is ill, or ha.s an ailment in his scalp, (necessitating shaving), (he should) in compensation either fa.st, or feed the poor, or ofier sacrifice. (2:196) See also verse2:27L See verse 2:276
at
at 528 above.
719 above.
1t tgs;Å ¿iS tÁ JIï1j 9e ,i
ót ol¡ (rro¡ ôÃ-r ot f3
{
995. If the debtor is in a difficulty, grant him time till it is ea"sy for him to repay. But if ye remit it by way of charit¡ that is best for you if ye only knew. (2:280) See verses 92: 5-6
;it- Slitt t
at 960 above.
oøy at tr+1
#t
il Þí E3 (rrr)
&:a-!s'arût$ç-s
þt
Ws
996. And they have been commanded no more than this: To worship Allah, ofiering Him sincere devotion, being true (in faith); to establish regular prayer; and to practise regular charity; and that is the Religion, Right and Straight. (98:5)
(3) QørQ fløsøn See verse
2:24 at
See verse 5:12
947 above.
at 26L above.
Econom'i,c Parameters
306
U)
See verse 57:LL
at 44L above.
See verse 57:18
at 442
See verse 64:LT
at 493 above.
See verse 73,20
at
above.
17 above.
Legøcy/bequest See verse 2:L80 See verse
.!!:;ttt3
at 71 above.
4:7 at,433 above.
êt¡ "i¡t çri e;4t ç; lSJe (rrv) t:rjç úi¡ oo p.l3Pj-rþ ti
J
997. But
t lt
'i
if at the time of division other relatives, or
orphans, or poor, are present, feed them out ofthe (property), and speak to them words of kindness and justice. (a:8) See also 4:L2
at 592 above.
ú4i.äÁ rlar el 1rKrl .i Ég ,b' ,y 'útu-(qq,r) ,¿c # 'a", îl', 'a ú ü*, i Vt, ï^s Y
tj
içl
gî
"l Vti ;is ¿j g ..¡ór *Í *to' tir ùÞ ií5 t' oii ,¡p!r U 'ü. fW r'a.3 Sq"3 ¿1
ü i
'{
'o;t
¿t"¡
998. They ask thee for a legal decision. Say: Allah directs (thus) about those who leave no descendants or ascendants as heirs. If it is a man that dies, leaving a sister but no child, she shall have ha^lf the inheritance. If (such a deceased was) a rvoman, who left no child, her brother takes her inheritance: if there are two sisters, they shall have two-thirds of the inheritance (between them): if there are brothers and sisters, (they share), the male having twice the share of the female. Thus doth Allah make clear to you (His law), lest ye err. And Allah hath knowledge of all things. ( :L76)
EcoNourc Gunpr,r¡tps rN THE Qun'ÃN
307
(õ) Eapåøtóon (Køffõrah) !¿,: i 0J19 /¿-ít
)i
6-i
999. (Fasting) for a fixed number of days but if any of you is ill, or on a journe¡ the prescribed number (should be made up) from days later. For those who can do it (with hardship), is a ransorn, the feeding of one that is indigent but he that will give more, of his own free will-it is better for him. And it is better for you that ye fast, if ye only knew. (2:L8 )
l#
iS ('¡ ...) l',i ,r" 'ú? e¡t Uþ3t tí i -a-. i te 3 ""-+ eb Jr :rþ s\ çV ú tt)t , Jt V!| t'ì.¡
,þ
v
d¿í 1000. And do not shave your heads until the offering reaches the place of sacrifice. And if any of you is ill, or has an ailment in his scalp, (necessitating shaving), (he should) in compensation either fast, or feed the poor, or offer sacifice. (2:196) See also verse 5:89 at,974 above. See verse 5:95
eu{
oi
at 697 above.
þ oo d,*tü: u--r,,r'îç q l¿j ('r..t) qf* r&ru,;
F- lê
1001. And if any has not (the wherewithal), he should fast for two months consecutively before they touch each other. But if any is unable to do so, he should feed sixty indigent ones. (58:4)
ü :o ,f
lJ ¿+Þ o!¡ A. Ulb;i.aírr
6íi3 (r . . v)
qlw
v;: "rÉs
308
Economic Pørømeters
1002. And give the women (on marriage) their dower as a free gift; but if the¡ of their own good plea^sure, remit any part of it to you, take it and enjoy it with right good cheer. (4:4) See also verce 4:24
at
ey-i. þú.,
o!í i,4-|ß!í
ëAl
é
¿pi
ù1
629 above.
¡li;i gr+it (t..t')
-{l .,lidl :, ,:,u;,Jl & "F3
u,
i.Å.
3* ¡it, f \,i b:4Å oi¡ &
1003. Cha^ste, not lustful, nor taking pa,ramours: when they are taken in wedlock, if they fall into shame, their punishment is half that for free women. This (permission) is for those among you who fear sin; But is better for you that ye practise self-restraint. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving. Most Merciful. (4:25) See verse 5:5
at 63L above. at 49 above.
See verse 60:10
2: The Spirit of Private Distribution See verse 2:261.
at64 above.
See verce 22262
at 65 above.
See verse 2:264
at 512 above.
See verse 2:267
at 54 above.
See verse
2:27I at 528 above.
See verse 2:272 at,66 above. See verse 3:92
at 531 above.
See verse 4:38
at 56 above.
See verse 9:88
at 456 above.
See verse L3:22
at 57 above.
See verbe L4:31-
at 58 above.
See verse 47238
at 954 above.
See verse 57:18
at 442
above.
Ecot¡o¡r¡lc Guropr,rNps IN THE Qun'Ãu t
tf
É# tH
þ it'¡
309
l,-3i ,i¡Íl Hq (1 .. t)
-ti;
,.¡i ,
i¿,r\.fr
,y
¿ o:+V s lv:: ril! Stf
ôñ {orfsvfiif;it
1004. O ye who believe! Shall I lead you to a bargain that will save you from a grievous penaþ?- That ye believe in Allah and His Messenger, and that ye strive (your utmost) in the cause of Allah, with your property and your persons. (61:lGl1)
{,, {tç Þ
ij i {,t -.j,
w
t
tj¡J (t . .0) t3
1005. (Saying), "We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: no rewa¡d do we desire from you, nor thanks,,. (26:g)
3: The Beneficiaries of Private Distribution
;!t r
,r; 4 t ¡4j (\. . r) ¡l-rtlrl .f:3 ,ç .þ iur ;ì3 ¿oþtS --{tt5 ¿i/l ".*tt3 iriåt i¡r ;tói-, ;gì ,1v1t ;5 altat¡ éS Wtatl3 Jg¡l ;15 as-rtlr ç>utl3
ç:âtS
P!
lrji¡i
ßJ
6,1
e#,
¿,l.Jts
rflt ¿ls
1006. It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces towa¡ds east or west; but it is righteousness to believe in Allah and the Last Day, and the Angels, and the Book, and the Messengers; to spend of your substance, out of love for Him, for your kin, for orphans, for the need¡ for the wayfa,rer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves; to be steadfa"st in prayer; and practise regular charit¡ to fulfil the contracts which ye have made. (2:LTT)
Economic Parameters
310
þþ'i
q-:,
þ
3,
t
ç::3'J'Ét¡ì
(r"v)
rfu- eút &3 f\ û1 i"^; tiè Ly t ie d fS V trÅ oi, d J-,t # 3*r
:rl.,* z-- -
:UL 'u-s
ev-i
I
1007. (Fasting) for a fixed number of days; but if any of you is ill, or on a journe¡ the prescribed number (should be made up) from days later' For those who can do it (with hardship), is a ransom, the feeding of one that is indigent but he that will give more, of his own free willit is better for him. And it is better for you that ye fast, if ye only knew. (2:ßa)
F
.
,lr s#- 13 u ;rlU (\..,^,) jlS 14_ *:tlr ët¡ ,ry,tll¡ d/-ql:I!¡
t a-1.i t¿ ê ,^,4,'t¡
Y5 'h,."tJt
"{ .", dlt éF *
æ
tþ
100E. They ask thee what they should spend (in charity). Say: whatever ye spend that is good, is for parents and kindred and orphans and those in want and for wayfarers. And whatever ye do that is good Allah knoweth it well. (2:215) See also verse2:229
at 44 above'
\'t tÊ3¿Á ¿15 t*; j)
ô# {otí5
1009. If the debtor is in a difficult¡ grant him time till it is easy for him to repay. But if ye remit it by way of charity, that is best for you if ye only knew. (2:280)
.!!*lr-e
ël¡ j/jt
tlnl i:*¡Jl
ty
irí
-F
lils (r.
\.)
J Uçs ¿ "rg|rtt
1010. But if at the time of division other relatives' or orphans, or poor, are present, feed them out ofthe (ptoperty), and speak to them words of kindness and justice. (a:8)
Econolr¿tc Gurupr,wps rN THE eun,Ãu
311
See verse 4:20 at,655 above.
W y V¡ *S iirr ¡ri:"r3 (r. I r)
tit"-J
'.4tgu1 j-d äl .st ,tlli .,8|3 4{út¡ .jþt¡ j-it 'Vts ül Étii cfi; u3 J+ilt ,Vl3 *U,..eLä15
ljéirå
Jti
oX': I
=3
v s_ { ii:r
1011. Serve Allah, and join not any partners
*iO
"r-,
and do good- to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbours who are near neighbours who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (ye meet), and what your right hands possess. For Allah loveth not the
arrogant, the vainglorious. (4:36) See also
vese 4:176 at gg8 above,
See verse 5:5
at 631 above.
See verse 5:89
at 974 above.
at 697 above. See verse L6:90 at 34 above. See verse 5:97
.i5
Jl+¡l
a\ gl\ * j¡t
t3
.rì5 (r.
t7#
r
v)
'4
1012. And render to the kindred their due rights as (also) to those in want, and to the wayfarer: but squander noi (your wealth) in the manner of a spendthrift. (17:26) See also verse 30:38 at, 469 above.
at 589 above. See verse 58:4 at 1.001 above. See verse 51:19
at 768 above See verse 76:8 at 927 above. See verse6S:7
ti'-.í éi î,t- ,t- isj ,i (t . t r) ,a.F It
W
,^tji li fif*"1:i
3I2
Economic Parameters
1013. Or the giving of food in a day of privation, to the orphan with claims of relationship, or to the indþnt (down) in the dust. (90:14-16)
4: The Impact of Private Distribution See verse 2:26L
.ilt
at 64 above.
et,-r ;t4.t Jrø 3H- i-+Ít ,,pS (r.r ¿)
tfit .r;tí ¿r3 Vvi iy.z * W. ôþ q ibr¡ þ
ff
i'¡
qfj
fl.iÁ d/ W- ¿,:tÉ,*.+
1014. And the likeness of those who spend their substance, seeking to please Allalh and to strengthen their souls, is as a garden, high and fertile; heavy rain falls on it but makes it yield a double increase of harvest, and if it receives not heavy rain, light moisture sufficeth it. Allah seeth well whatever ye do. (2:265) "rf
f i iirr3 o;iat U.;-'t lill
iill ,J-¡ (''. to)
'i ,lk
Ë't
1015. Altah will deprive usury of all blessing, but will give increase for deeds of cha^rity; for He loveth not creatures ungrateful and wicked. (2:276) See also verse 30:39 See verse 57:L8
at
at 72L above.
442 above.
PART N-TRADE (CASH & CREDTT) Tlade is one of the economic activities which is expressly approved in the Qur'ãn and, at places, termed Allah's /adr (blessitrg). tì-h* b".o made permissible even during the journey of Lrajj andJust before or after prayet ($alõ,t).llade broadly covers purchase aná sale. A contract of sale may be made by a minor or person of week intellect but the document of deferred payment is to be recorded by a guardian or attorney. one basic category of business ethics which the Qur'ãn emphasises is correctness in weight and mea"sure. It condemns deliberate manipulation in weights and measures but condones unintentional reduction. The frequent wa,rning against bakhs isapplicable to a reduction in quantity as also to the speciûed quality of goods that the seller had agreed to transfer. The eur'ãn warns ihutlhi, pr""tice has destroyed many a prospering trading community. The eur'ãn also disapproves of misleading publicity and advertising which create a false impression on the consumer. while most of the references to trade found in the Qur'ãn can be taken to imply sole proprietorship, there a¡e a few which point to partnership business with similarity existing in the rights of partners. There are also indications in the Qur'ãn to suggest that partnership requires equality in social status and thus a slave is denied the right to join his master as a partner. A combination of goods also seems to be a cha¡acteristic of partnership. The Qur'ãn wa,rns believers to guard against misappropriation by one partner or the other. Together with pa,rtnership made by contract we also come across the situation of partnership by compulsion or what is termed shirlcah bi'I-milk. Business assets of a deceased person will be inherited by his survivors who automatically become business partners in the property. Appearing along with the approval of prompt payment for and __ delivery of goods is also discernible complete code oi credit sale in the Qur'ãn. It advises that such a transaction should be written, a couple of witnesses should a,ffix proof of their presence and, if the customer is unknown a pledge may also be made. This pledge will be treated as a trust redeemable on repayment of loan. The loan deed in the case of credit sale will be written or dictated by the debtor. If a third person is the scribe of the document he is warned to write the conditions faithfully as have been willingly accepted by the debtor.
Economic Parameters
3L4
N-TRADE(CASH & CR,EDIT) 1: Its Approval in the Qurtãn
r3!i
t: ú i¿ ti* oi åÇ *
uf ;ry¡S
(r.rr)
"/! iill tt,ftv í:' +¡ ,; i¿i Cltt i-Ål ,o,tirr e ç c; {oti ¡:c
1016. It is no crime in you if ye seek of the bounty of your Lord (during pilgrimage) Then when ye pour down from (Mount) Arafat, celebrate the praises of Allah at the sacred moument, and celebrate His praises as He has directed you, even though, before this, ye went astray. (2:198) See also verse 2:275
ittt
at 703 above.
#t 'í¡ Irrl iw V { b3ì ,iil q:q (r.tv) 'q>ut
ù, i-,. ô&-
itlt +1t ,¡¡t 'í¡
'í3 s'r.Åt 'i3
út*rs *S
1017. O ye who believe! violate not the sanctity of the symbols of Allah, nor of the sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlands that mark out such animals, nor the people resorting to the sacred house, seeking of the bountry and good pleasure of their
Lord. (5:2) See also verse L6:L4 See verse 17:66
at 40L above.
at 8 above.
+f
ü; þ.*s itr ,þj- o1 dì .r: (r. t,r) ¿:# fÚt Y s" t i,a$ -¡! .íråt 6--1's e" 1018. Among His Signs is this, that He sends the winds, tidings, giving you a taste of His (grace the ships may sail (majestically) by His mercy that and) Command and that ye may seek of His bountry: in order that ye may be grateful. (30:46) as heralds of glad
EcoNorvrrc Guronr,r¡¡ss IN THE Qun'Ãx
æ w.t:
315
úr!l é 6ñv áþt ,rt¡t llf (r.rr)
ô# íüW iirt 5Yrt3 it
1019. And when the prayer is finished, then may ye disperse through the land, and seek of the bountry of Allah: and celebrate the praises of Allah often (and without stint): that ye may prosper. (62:10)
2: Business Ethics See verse 6:152
at 483 above.
(r. ¡i u drr !r.þt cÉ itt ç¡,, ritíi U'; ils v.¡ úr4r¡ .l-fr Úrú ítS ú e ít'+ "t ô3-,1 ll ¡ 'r-i. qirll ,t- \'ú 'í3 r'ful¡-rl útlll lt-;;'.; {e
wtl {oIfSv
É!ç>l..l
1020. To the Madyan people We sent Shu'ayb one of their own brethren: he said: "O my people! worship Allah; ye have no other god but Him. Now hath come unto you a clear (Sign) from your Lord! Give just mea.sure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due; and do no mischief on the ea¡th after it has been set in order: that will be best for you, if ye have
Faith. (7:85)
q.¡, étli 6tú ib (r.v r) ¡í u rÌtt 63+t cF- itt ils ii it úr4r¡ i[
tþ
*,
*
Ct-çlió
;
f*,3ci
LO?L. To the Madyan people (We sent) Shu'ayb, one of their own brethren: he said: "O my people! worship Allah: ye have no other god but Him. And give not short measure or weight: I see you in prosperity. But I fear for you the Penalty of a Day that will compass (you) all round. (11:84)
316
Economic parameters
tÉ i:
þ4u, úr4r¡ jç
t$i .'A3 (r.vv)
u-# t'rlt .i !Èt .i3.i;þ ¡úr
1022. "And O my people! give just measure and weight, nor withhold from the people the things that are their due: Commit not evil in the land with intent to do mischief. (11:85)
,4i
djlJl ../,ú.4! V:s {
l¡J
jsl
,i3! {r,rr)
\,;
'í"-tv ¿,o-i3 1023. Give full measure when ye -"ur.ri", and weight with a balance that is straight: that is the most fitting and the most advantageous in the final determination. (17:35)
ü'jl jÉ
!eiþt3 (r.v¿)
LO24. And shun the word that is false. (22:80)
ü¿È"Jt
b V;rJ.i¡ jÉr úri (r .yo)
LO25. "Give just measure, and cause no loss (to others by fraud). (26:181)
p:*ft
\'ry!
!y':: (r .vr)
LO26. "And weigh with scales true and upright. (26:\82)
€tll t
!¡.*,
'í¡ r.'t*t ¡Ult lÉ
.i3 (r. vv)
u'#
LO27. "And withhold not things justly due to men, nor do evil in the land, working mischief. (26:138)
ül4l .¡
p; ii (r.y,r)
1028. In order that ye may not transgress (due) balance. (55:18)
ór4t
t
#
{: }*4! 3:jt t*.ls(r.vq)
1029. So establish weigh with justice and fall not short in the balance. (55:9)
Ecoxo¡r¡rc Gutpsl¡Nps IN THE Qun'ÃN
ôjF- ,tât &
!íurr
rr1
Uú
\LT
w¡i¿t: i-3
(r'r')
1030. Woe to those that deal in fraud- (83:1) Those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, exact full measure. (88:2)
¿:È- ej:Sri éjf
r3J3
(r .r r)
1031. But when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than due. (83:3)
3: Ban on Misleading Publicity See verse 16:96
at 611 above.
¡,ll
U'r2,t¡-
{ ,rir¡ (r .rr)
1032. Those who witness no falsehood. (25:72)
ôF- {u ó,jr4 crf't¡ (,' .rr) 1033. And that they say what they practise not? (26:226)
4: Joint Venture
(1) Støtus of pør'tners
úiít
t
¡" íÅi f ii*
ú rt'
ft;(s
t
rÉ
i3
(t.rÐ fJ ç3c
fb:t u "¡ ;Vi ,; f:qi JHCé çilr ,y^ otV þ"ÀÃ #
\
irtl,
1034. He does propound to you a similitude from your own (experience): Do ye have pa,rtners among those whom your right hands possess, to share as equals in the wealth, we have bestowed on you? Do ye fear them as ye fear each other? Thus do We explain the Signs in detail to a people that understand. (30:28)
318
Econom,ic Pørameters
(2) Combi,natåon of goods
W
3!s 7u-- JI Á+.) 1Éi
a;it
Sl
|t& ;tai rà jti (r .ro)
f."þ
Éë. æ;í,tui*r
.i
1035. (David) said: "He has undoubtedly wronged thee in demanding thy.(single) ewe to be added to his (flock of) ewes; truly many are the partners (in business) who wrong each other: not so do those who believe (38:2a)
(3) Precøutôons See verse 38:24
at 678 above.
Q) Pørtnership by ríght of property ( shi,rkah.mötk)
l¡ # É i ot fit-rri d¡ u U. íJr(r.rr) V,wj- *s *¿. ê ,fi V ¿lr & i¡-, # ,tç ít oc o!í ii¡ f "* i ,t fri V ¿tr #s c_+i u-;s\ v ú*i *s ,f fj t2. .i5t f i¡s f+ ¿rî ,1 ë '¿S ät"bi wf &iÅ ,Þ: ;,tí ols ¿ tYi d¡ .l,li ú, :ìr1 lif oF &At W *ts ç *S 3W 1n u,-'rs| V ,-r¿;- *S y¿.,o gÉ' "þ "{ iirr3 dlr o!í
¿-¿.
1036. In what your wives leave, your share is a half, if they leave no child; but if they leave a child, ye get a fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what ye leave, their share is a fourth, if ye leave no child; but if ye leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts. If the man or ïyoman whose inheritance is in question, has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth but if more than two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies and debts; so that no loss is caused (to anyone). Thus is it ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-Knowing. Most forbearing. @:L2)
Econo¡r¿rc Guropr,nps rN THE
Qun'Ãu
319
5: Rules of Credit Transaction
#
F\ j)
çi
¿i
.¿l çt¡
(r.rt) ytt çJ-lr, +iç fq .-j#, t
r3t Éi A_;ir ¡rr .í¡
urn,
kjir_
u 4S ,Pt :-te alt Jlil¡ .rk$ 'at a; ui ttrl Vy ,pt *-t¿ aú úf o!¡ q¡ q ,.ry {3 í7
\'t ri:*\
'iÅ
drrJu,
,y ctvts "Êj,
.rt!t
t;;ÅLJ
¿i F- iri 4S J¡*r; ç ,M3 vñ- I oF pe: ¿,: u.-V
j':S ui;) M ¡i ,Ii¡¡rr j, úrbj
1037. O ye who believe! when ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties; let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah has taught him, so let him write. Let him who incurs the liability dictate, but let him fea^r His Lord Allah, and not diminish aught of what he owes. If the party liable is mentally deficient, or weak, or unable himself to dictate, let his guardian dictate faithfully. And get two witnesses, out of your own men. And if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that ifone ofthem errs, the other can remind her. The witnesses should not refuse when they a^re called on (for evidence). Disdain not to reduce to writing (your contract) for a future period, whether it
Economic Parameters
320
juster in the sight of Allah, more suitable as evidence, and more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves. But if it be a transaction which ye ca,rry out on the spot a,mong yourselves there is no bla,me on you if ye reduce it not to writing. But take witnesses whenever ye make a commercial contract; and let neither scribe nor witness sufier harm. If ye do (such harm), it would be wiclcedness in you. So fear Allah; for it is AUah that teaches you. And AUah is well acquainted with all things. (2:282)
it
be small or big:
t-
rt -2 t-t QþP,fJ
is
.
"þ
{
üli
(t'r¡)
1038. Ifye are on ajourne¡ and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession may (serve). (2:283)
PART O-LOANS AND TNTEREST/puBrrc DEBT This chapter deals only with obligations arising out of contracts of debt but not with the liabilities outstanding as a result of a non-debt contract like marriage, which calls for payment of dower whether contracted or not, or thosedealing with sale ofgoods, provision ofsurety, hire, or obligations that create a financial liability like outstandin! penalties, or expiation (haffãrah,) zakõ,t or .ushr. The Qur'ãn treats the act of lending more as a moral phenomenon than a purely economic activity. The well-to.do are repeatedly urged to lend money. The Qur'ãn asks the lenders not only to give up the amount of interest but also to reschedule their outstanding loans to the convenience of the hard-pressed debtor, preferably by remission of the balance if he is in distress. on the other hand, repayment of anything less than the amount borrowed is treated to be a wrongdoing on the part of the debtor as much as the charging of interest by the lender. The terms and conditions invorving a contract of debt like scribing a document, affixing witnesses, furnishing a pledge etc. as are laid down in the case of credit sale are also applicablã to a contract of debt. In the case ofan undischarged deceased person debt supersedes the right of inheritors.s The Qur'ãn views prohibition of interest in the context of its emphasis on infaq, çadaqah, virtuous roans (qar(, þasan) and ordinary trade transactions. The Qur'ãn points out that interest has been prohibited for all followers of the scriptures. The injunctions on prohibition are made in three diferent stages; in the first stage interest is simply denounced and compared with the noble institution of zalcat. This condemnation is also addressed to the Jews who, in spite of interest having been banned, had been induþng in interest-based transactions. In the second stage compound interest and interest with exorbitant rates is banned. The third and the last stage of condemnation is made in a very harsh tone and those dealing in transactions involving any rate of interest arê threatened with ** fro* Allah and His Messenger. The important fact to be noted is that the eur,ãn bans charging of interest. secondly the amount of interest that was charged before sThe
Qur'ãn states that the heirs will receive their sha¡es of inheritance after the fulfilmet of the will of the deceased and the repayment of loan. (4:rr-r2) There is a concensus ofjurists that the repayment ol lo* would supersede the
fulfilment of the s'ill.
322
Economic Parameters
complete prohibition is approved provisionally. It should further be noticed that the Qur'ãn does not define the nature of increase on a loan that is to be treated as interest.'Whether it is monetary increase or increase in terms of goods, propert¡ gifts and benefits that also can be included in the definition of increase is not defined. However, in order to ensure that the ban on interest does not a,ffect normal social relations between the Muslim individuals, an exemption in the application of interest is made to accommodate mutual exchange of gifts and feasts that were being practised among close friends. The Qur'ãn states that the practising of interes-based economy is contractionary in contrast with the economy which is based on philanthropic spendings and generosity.
O-PUBLIC DEBT_AN ANALOGY A very important point that should not be neglected is the Qur'ãnic approach to the position of debt contracted or committed by a person vis-a-vis his or her inheritors. The Qur'ãn rsarns that the debt should not be detrimental to the rights of inheritors. Although the Qur'ãnic treatment of such a debt seems to be directly relevant to the personal property of individuals, there is every reason to extend this limitation the power of the governments which enter into contracts of public debts at home and abroad. Such debts affect the whole nation and the generations to follow.
Ecotrorr¡tc Gumplntps rN THE Qun,Ãrrr
323
PART O_LOANS AND INTEREST L: Lending-A Moral Phenomenon
(1) Lender to shun önterest
,tÐt îyq uf
il
ltlr Ji &r rjl ,r",ó i.S ú
é
;Úl
úrtñ.í lilr
Jñ
Úú Êr"! .l!i .-i"1t ¡o
U,
i;V ,ír
,**i ,nr?, sv irj
V."Jt
rrll
c¡.lJi
(r.rq)
;'rlår âi:;Jt-
i?) ¿¡r drr ¡ø.i3
J
ôli:
ú iil ó:S w
,'^u,
1039. Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the evil one by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: ,'Tlade is like usuty.', But Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after reciving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past; their case is for Allah (to judge): But those who repeat (the offence) are companions of the fire: they will abide therein (forever) . (2:275)
U-Jt
U Gìr. t; !1313 iÌrr Ér t¡i .i¡J q:q (\.¿.)
'bç {
ol
1040. O ye who believe! Fear Allah, and give up what remains of your demand for usur¡ if ye are indeed believers. (2:278)
ii
ds g.yis
SII
õ vJ¿,tthti ti'É í o!í (r.¿ r)
ótir.t
i¡ ú ;¡r.í { pr5.i A,:: fS
1041. If ye do it not, take notice of war from Allah and His Messenger: But if ye turn back, ye shall have your capital sums; deal not unjustl¡ and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:279)
Econom'i,c Parameters
324
(2) I'ender to be lenöent ún hi's claôm
L^; tgs.tÅ itS
iÁ jtåF
te:'s úloi¡ (r. r) ¿
-:#,fJifi
Lo42.If the debtor is in a difficulty, it is easy for him to repay. But if ye remit it by way of charit¡ that is best for you if ye only knew. (2:280)
(fl
fender to remi,t the loan due on the i,nsolaent See verse 2:280
(Ð
at L042 above.
Warni,ng on defiønce of the ban
,.J
oli Ly:S Sl .i V?,Viti útÉ i,i!¡ (\.Ér) ú;ibj {¡ ú Jp'r { pt3"i Alt fS
1043. If ye do it not, that notice of war from Allah and His Messenger: But if ye turn back, ye shall have your capital sums; deal not unjustly, and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. (2:279)
(5) Borrotaer urged on full repayment See verse 2:279 at' 1043 above'
2: Terms and Conditions of a Credit Tlansaction
(1) Recordóng
,* FI jl +K oi .*-i
crn, fî{lít l5J tÉi a¡Ít kiU (r.¿r) +t¡ çJ-lt, +tç 14 \^K,$ 6#1t
i:
.j<¡t¡ t:t ^;s ui' LO44. O ye who believe! when ye deal with each other, in
transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing. Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties; let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah has taught him, so let him write. (2:282)
Eco¡,tourc Gumpr,¡ups IN THE eun'Ãn
(2)
325
Wótness
V* lúF Étáj u u--V !,i..i-t3 (r , o) t;;¡LJ ,p ¿i ¡"pt U Stbj é i,i¡tS U¡ ¿þ:
¿
V"
v, Itt
{lii¿l
+r¡
.ir .rÞ!t t;^U
}.iI
1045. And get two witnesses, out of your own men, and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, Such as ye choose for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her. The witnesses should not refuse when they a,re called on (for evidence). (Z:ZïZ)
(3) Redeernable 1þ3P^ c.1,
pled,ge
tl'i
,fJ
al r'HJ
t lçlJ¡*,=
q ibr
LO46. If ye are on a journe¡ and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession (may serve the purpose). And if one of you deposits a thing on trust with another, let the trustee (faithfully) discharge his trust, and let him fear his Lord. Conceal not evidence; for whoever conceals it
his hea¡t is tainted with sin. And allah knoweth all that ye do. (2:283) (,1,)
The case of indebted deceøsed
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-l l';. ,y ûi"tJ ¡)u õFJ ð úr
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Econom'i'c Parameters
326
IO47.If only daughters, two or more, their share is twothirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half' For parents, a sixth share ofthe inheritance to each, ifthe deceased left children; ifno children, and the parents are the (onty) heirs, the mother has a third; if the deceased left ùrothers (or sisters) the mother has a sixth' (The distribution in all cases is) after the payment of legacies and debts.
(
:11)
3: The Context of Prohbition of Interest
(1) Infõ'q: See verse 2:265 at' 686 above.
VfiB ,y ,i V t Sr* o1 i'";i 'i$t bt;\i eÉl f nW'¿ j;7t€"gt ê,5f "a-ltls üti ,$.Jf úti-lt 3U y. 3V*t WV 'S;;-L ":'5
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tirt
1048. Does any of you wish that he should have a garden with date palms and vines and streams flowing underneath, and all kinds of fruit, while he is stricken with old age, and. his children are not strong (enough to look after themselves)- that it should be caught in a whirwind, with fire therein, and be burnt up? Thus doth Allah make clear to you (His) Signs: that ye may consider' (2:266) See verse 2:267
at 54 above'
See verse 2:268
at 63 above.
i:l{ iÌll ug...t v i'rtlEu' ,, þi l;3(t'tr) .L ,âl ,¡
¡¡¡tl"tt- ú3
1049. And whatever ye spend in charity or devotion, be sure Allah knows it all. But the wrongdoers have no helpers. (2:270)
EcoNorr¡¡c Guronlr¡.¡ps rN THE eun,Ãu
uils
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327
tr.i,t ùl
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1050. If ye disclose (acts of) charity, even so it is well. But if ye conceal them, and make them reach those (really) in need, that is best for you: it will remove from you some of your (stains of) evil. And Allah is well-acquainted with what ye do. (2:27L) See
also verse2:272 at g88 above.
See verse 2:273
at g8g above.
See verse 2:274
at 55 above.
(2) $ødaqah: at 719 above. 30:39 at 72L above.
See verse 2:276 See verse
(3) Qør| '^)
þøsøn:
'^ilLþ tk
V¡ U þr- ,s:jl É ,i (r . o r) ô#-í *JS &S çra- it:t., írytju-i
1051. Who is he that will loan to Allah a beautiful loan, which Allah will double unto his credit and multiply many times? It is Allah that giveth (you) want or plenty and to Him shall be your return. (2:2A$ See also verse 57:l"L at,44L above. See verse 64:17
at 4gB above.
(,1,) Normøt trad,í,ng See verse 2:275
at 103g above.
4: Prohibition of Interest for the Scriptuaries See verse 4:161
at
715 above.
E e,o n om'i,
328
c
5: Stages of Prohibition (1) Di,slöke
(2)
See verse 4:L61
at 7L5 above.
See verse 30:39
at 72'L above.
Prohåbötöon
of comgnund önterest
See verse 3:130
at 452 above.
(8) Absolute bon See verse 22279 at' 104L above
G) Wørning agoönst defionce See verse 22275 at' 1039 above. See verse 2:279
at
1.04L above.
6: Debtor-Creditor Relationship See verse 2:279 af' 104L above. See verse 2:280 7¿
at
1.042 above.
Normal Social Relations ais-ó-ais Inüerest See verse 24:6L
at 689 above.
8: Impact of Interesü on the EconomY See verse 22276
at 719
See verse 30:39
at
9: Public
72L.
Debt-An Analogy
S"" .r"rr" 4:L2 at 592 above.
P aram eter s
