How Much Do You Remember? Biology Every Question needs to be answered in the order that they are listed below. The question does not need to be written but the answer should be in a complete sentence. They must be answered on another sheet of paper. This is a required assignment due the day of your exam.

Structure and Function of Living Organisms (18%22%) Bio 1.1 Understanding the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

What is the basic unit of life? Compare and Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (Use a chart) Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. (use a chart)Make sure to include general structures) Define autotroph and heterotroph. Define the function of the following organelles, included how the structure helps these organelles to perform that function. a. Cell Wall b. Plasma Membrane c. Nucleus d. Chloroplasts e. Mitochondria f. Ribosomes g. Lysosomes h. Centrioles i. Vacuoles How do the organelles listed in question 5 interact with one another to help the cell perform properly? What is DNA? How do the instructions that are found in DNA help the cell to become specialized? What are stem cells? 10. Where can you find stem cells? 11. Why are they so important? 12. What does it mean when we discuss the potency of stem cells? 13. What are specialized cells?

14. List the Functions for the following specialized cells: a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells c. Nerve cells d. Sperm cells e. Muscle cells f. Xylem g. Phloem 15. Review the proper use of the microscope and list the steps to figure out the total magnification.

Bio 1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system. 16. Define Homeostasis. 17. How is homeostasis maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments? Discuss things such as amount of water, pH, glucose levels and temperature. 18. What are buffers? 19. Why do cells use buffers? 20. What is active transport? 21. What is passive transport? 22. What is Diffusion? 23. What is Osmosis? 24. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane? 25. What is the importance of the plasma membrane? 26. What is osmotic pressure? 27. Define the terms isotonic solution, hypertonic solution, and hypotonic solution. 28. How do plant cells respond when they are placed in each of these solutions? 29. How do animal cells respond when they are placed in each of these solutions? 30. What is the difference between the cell cycle and cell division? 31. Describe the steps that are occurring during Interphase(Growth 1, Synthesis, Growth 2) 32. Briefly describe the process of mitosis with a sketch of each phase? 33. What is Cytokinesis? 34. What is the difference for plant and animal cells during cytokinesis? 35. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? 36. What is the difference between a unicellular organism and a multicelluar organism? 37. How do the following structures assist unicellular organisms in their survival for life; contractile vacuoles, cilia, flagella, pseudopods, and eyespots? 38. Define taxis. 39. What is the difference between chemotaxis and phototaxis?

ECOSYSTEMS (18%-22%) Bio 2.1 Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments 40. Explain the carbon Cycle. 41. How does the carbon cycle relate to the process of photosynthesis?

42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

55.

56.

57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

How does the carbon cycle relate to the process of cellular respiration? How does the carbon cycle relate to the decomposition process? How does the carbon cycle relate to climate change? Explain the nitrogen cycle. What are nitrogen fixing bacteria? What is the importance of nitrogen fixing bacteria to the synthesis of proteins and DNA? What is the greenhouse effect? How does the greenhouse effect relate to the effect that human have on the amount of atmospheric CO2? How do natural environmental process such as volcanic eruption and other geological processes affect climate? Explain how matter is recycled within ecosystems. What are energy pyramids? Which way does the energy flow in an energy pyramid? How do organisms who live on land accomplish the following? a. Transport and Excrete materials b. Respiration c. Obtain their nutrition d. Reproduce e. Grow f. Develop How do organisms who live in the water accomplish the following? a. Transport and Excrete materials b. Respiration c. Obtain their nutrition d. Reproduce e. Grow f. Develop Describe the following behavioral adaptations: a. Migration b. Estivation c. Hibernation d. Habituation e. Imprinting f. Classical conditioning g. Trial and Error Learning Define Symbiosis. Define the following symbiotic relationship; mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Give one example of the symbiotic relationships defined in #58. What are pheromones? How are pheromones used as a way of communication in the animal kingdom? How are pheromones used as a means of territorial defense? How do the patterns in predator/prey and competitive relationships help maintain the stability within an ecosystem? What does it mean for a population to have exponential growth? What is a carrying capacity? Be able to interpret various types of population graphs. Draw and explain an example of each: a. Human population growth graphs (indicating historical and potential future change)

67. 68.

69.

70.

71. 72.

b. Birth and death rates c. Effects of population size d. Effects of population density e. Resource use on the environment How can disease disrupt the ecosystem balance? Use all of the following to explain the questions above. You will need to define each and then explain how they disrupted the balance. a. AIDS b. Influenza c. Tuberculosis d. Dutch Elm Disease e. Pfiesteria Explain how humans have modified ecosystems in each of the following examples: a. Population growth b. Technology c. Consumption of resources d. Production of wastes Explain how the following factors have impacted the North Carolina ecosystem: a. Acid rain effects in the mountains b. Beach erosion c. Urban development in the Piedmont d. Waste lagoons on hog farms e. Kudzu as an invasive plant How have humans impacted the natural resources available today? Describe some successful conservation methods that are in use today.

Evolution and Genetics (43%-53% of the test) Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA 73. 74. 75. 76. 77.

What is DNA and explain the structure, base pairing and what holds it all together? What is RNA and explain the structure, base pairing and what holds it all together? What does complementary DNA mean? Define Homologous chromosomes. Define Mutation.

78. What is the difference is between a chromosomal mutation and a gene mutation is? Name them and give examples. 79. How are the following mutations different; additions, substitutions, and deletions? 80. How are frameshift mutations and point mutations different? 81. How does the environment effect the mutations that occur in nature? 82. Explain how, why, and what part of the cell cycle DNA is replicated?

83. What are the three types of RNA and what is the purpose of each?

Bio.3.2 Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic traits. 84. What is Meiosis (function and steps)? 85. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis (ex. Changes in chromosome number, asexual v. sexual, number of cell divisions, number of cells produced and so on…)? 86. What is the role of Meiosis in both sexual reproduction and genetic variation? 87. What is crossing over? 88. When does crossing over happen? 89. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis (ex. Changes in chromosome number)? 90. What type of cell would we find the traits caused by a mutation that would affect future generations? 91. How does the environment influence the expression of genetic traits? 92. Explain the ideas of dominant and recessive traits. How can a recessive trait show? 93. Explain how two tall plants have the same phenotype but not be the same genotype. 94. What is Nondisjunction? Describe a disorder caused by Nondisjunction. 95. Review monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Complete the following crosses. a. Tt x Tt b. TtBb x TTBb

T-tall t-short

B-black b- brown

96. Define and give one example for each of the following: a. Autosomal dominant b. Autosomal recessive c. Codominance d. Incomplete dominant e. Multiple alleles f. Sex-linked g. Polygenic traits 97. What is a pedigree and when is it used? 98. What is a Karyotype and when is it used? 99. Define the following genetic conditions; a. Sickle cell b. Colorblindness c. Cystic fibrosis d. Hemophilia e. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) f. Huntington’s Disease 100. Explain how genetics and the environment interact in determining a specific response from the following: a. Heart disease—diet/exercise and genetic interaction b. Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use

c. Skin cancer, vitamin D, folic acid, and sun exposure d. Diabetes(diet/exercise/genetic interaction) e. PKU and diet

Bio3.3 Understand the application of DNA Technology. 101. What is gel electrophoresis?(be able to interpret results) 102. How does the environment and genetics interact with one another especially in the manner it effects human health? 103. What are transgenic organisms? How are they important and how could they be harmful? 104. What is the Human Genome project? Why was it established? 105. What is gene therapy? 106. What are some ethical issues surrounding the following use of DNA technology: a. Cloning b. Genetically modified organisms c. Stem cell research d. Human Genome project 107. What is bacterial transformation and list the steps to this process? 108. Why would we use the process described in question 105?

Bio.3.4 Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as a mechanism for how species change over time 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121.

List and describe the types of evidence that scientist use to support the theory of evolution. How does natural selection influence the change in species over time? What were the conditions of the early earth? What was the atmosphere like (what was it made up of)? Who were Miller and Urey? What did Miller and Urey find through experimenting? Describe the experiment that they completed. What is the difference between organic and inorganic? What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic? What is speciation? What role does geographical isolation have in speciation? Explain how various disease agents can influence natural selection?

Bio.3.5 Analyze how classification systems are developed upon speciation. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126.

How are living organisms classified? How did the present day system develop to the present day system that is used? How are organisms named? What is a phylogenetic tree and how is it used? What is a dichotomous key and how is it used?

Molecular Biology (15%-19%) Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms 127.

128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134.

Compare the structure and function of the following organic molecules. a. Carbohydrates (glucose, cellulose, starch, glycogen) b. Proteins (insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin) c. Lipids (phospholipids, steroids) d. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) What is a nucleotide? When they are linked what do they form? What are the nitrogenous bases that are found in DNA? What are the steps in protein synthesis? Where do each of these steps happen in the cell What is a catalyst? What determines the function of a protein? Define activation energy. How do the pH and the temperature affect enzyme function?

Bio.4.2 Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell. 135. 136. 137.

What is the purpose for the process of photosynthesis? Where does it take place? What is the equation for photosynthesis? Identify the reactants and the products. How do the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? a. Temperature b. light c. amount of water 138. What is the purpose for the process of cellular respiration? Where does it take place? 139. What is ATP? 140. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Identify the reactants and the products. 141. How do the following factors affect the rate of cellular respiration? a. pH b. water c. light d. temperature 142. How do the two process listed above (photosynthesis and cellular respiration) work together? 143. What are the two processes that fall under anaerobic respiration? Explain each of those processes. 144. How does anaerobic and aerobic compare in the production of ATP?

Biology Structure and Function of Living Organisms

Describe some successful conservation methods that are in use today. ... What are some ethical issues surrounding the following use of DNA technology: a.

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