In: Babich, The Hallelujah Effect: Reflections on Music, Performance Practice, and Technology (Surrey: Ashgate, 2013; pbk. NY/London: Routledge, 2016)
&KDSWHU
2Q0DOH'HVLUHDQG0XVLF 0LVRJ\Q\ /RYHDQGWKH%HDXW\RI0HQ
“becoming a subject” 2QH FDQQRW WDON DERXW &RKHQ¶V Hallelujah RU LQGHHG PDQ\ RI KLV RWKHU VRQJV ZLWKRXWRIIHULQJDGLVFXVVLRQRIVH[6XFKDGLVFXVVLRQLQFOXGHVUHÀHFWLRQVRQORYH DQG(URVEXWLWDOVRLQFOXGHVDSDUWLFXODUVHQVLELOLW\ZLWKUHVSHFWWRORYHZKLFKLV VHHPLQJO\HQGHPLFWRSRSXODUPXVLFDVDUHÀHFWLRQRISRSXODUFXOWXUH ,Q KLV ELRJUDSK\ RI /HRQDUG &RKHQ ZKLFK²D QLFH FRQVRQDQFH LQ WKH FXUUHQWFRQWH[W²FRLQFLGHQWDOO\HQRXJKKDSSHQVWREHVXEWLWOHGHallelujah7LP )RRWPDQ GHIHQGV &RKHQ¶V FDVXDO PLVRJ\Q\ DV DXWRDIIHFWLRQ VHOIDEVRUSWLRQ DXWRUHIHUHQFHDQG)RRWPDQJHWVWKLVULJKWDOWKRXJKLWVKRXOGDOVREHVDLGWKDW WKLVNLQGRIDEVRUSWLRQFKDUDFWHUL]HVPDQ\PHQ ³7KHUHLVDOVRDGHHSWKUHDGRI VROLSVLVPLQKLVORYHO\ULFVLQWKDWLQVWHDGRIIRFXVLQJRQWKHZRPDQKHORYHV KLVDWWHQWLRQLVRQWKHORYHLWVHOIWKHWUDQVDFWLRQZLWKKLPVHOIDVSURWDJRQLVW,W¶V DOODERXW/HRQDUG´17KXVLWLVDOVRDOODERXWHYHU\7RP'LFNRU+DUU\ RU7LP ,Q WKLV ZD\ )RRWPDQ FDQ ZULWH RII IHPLQLVW FRQFHUQV ZKLFK KH GLVPLVVHV E\ XVLQJWKHJHQGHUHGZRUG³FRPSODLQ´ WKDWLVUDWKHUWKDQ³FULWLTXH´ WKDW&RKHQ ³REMHFWL¿HV ZRPHQ´2 E\ LQVLVWLQJ RQ &RKHQ¶V DXWRIRFXV ³7R &RKHQ WKH PRVW H[FLWLQJ WKLQJ²SHUKDSV HYHQ WKH VH[LHVW WKLQJ²DERXW WKH ZRPDQ LV ZKDW VKH UHYHDOVDERXWKLPKH¶VWKHRQHZKR¶VEHHQLOOXPLQDWHG´3 $QGLQGHHGDIWHUHPSKDVL]LQJDV)RRWPDQGRHVWKDW&RKHQLQHIIHFWEDFNV LQWR SRHWU\ DV D VHGXFWLYH VWUDWHJ\ WKHVH ZRXOG EH VR PDQ\ SLFNXS OLQHV RQ &DQDGLDQEHDWQLNVWHURLGV)RRWPDQFLWHV&RKHQ¶VODWHUUHPLQLVFHQFHVDOOFDQQ\ GLI¿GHQFHZKHQ&RKHQODWHUUHÀHFWV ³,ZURWHQRWHVWRZRPHQVRDVWRKDYHWKHP 7KH\EHJDQWRVKRZWKHPDURXQGDQGVRRQSHRSOHVWDUWHGFDOOLQJLWSRHWU\:KHQ LWGLGQ¶WZRUNZLWKZRPHQ,DSSHDOHGWR*RG´ &RKHQZDVERUQLQ OLNHP\RZQIDWKHU WKLVKHOSVPHORFDWHWKHGDWH DQG WKXV,FDQSRLQWRXWWKDW&RKHQLQWUXWKZRXOGKDYHEHHQWRR\RXQJWRKDYHEHHQ DSURSHUSDUWRIWKHEHDWQLNHUDDQGVRLWJRHVZKHQRQHPLVVHVRQHJHQHUDWLRQ² KHZDVDOVRDOLWWOHWRRROG LQIDFW IRUWKHKLSS\JHQHUDWLRQWKDWKHQHYHUWKHOHVV 7LP)RRWPDQLeonard Cohen, Hallelujah: A New Biography 1HZ0DOGHQ6XUUH\ &KURPH'UHDPV 2 ,ELG 3 ,ELG /HRQDUG&RKHQTXRWHGLQLELG 1
MRLQHG RQ WKH IRON PXVLF VLGH7RR ROG WR EH ³WUXVWHG´ DV RQH VDLG DW WKH WLPH &RKHQZDVLQ 1HYHUWKHOHVV OHW¶V QRW IRUJHW -RKQ 'RQQH¶V WLPHOHVVO\ DSSHDOLQJ HURWLF SRHWU\²ZULWLQJSRHWU\WRSXUVXHZRPHQLVQHLWKHUQHZQRUUDUH2QHFRPHVRQ WRWKHODGLHVRQHVHGXFHVWKHPSHUKDSVRQHHYHQPDUULHVRQHEXWRQHFRQWLQXHV WR FRPH RQ WR RWKHU ZRPHQ ULQVH DQG UHSHDW DJDLQ DQG DJDLQ ZLWK WKH NLQG RIMXVWL¿FDWLRQWKDWGHSHQGVXSRQWKHDEVHQFHRIDQ\UHDOUHFRJQLWLRQDQ\UHDO relationWRZRPHQDVVXFKDSDUWIURPWKHFROOHFWLYLW\WKDWwomenDUHIURPWKH SRLQWRIYLHZRIPDQ\PHQ$WKLVEHVWDQGKHVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQJRRGDWWKLV /HRQDUG &RKHQ UHODWHG WR ZRPHQ DV VH[ REMHFWV DQG WKDW DOVR PHDQV WKDW KH UHODWHGWRKLVZLIHZKHQKHPDUULHGDVGRPRVWPHQ DQGQRWRQO\(PPDQXHO /HYLQDVRU0DUWLQ+HLGHJJHU WKDWLVWRVD\QRWDWDOOGLUHFWO\EXWREOLTXHO\YLD KLVFKLOGUHQDQGHYHQWXDOO\VRLWJRHVZLWKZLYHVDQG¿UVWORYHVIRUJHWWLQJWKHP DOWRJHWKHUDVKHPRYHGRQ 7KXV )RRWPDQ LQ VSLWH RI KLV HQWKXVLDVP IRU ZKDW KH HDUO\ RQ FDOOV &RKHQ¶V ³WHVWRVWHURQH´LQGXFHG FUHDWLYLW\ H[SUHVVHV VRPH GRXEWV DERXW WKH DXWRELRJUDSKLFDOFKDUDFWHURI&RKHQ¶VIs This What You Wanted? DVFRQWDLQLQJ ³D FRXSOHW µ
,ELG $V)RRWPDQJRHVRQWRQRWH ³&RKHQUDUHO\DOORZHGKLVUHODWLRQVKLSVWR LQWHUIHUHZLWKKLVSXUVXLWRIRWKHUZRPHQQHLWKHUZDVKHDYHUVHWRFRPPHPRUDWLQJWKRVH HQFRXQWHUVLQKLVYHUVH µ,FRXOGJURZWRORYHWKHIXFNLQJLQ1HZ
QDWXUDOODQJXDJHRIZRPHQDQGLWVHHPHGWRPHWKDWLI\RXZDQWHGWRDGGUHVV ZRPHQ«\RXKDGWRGRLWZLWKWKLVKLJKO\FKDUJHGODQJXDJH
7KHGLVWDQFHLVWKHRQHWKDW1LHW]VFKHHPSKDVL]HVDQGWKHGLVWDQFHFRYHUVDFHUWDLQ DOLHQDWLRQIDVFLQDWLRQDQDPELYDOHQFHZKLFKUXQVWKURXJKRXW&RKHQ¶VSuzanne DQGZKLFKWRJHWKHUZLWKKLJKUHOLJLRXVWRQDOLW\DOVRIRUPVWKHKHDUWRI&RKHQ¶V Hallelujah +HUHIRUPDOO\VSHDNLQJLWLVUHOHYDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKHUHIHUHQWIRUWKHVHFRQG SHUVRQVLQJXODUSURQRXQyouYDULHVDVLWIXQFWLRQVLQWKHVHWZRVRQJV7KXVWKH youWKDWVSHDNVLQSuzanneLVWKHVLQJHU¶VRZQVHOIVXQJEHWZHHQWKHVLQJHUDQG WKHVHOYHVRIKLVFRPSDWULRWOLVWHQHUVZKRNQRZZKDWKHPHDQVyouPHDQLQJ\RX WKH PDOH OLVWHQHUDQGWKHVLQJHU\RXZKRDUHDQGKDYHEHHQVXEMHFWVRIGHVLUH VXEMHFWVRIVDOYDWLRQ WKXVWKH\RXWKDWVLQJVDQGWKH\RXWKDWKHDUVyou have no love to give herLVDOVRWKHRQHWKDW6X]DQQHJHWVon her wavelengthQRWWKURXJK ZKDW VKH VD\V VKH GRHVQ¶W UHDOO\ VSHDN half crazy DV VKH LV ZKLFK LV DOVR WKH UHDVRQWKH\RXWKDWLV&RKHQRUWKHOLVWHQHUVZKRLGHQWLI\ZLWKKLPDUHDEOHWR spend the night beside her&RKHQ¶VOLVWHQHUVKDYHEHHQWKHUHDQGXQGHUVWDQG WKH\ DOVRXQGHUVWDQGKRZ²DWOHDVWIRUWKHVSDFHRIWKHPRPHQW EXWWKLVLVKRZZH KDYH(URVLQWKH¿UVWSODFHWKLVLVKRZ3HQLDVHGXFHV3RURV ²LWLVDOUHDG\DJLYHQ thatDVWKHVRQJFRQWLQXHVyou’ve always been her lover $QGPDOHDQGIHPDOHZHDOOOLVWHQZLWKPHQ¶VHDUV &RKHQ¶V you LQ Suzanne DV WKLV UHIHUV WR WKH VLQJHU KLPVHOI WDNLQJ WKH SHUVSHFWLYH RI -HVXV¶V WRXFK RI 6X]DQQH¶V WRXFK LV QRW WKH VDPH you LQYRNHG ZKHQZHJHWWRKLVHallelujah: You don’t really care for music, do ya" This youVWLQJVZLWKUHSURDFKWKLVyouLVDWDUJHWLWLVWKHREMHFW7KLVyou LV QRW WKH VLQJHU QRW WKH OLVWHQHU WKLV LV DQ RWKHU RQH ZKR ODWHU XQGHUJRHV XQZDQWHG FKDQJHV IURP WKH time you let me know WR WKH WLPH QRZ ZKHQ you never show it to me, do you? This you ÀLHV D ÀDJ RQ D PDUEOH DUFK RU ZDQWVWRZHDUVLWVKHDUWRQLWVVOHHYHWHOOLQJRWKHUVWRRPXFKHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQ RQHLVDOUHDG\WKLQNLQJRIRWKHUFRQTXHVWVLove is not a victory march7KLV \RXLVIHPDOHJHQHULFDOO\LQHOXFWDEO\VR7KLVLVERWKWKHZRPDQZKR RQO\ VSHDNVSRHWU\DQGWKHZRPDQZKR³JHWVROGDQGZULQNOHG´ZKLOH&RKHQVWD\V ³VHYHQWHHQ´DQG,VKDOODUJXHWKDWVLQJLQJWKHVRQJDVDZRPDQDVNGODQJ VLQJVLWDVDUJXDEO\RQO\NGODQJFDQVLQJLWPDNHVDOOWKHGLIIHUHQFHIRUWKH VRQJ)RULWLVLPSRUWDQWWRDGGWKDWPRVWRIWKHZRPHQZKR³FRYHU´&RKHQ¶V VRQJGRQRWLQIDFWGRWKLV WKH\WDNHWKHPDOHYRLFHRUSRLQWRIYLHZZLWKRXW WDNLQJLWIRUWKHLURZQ WKH\VLQJWKHOLQHVWKH\GRQRWPHDQWKHP%XWNGODQJ FDQDQGWKLVLVKHUPRGHGRHVPHDQWKHPDVVKHLVVLQJLQJWKHVRQJ(YHU\ ZRUG%\FRQWUDVWDV,KDYHQRWHGWKDWLWPDWWHUVWKDWNGODQJFDQVLQJ&RKHQ¶V VRQJLWLVVLJQL¿FDQWWKDWZKHQ5HQpH)OHPLQJVLQJVLWVKHFXWVKLVVRQJGRZQ WR LWV EDUHVW HVVHQWLDOV VR WKDW WKHUH LV DOPRVW QRWKLQJ WR PHDQ NHHSLQJ WKH FKRUXVDVWKHNH\DOLWHUDOO\ELWHVL]HDQGQRWLQFLGHQWDOO\SDWHQWDEOHYHUVLRQ
&RKHQTXRWHGLQLELG
RIDSRSXODUVRQJSHUIHFWO\WLPHGIRUVKRUWZDONRQVRQJELWHVRQWHOHYLVLRQ VKRZVDQG
1LQD 6LPRQH IRUHJURXQGV WKH KLJK DUW KLJK PXVLF WHQVLRQ WKDW +XOORW.HQWRU HPSKDVL]HVLQKLVGLVFXVVLRQRI$GRUQR DV LQFUHDVLQJO\HFOLSVHG WRGD\\HWLWLV WKLVWKDWPDGHDOOWKHGLIIHUHQFHIRUKHU%\QRPHDQVDQDFFLGHQWDOEOHHGLQJRYHU IURP KHU EDFNJURXQG IRUPDWLRQ LQWR KHU SHUIRUPDWLYH DUW ZKDW 1LQD 6LPRQH DFFRPSOLVKHVFDQQRWWKXVEHGLVFRYHUHGRUWHDVHGRXWYLDDQH[WHUQDOPXVLFRORJLFDO DQDO\VLVKHUHRUHOVHZKHUH7KLVLVDQHWHUQDOWUDMHFWRU\WREHH[SHULHQFHGERWKIRU
6HHWKHPRUHH[WHQGHGGLVFXVVLRQRI1LQD6LPRQHEHORZ 6HHIRUDGLVFXVVLRQRI6LPRQH¶VRZQEDFNJURXQGLQKLVWRULFDOFRQWH[W5XVVHOO$ %HUPDQ³6RXQGV)DPLOLDU"1LQD6LPRQH¶V3HUIRUPDQFHVRI%UHFKW:HLOO6RQJV´LQSound Matters: Essays on the Acoustics of German CultureHG 1RUD0$OWHU 2[IRUG %HUJKDKQ ±KHUH 1LQD6LPRQHZLWK6WHSKHQ&OHDU\I Put a Spell On You: The Autobiography of Nina Simone 1HZ
WKH SHUIRUPHU LQ SUDFWLFH DQG IRU WKH DXGLHQFH WKDW LV WR VD\ LW LV DQ HPHUJHQW SKHQRPHQDDVVXPLQJWKDWLWFRPHVWRSUHVHQFHDWDOO7KXV6LPRQHUHÀHFWV WKHRQO\ZD\,FRXOGVWDQGSOD\LQJLQWKH0LGWRZQZDVPDNHP\VHWDVFORVH WRFODVVLFDOPXVLFDVSRVVLEOHZLWKRXWJHWWLQJ¿UHG7KLVPHDQW,KDGWRLQFOXGH VRPHSRSXODUPXVLFDQG,KDGWRVLQJZKLFK,KDGQHYHUWKRXJKWRIGRLQJ7KH VWUDQJHWKLQJZDVWKDWZKHQ,VWDUWHGWRGRLWWREULQJWKHWZRKDOYHVWRJHWKHU , IRXQG D SOHDVXUH LQ LW DOPRVW DV GHHS DV WKH SOHDVXUH , JRW IURP FODVVLFDO PXVLF10
:KHQLWFRPHVWRKHU SHUIRUPDQFHRI&RKHQ¶VSuzanne116LPRQHGRHVWKLV WR WKH SULPDO EHDW RI D SDLU RI FRQJD DQG ERQJR GUXPV QRW XQOLNH ZKDW 6XVDQ 0F&ODU\FKDUDFWHUL]HVDVD³SKDOOLFEDFNEHDW´12LQKHUGLVFXVVLRQRI0DGRQQD,Q WKLVSHUIRUPDQFHWKHUHLVDVPDOOOLIHEHDW 6LPRQHJHWVLQVLGHRIWKHVRQJWXUQLQJ LWDQGWKHOLVWHQHULQVLGHRXW,QWKLVZD\³JHWWLQJ´²WRXVHWKHWHUP%HQQHWWXVHV² ZKDW%HQQHWWDOVRFDOOVZLWKDGHWHUPLQDWLYHSDUWLFOH³WKHPXVLF´136LPRQHDOVR VHHPVWRXVHDOOWKHUHVRXUFHVRIJUDFHDQGVSLULWXDOLW\HYHQ V VWRQJXH LQFKHHNWKHJODPRURIK\SQRWLVP +HDULQJ NG ODQJ VLQJ Hallelujah ZKHQ , ¿UVW KHDUG LW ORRNLQJ DV , KDYH IUHHO\ FRQFHGHG DERYH QRW IRU NG ODQJ KHUVHOI EXW IRU ³WKH´ DXWKHQWLF RU RULJLQDOYHUVLRQWKHRQHVXQJE\&RKHQKLPVHOIDQGWKXVIRUWKHVDNHRIZKDW, VXSSRVHGWREHWKHVRQJDVVXFKRULQLWVHOIZKDW,KHDUGLQNGODQJZDVPRUH WKDQ,KDGLPDJLQHG,ZDVORRNLQJIRU LWZDVWKHVRQJLWZDVWKHO\ULFWKHPXVLF RI&RKHQ¶VHallelujah :KDW LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH KHUH KHQFH WKH IRFXV RQ ³WKH VHFUHW FKRUG´ LV WKDW &RKHQ¶V Hallelujah LV D VRQJ DERXW LWV RZQ SURJUHVVLRQ DQG DV D VRQJ DERXWLWVHOILWGLDJUDPVWKHDUFKLWHFWXUHRILWVPXVLFIURPWKHVWDUWLQWKHZRUGV WKHPVHOYHVDVDVRQJ,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWWKLVSDUWLFXODUSRLQWDERXWPXVLF DQGZRUGVLQ&RKHQ¶VVLQJLQJwouldEHUHPDUNDEOHLILWZHUHQRWLPSODXVLEOH IURPWKHVWDUW,WLVEHFDXVH/HRQDUG&RKHQGRHVQ¶WTXLWH³VLQJ´DVFULWLFVOLNH WRVD\WKDWLQIDFWLWLVQRWGLI¿FXOWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHZRUGVWKDWKHVLQJV KLVLV QRWWKDWNLQGRIPXVLF$WWKHVDPHWLPHDQGIRUWKHVDPHUHDVRQWKHFKRUGFDQ JRPLVVLQJ:LWKNGODQJVLQJLQJWKHZRUGVWKHPVHOYHVWKHVRQJLWVHOIEHJDQ WRPDNHDOOWKHGLIIHUHQFH /LVWHQLQJ WR &RKHQ KLPVHOI LW LV QRW GLI¿FXOW WR VHH ³WKURXJK´ WKH VRQJ LWV DUWL¿FH RUFDOOLWDUWIXOQHVV 1RUDUHKLVZRUGVDGYDQFHGE\DFDOFXODWHGO\YXOJDU ,ELG ,ELG 12 6XVDQ 0F&ODU\ ³/LYLQJ WR 7HOO 0DGRQQD¶V 5HVXUUHFWLRQ RI WKH )OHVKO\´ LQ Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality 0LQQHDSROLV 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD 3UHVV ± 13 + 6WLWK %HQQHWW On Becoming a Rock Musician $PKHUVW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0DVVDFKXVHWWV3UHVV 10 11
RYHUWO\DQGVHOIFRQVFLRXVO\PDVFXOLQHWRQDOLW\ GLGLWPDWWHUWKDW&RKHQ¶V7RURQWR FRPSRVLWLRQV ZRXOG EH ZULWWHQ LQ WKH ZDNH RI WKH FRQWDJLRXV VXFFHVV RI 6HUJH *DLQVERXUJ¶Vje vais et je viens LQWKHVRQJKHVLQJVZLWK-DQH%LUNLQJe t’aime, moi non plus WKDWLVWKLVLVVHOILQGXOJHQFHTXDUHOLJLRXVHURWLFLVP 7KLVGLGQRWPHDQWKDW,ZRXOGQRWDFNQRZOHGJHWKDWMXVWWKLVFRQIHVVLRQZRXOG IRUPDQ\EHWKHWKHRORJLFDOKHDUWRIWKHVRQJLWVHOI,WZRXOGVHHPWKDWWKHUHLV QRWKLQJ OLNH PHQWLRQLQJ WKH KRO\ GRYH ZKHUH WKH FKXUFK LWVHOI KDV EDQQHG WDON RIWKHJKRVWLQIDYRURIWKHVSLULWDQGGRLQJVRLQWKHVDPHFRQWH[WWKDWLQVSLUHG *DLQVERXUJ
Voice: k.d. lang, Laurie Anderson, and Madonna ,WDPRXQWVWRWKLV MXVWDVIRUWKHDQFLHQWVWKHUHZDVDQDEVROXWHYHUWLFDOZLWK UHIHUHQFHWRZKLFKWKHREOLTXHZDVGH¿QHGVRWKHUHLVDQDEVROXWHKXPDQW\SH WKHPDVFXOLQH 6LPRQHGH%HDXYRLU
NGODQJ¶VYHUVLRQRI&RKHQ¶VHallelujahRIIHUVDQHQWLUHZRUOG³FLQHPDWLF´DV VKHKHUVHOIVD\VEXWRQHWKDWDVVKHZDONVLQWRWKDWZRUOGRSHQVWKHPHDQLQJRI WKHVRQJWKHYHUVHVHDFKZRUG,IWKLVVXUHO\SRLQWVWRWKHLQÀXHQFHRIKHUZRUN ZLWKWKH*HUPDQ/$EDVHG¿OPPDNHU3HUF\$GORQERWKLQKLVSalmonberries DQGLQKLVGLUHFWLRQ LQWKHVDPH\HDU RIODQJ¶VPXVLFYLGHRRI&ROH3RUWHU¶V So in LoveLWLVDOVRFOHDUWKDWWKHYLGHRSHUIRUPDQFHWKDW,DPWDONLQJDERXW LQLVMXVWQRWWKDWNLQGRI¿OPLFYLGHR1RULQGHHGLVKHUSHUIRUPDQFHRI &RKHQ¶VHallelujahLQDQ\RIKHUOLYHFRQFHUWVDQ\NLQGRIFLQHPD1HYHUWKHOHVV DV,DPWROGWKDW.DWKDULQH+HSEXUQVD\VWR+XPSKUH\%RJDUWLQThe African Queen ³QHYHUWKHOHVV´ NG ODQJ tells VKH lives D VWRU\ LQ WKH VRQJ VKH VLQJV LQZKDWVKHGRHVRQVWDJHDQGPDQLIHVWO\WKLVLVD¿OPLFFRQVFLRXVQHVVHLWKHU ZRQIURPRUFRQYHUJHQWZLWKWKHH[SHULHQFHRIKHU\RXWKIXOZRUNZLWK$GORQ DV$GORQKLPVHOIDWWHVWV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKLVFRQVFLRXVQHVVLVDOVRVRPHWKLQJ WKDWEHORQJVWRWKHVLQJHU¶VDUWDQGZHDUHEDFNWRWKHH[WUDRUGLQDU\FRKHUHQFH RU LQWHJUDWLRQ RI WKH SRS FXOWXUH LQGXVWU\ DV +RUNKHLPHU DQG $GRUQR KDG HPSKDVL]HGIRUXVDWWKHVWDUW +HQFH WKH H[SHULHQFH WKDW NG ODQJ KDG DV D \RXQJ DFWRU ZLWK D WUDYHOOLQJ FRPSDQ\ LQ &DQDGD LQFOXGLQJ SUHWW\ PXFK WKH VDPH FULWLFDO UHVHUYDWLRQV DV IROORZHG KHU SHUIRUPDQFH LQ Salmonberries DOVR OHG KHU WR GLVSOD\ DQ H[WUDRUGLQDU\ DSWLWXGH IRU IROORZLQJ GLUHFWLRQ ZKHQ LW FDPH WR FRQYLFWLRQ DQG
6LPRQHGH%HDXYRLUThe Second SexWUDQV+03DUVKOH\ 1HZ
EHOLHI,IVKHLVDQ\WKLQJDV3HUF\$GORQXQGHUVFRUHGNGODQJLVDTXLFNVWXG\ 7KXV(LOHHQ6ZHHQH\DSKLORVRSKLFDOIULHQGDQGFROOHDJXHZKRVSHFLDOL]HVLQWKH KHUPHQHXWLFVRIPHGLHYDOSKLORVRSK\ZLWKDQHZERRNRQ$QVHOPDQGDQRWKHU VWXG\RI%RHWKLXV$EHODUGDQG$ODLQRI/LOOHDQGZKRDOVRKDSSHQVWRSHUIRUP UHJXODUO\LQ%RVWRQFKRUDOJURXSVUHVSRQGLQJWRDTXHU\RIPLQHZLWKUHJDUGWR NGODQJ¶V-XQRYLGHRUHFDOOHGKHURZQPHPRU\RIEHLQJSDUWRIDFKRUXV ZKHUH WKH PXVLF GLUHFWRU LQVLVWHG WKDW WKH\ VLQJ LW ³OLNH WKH\ EHOLHYHG LW´ +HU SRLQW WR PH DV , XQGHUVWRRG KHU ZDV WKDW WKLV GLG PDNH D GLIIHUHQFH DQG WKDW DVIDUVKHFRXOGWHOOVKHKDGQHYHUVHHQDQ\RQHZKRGLGWKDWTXLWHWRWKHH[WHQW WKDWNGODQJGRHV (LOHHQ6ZHHQH\¶VREVHUYDWLRQFRUURERUDWHVWKHDQDO\VLVRQ RIIHU EHORZ HYHU\ ZRUG LV HQXQFLDWHG HYHU\ ZRUG FRPHV WR OLIH LQ NG ODQJ¶V SHUIRUPDQFH$QGQRWHWKDW,VD\³SHUIRUPDQFH´KHUHMXVWEHFDXVHZKDWNGODQJ LVGRLQJJRHVEH\RQGVLQJLQJDOWKRXJKLWLVIDLUWRVD\WKDWRQHFDQQRWEHJLQWRJR EH\RQGVLQJLQJXQOHVVRQH¶VVLQJLQJLVDVNGODQJ¶VVLQJLQJLVLQGHHG²DQGWKLV LVWKH¿UVWDQGODVWWKLQJFULWLFVVD\DERXWKHU²LQFRQVXPPDWHYRLFH :KHUHNGODQJJRHVLQKHUSHUIRUPDQFHSUDFWLFHLVWRDYHULWDEOHHPERGLPHQW LQFRUSRUDWLRQ WKDW LV D SK\VLFDO DQG HYHQ SK\VLRORJLFDO inhabiting RI &RKHQ¶V VRQJ$OWKRXJKWKLVLVKDUGO\KLVUHIHUHQFHWKLVLVWKHSRLQWWKDW&KDQDQPDNHV ZKHQ KH FRQWUDVWV WKH VLQJHU¶V WHFKQLTXH KHUH DV LQVWUXPHQW DV WKLV PDNHV WKH GLIIHUHQFHIRUbel cantoDQGWKHGLIIHUHQFHDJDLQEHWZHHQDVLQJHUOLNHWKHODWH 'DPH-RDQ6XWKHUODQGDQG0DULD&DOODV $V D VLPSOH GHVFULSWLRQ WKH WHUP bel canto LV QH[W WR XVHOHVV 1RZDGD\V LW LV VRPHWLPHVHPSOR\HGWRGLVWLQJXLVKDFHUWDLQVW\OHRIVLQJLQJ²WKHSXUHSLWFKHV DQG QLJKWLQJDOH WULOOV RI -RDQ 6XWKHUODQG VD\²DQG D FHUWDLQ UHSHUWRLUH² 'RQL]HWWLDQG%HOOLQLUDWKHUWKDQ0RXVVRUJVN\DQG:DJQHU,QWKLVVHQVH5RVVLQL ODPHQWHGWKHORVVRIbel cantoDVORQJDVWKHVZKHQRUQDPHQWHGFRORUDWXUD
9LFWRULD6WDUUPDNHVWKLVSRLQWLQKHUHDUO\NGODQJELRJUDSK\K.D. Lang: All You Get Is Me 1HZ
EHJDQWRJLYHZD\WRDPRUHGUDPDWLFVW\OHRIH[SUHVVLRQLQPLGGOHSHULRG9HUGL %XW LQ WKH QH[W EUHDWK -RDQ 6XWKHUODQG LV FRPSDUHG WR 0DULD &DOODV WKH ¿UVW PRGHUQVLQJHUWRUHYLYHWKHFODVVLFbel canto«,WLVQRWMXVWWKDW&DOODVNQHZ KRZWRDFWDQG6XWKHUODQGGLGQ¶WEXWWKDW&DOODVFRXOGDFWZLWKKHUYRLFHDQG that is bel canto20
&KDQDQKHUHJRHVRQWRDQDO\]HERWKWKHKLVWRU\RIbel cantoDQGLWVUHYLYDOEXWKH SRLQWVWRWKHDQDWRP\RIWKHYRLFHEH\RQGWKHWKURDWWRWKHERG\LWVHOIDQGLQGHHG WRDSDUWLFXODUDZDUHQHVV²DQGNGODQJKDVWKLVDZDUHQHVV²RIWKHPLFURSKRQH ZKLFK&KDQDQH[SUHVVHVLQWHUPVRILWVFRQWUDGLFWLRQIURPH[RWHULFSRLQWRIYLHZ21 +HUHZHFDQWDNHWKDWIXUWKHUWR NGODQJDQGLQFOXGLQJWKHparlandoGHVFULELQJ IRU &KDQDQ DPRQJ RWKHUV 1LQD 6LPRQH DV DOUHDG\ GLVFXVVHG DERYH DV ZHOO DV %LOOLH +ROLGD\ (OYLV 3UHVOH\ DQG (GLWK 3LDI &KDQDQ ZULWHV WKDW WKLV YRFDO DFKLHYHPHQW³LVXQLPDJLQDEOHZLWKRXWWKHPLFURSKRQHWRZKLFKWKHFORVHVWWKLQJ ZLWKRXWLWLVVLQJLQJTXLHWO\WRRQHVHOI´22 7KLVVDPHNLQGRI³PLFURSKRQHFRQVFLRXVQHVV´DOWKRXJKDIXOOGLVFXVVLRQPXVW ZDLWIRUWKHFKDSWHURQ$GRUQRLILWZLOOEHHQJDJHGXVLQJRWKHUWHUPLQRORJ\HQWDLOV WKDW &KDQDQ¶V SRLQW DERXW ³VLQJLQJ TXLHWO\ WR RQHVHOI´ LV DFWXDOO\ D practically PXVLFDOSRLQWLQHYHU\WHFKQLFDOVHQVH7KLVLVZKDWFDUULHVWKHVRXQGLQWKHFDVHRI SRSXODUPXVLFRIWKHNLQGZHKHDURQWKHUDGLRWKHNLQGZHSOD\LQWKHUHFRUGLQJ FKDPEHUOLNHVRXQGER[WKDWLVWKHDXWRPRELOHZKHQGULYLQJ PXFKPRUHWKDQWKH VKRZHU SHRSOHVLQJLQWKHFDUDVPXVLFLDQVVLQJLQWKHVWXGLRZLWKEDFNXSLQWKHLU HDUV LQ WKH VRXQGLQJ VSDFH WKDW LV WKH FDU ZLWK RQH¶V ZLQGRZV UROOHG XS²ZLWK ZLQGRZVUROOHGGRZQWKHSRLQWZLOOEHWRVKDUHZKDWHYHULVSOD\LQJRQWKHUDGLR LGHDOO\ZLWKDFXVWRPVRXQGV\VWHPWRPDWFKLQRUGHUVHHPLQJO\WRLQFOXGHDV PXFKRIWKHQHLJKERUKRRGDLUVSDFHDVSRVVLEOH 5HFRUGLQJDQGPLFURSKRQH DQG ORXGVSHDNHU WHFKQRORJ\PDNHVDOOWKHGLIIHUHQFHIRUWKHNLQGRIYRFDOPXVLFWKDW FDQ EH SURGXFHG DQG WKDW RQH FDQ LPSRVVLEO\ LQ VRPH FDVHV VHHN WR UHSOLFDWH DQG NDUDRNH SURYHV SDUW RI WKLV23 ,Q KLV DQDO\VLV &KDQDQ PRYHV RQ WR %DUWKHV 0LFKDHO&KDQDQMusica Practica: The Social Conventions of Western Music from Gregorian Chant to Postmodernism /RQGRQ 9HUVR 21 ³$ ZKROH WUDGLWLRQ RI SRSXODU VLQJLQJ IURP FURRQLQJ WR ERVVD QRYD´ &KDQDQ Musica Practica 22 ,ELG 7KLVLVUHODWHGWRLVWKHVDPHDVWKHQRZLQFUHDVLQJO\GLJLWDOPDQLSXODWLRQ RI YRLFH$ QLFH WHVWLPRQ\ WR WKLV FDQ EH VHHQ LQ D %HUOLQ QHZVSDSHU GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH &DQDGLDQVLQJHU*ULPHV &ODLUH%RXFKHU ZKRLVWKXVFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVD³JHQXLQHµVLQJHU WUDFNZULWHU¶´0DUWLQ%|WWFKHU³:LUVLQGGLH5RERWHU:LHLQGHU3RSPXVLNPLWGHU6WLPPH H[SHULPHQWLHUWZLUG´Tagesspiegel 0D\ 23 6HH RQ WKLV WRSLF WKDW GHVHUYHV PRUH WKDQ D IHZ ERRNV RI LWVRZQ DPRQJ RWKHU VWXGLHV$OODQ)0RRUHEHJLQQLQJZLWKKLV³$QDOL]]DUHLOURFN VWUXPHQWLH¿QDOLWj´Musica realtà -XO\ ±DVZHOODVKLVRock: The Primary Text $OGHUVKRW $VKJDWH FKDSWHUDQGSDUWRIFKDSWHUDQGKLVSong Means: Analysing and Interpreting Recorded Song $OGHUVKRW $VKJDWH HVSHFLDOO\FKDSWHUV±6HHWRR0RRUH¶V³8 20
DQGWKHFRPSOH[WLVVXHRIDVVRFLDWLRQVWKDW%DUWKHVEULQJVWREHDURQKLVUHÀHFWLRQ RQYRLFHZKHUH&KDQDQDGGVVLJQL¿FDQWO\LQWKLVFRQWH[WWKDW³RXUUHODWLRQWRD IDYRULWHYRLFHLVYLUWXDOO\HURWLF´ 9LUWXDOO\LQGHHGZKHQNGODQJ VLQJV Hallelujah DQG GURSVWKHQRWHLQWKH PLGGOHRI WKHODVWHallelujah LQ WKH¿UVW FKRUXV WR WKHGHOLJKWHG VTXHDOVRI WKH DXGLHQFH DQG DJDLQ DW WKH WKLUG \RX JHW VRPH RI WKDW YLVFHUDO UXVK DQG WKLV LV TXLWHLQGHSHQGHQWRIZKHWKHURQHLV³DWWUDFWHG´WRNGODQJRUQRW DQGMXGJLQJ IURPGLVVRQDQWFRPPHQWVRQKHUYLGHRRQ
KDYHEHHQZHOOSDVWZHOOSRVW&DJHPXVLFDOO\VSHDNLQJLQDSHUIRUPDQFHWKDW WDNHV³VORZ´WRWKHOLPLWRIQHDUO\HYHU\RQHHOVH¶VWROHUDQFHDVVKHDOVRXVHVXWWHU VWRSVPRUHVLOHQWWKDQ-RKQ&DJH¶VRZQLQKHUSRSXODUVRQJV LIRQO\EHFDXVH ZLWKGLJLWDOUHFRUGLQJVRQHFDQKDYHZKDWDPRXQWVWRWRWDOVLOHQFH OLNHWKHVWRS RU FDHVXUD LQ Sexuality ,QWULJXLQJO\ 0F&ODU\ RIIHUV D ZRQGHUIXO DQDO\VLV RI VLOHQFH KLJKOLJKWLQJ WKH H[WUDRUGLQDU\ FRQÀXHQFH RI SHUIRUPDQFH DUW ZLWK WKH PXVLFDOGLPHQVLRQRI/DXULH$QGHUVRQ¶VJHQXLQHO\HSRFKDODQGMXVWDVJHQXLQHO\ LQVXI¿FLHQWO\FHOHEUDWHG ³KLWVLQJOH´ O Superman
³,GRQ¶WKDYHWRVD\WKDWEXWWKLVZDVEHIRUHJDUEDJHEDJVZHUHLQ«QRWIRUJDUEDJH EXWIRUFORWKHV%XWDQ\ZD\,¶YHGUHVVHGXSLQJDUEDJHEDJVDQG,KDYHWKLVWDPEXUD´KHUH ODQJGHVFULEHVWKHZLGWKRIWKHLQVWUXPHQWZLWKKHUDUPVUDLVHGDQGRXWVWUHWFKHG³ZKLFKLV OLNHWKHVLWDUEXWLW¶VWKHGURQHLQVWUXPHQWLQHDVWHUQPXVLF´DQGKHUHODQJGHVFULEHVDVPDOO FLUFOHZLWKKHUOHIWKDQGDQGZLWKWKLVSDXVHFRQWLQXHV³DQG,VHWLWKDOIZD\DFURVVWKH VWDJHDQGHQWHUHGIURPWKLVVLGHRIWKHVWDJHDQG,OLWHUDOO\FUDZOHGOLNHreally slowOLNH pullingP\VHOIDFURVVWKHÀRRUlike that´KHUHZLWKKHUDUPVFURVVHGUHVWLQJRQDJUDQG SLDQRDVLILWZHUHDFROOHJHGHVNODQJPLPHVWKHDFWLRQRISXOOLQJKHUVHOIDFURVVWKHÀRRU ZLWK D FHUWDLQ LQWHQVLW\ ³DQG , FUDZOHG DFURVV WKH VWDJH DQG P\ IULHQGV LQ WKH DXGLHQFH DQG,KDGZHKDGSUHGHWHUPLQHGWKLVWKDWWKH\ZRXOGVWDUWGRLQJVRPHWKLQJ,OHIWWKDW XS WR WKHP , WKRXJKW WKH\¶G KDYH DODUP FORFNV EXW WKH\ VWDUWHG WKLV SULPDO UK\WKPDWLF WKLQJ « DQG , FUDZOHG YHU\ YHU\ YHU\ VORZO\ DFURVV WKH VWDJH DQG , FUDZOHG EDVLFDOO\ SDVW WKH WDPEXUD DQG , UHDFKHG EDFN DQG , WRXFKHG LW DQG , FUDZOHG RII WKH VWDJH DQG WKDW ZDV WKH HQG RI WKH SHUIRUPDQFH´ ³8PKPP´ VDLG 3HWHU *]RZVNL WKH LQWHUYLHZHU ³8PKPP´DQVZHUHGNGODQJOur Stories LQWHUYLHZZLWKWKHODWH3HWHU*]RZVNLRQ WKH&DQDGLDQ%LRJUDSK\&KDQQHO 6HH6XVDQ0F&ODU\³7KLVLVQRWD6WRU\0\3HRSOH7HOO 0XVLFDO7LPHDQG6SDFH $FFRUGLQJWR/DXULH$QGHUVRQ´LQFeminine Endings±KHUHII 0F&ODU\³/LYLQJWR7HOO´ 30 ,ELG
REVHUYHVWKDW ³DIWHUWKLVHVFDSHUHFRQWDLQPHQWSURFHVVKDVRFFXUUHGDFRXSOHRI WLPHVWKHERWWRPVXGGHQO\GURSVRXW,WVRXQGVDVWKRXJKWKHSLHFHKDVHQGHGLQ WKHIRUHRUGDLQHGGHIHDWRIWKHYLFWLP²VKHZKRLVRIIHUHGRQO\WKHVHFRQGSRVLWLRQ VORWLQWKHQDUUDWLYHVFKHPD´31 7KHSRLQWIRU0F&ODU\LV0DGRQQD¶VVXEYHUVLRQRIWKHVDPH³WRQDOQDUUDWLYHV RI WKH PDVFXOLQH FDQRQ´ DOUHDG\ DGYHUWHG WR DERYH WKXV 0F&ODU\ REVHUYHV WKDW ³,QKHUOLYHSHUIRUPDQFHDWWKLVSRLQW0DGRQQDVLQNVWRWKHÀRRUDQGOLHV PRWLRQOHVV IRU ZKDW VHHPV DQ LQWHUPLQDEOH OHQJWK RI WLPH´32 ,Q WKH OLYH YLGHR YHUVLRQVDYDLODEOH IURP1LFH7XULQDQG7RN\R 0DGRQQDGRHVQRWDFWXDOO\IDOO EXWVKHGRHVVLQNGRZQRUVLPSO\ZDONVORZO\WKURXJKZKDW0F&ODU\GHVFULEHVDV ³VLOHQFHH[FHSWIRUWKHORZOLIHOHVVV\QWKHVL]HUGURQHRQ'´330F&ODU\¶VDQDO\VLV PDNHVWKLVZRUN 0DGRQQD¶VWDOHLVQRWDERXWDWULXPSKEXW³WHOOV´ZKDWDPRXQWV WR DPELJXLW\ ZKHUHE\ VXFK VXEYHUVLRQ ORRNV OLNH GHIHDW EXW LV WKH XOWLPDWH DFFRPSOLVKPHQWRIWKHVXUYLYRULQRUGHUWREHDEOHWRWHOOWKHWDOHWKDWLQWUXWK 0DGRQQD QHYHU WHOOV ZKLOH²WKXV WKH DFKLHYHPHQW²PDQDJLQJ QRQHWKHOHVV WR KDYHDWDOHWRWHOO)RU0F&ODU\WKLVZRUNVLQDQGWKURXJKWKHPXVLF $VVKHVLQJV³,I,UDQDZD\,¶GQHYHUKDYHWKHVWUHQJWK´VKHVLQJVRYHUDEDVV WKDW PRYHV XS DQG GRZQ LQGHFLVLYHO\ EHWZHHQ ' DQG $ PHGLDQW RI ) EXW GRPLQDQWRI' VXJJHVWLQJDEOXUUHGUHJLRQLQZKLFKERWKNH\VFRKDELW:KHQ WKHRSHQLQJGLOHPPDUHWXUQVVKHSUHYHQWVWKHUHFRQWDLQPHQWJHVWXUHRIWKH¿IWKV E\DQWLFLSDWLQJWKHLUUK\WKPLFPRPHQWRIUHHQWU\DQGMXPSLQJLQWRLQWHUSRVHWKH )PDMRUUHIUDLQLQVWHDG6RORQJDVVKHPDQDJHVWKXVWRVZLWFKEDFNDQGIRUWK VKHFDQGHWHUPLQHWKHPXVLFDOGLVFRXUVH7RVHWWOHIRUDQRSWLRQ²HLWKHURSWLRQ² LVWRDFFHSWDOLHIRULWLVÀH[LELOLW\LQLGHQWLW\UDWKHUWKDQXQLWDU\GH¿QLWLRQWKDW SHUPLWVKHUWR³OLYHWRWHOO´7KHSLHFHHQGVQRWZLWKGH¿QLWLYHFORVXUHEXWZLWKD IDGH$VORQJDVZHFDQKHDUKHUVKHFRQWLQXHVWRÀXFWXDWH
,WPD\EHEHFDXVHRIWKHVH[XDOJHQGHUHGYLROHQFHRULQGHHGLWPD\EHEHFDXVH RIWKHXOWLPDWHO\UDWKHUGLIIHUHQWSRLQWWKDWNGODQJPDNHVDVFRQWUDVWHGZLWK WKHSRLQWWKDW0F&ODU\PHDQVWRPDNHWKDW0F&ODU\FDQDUJXHWKDW0DGRQQD FRQWUROV ZKDW VKH GRHV SUHFLVHO\ LQ WKLV VRQJ ZLWK LWV LOOXPLQDWLRQ RI WKH FRQÀLFWV RI KHU UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK 6HDQ 3HQQ WKDW EURXJKW KHU LQGHHG WR IHHO FRPSHOOHG WR VLQJ WKH VDPH VRQJ FURZQHG ZLWK WKRUQV RQ D FURVV DQG DIWHU GHVFHQGLQJIURPWKDWFURVVQRWE\IDOOLQJWRWKHVWDJHEXWKHDGGURSSHGWRKHU EUHDVWOLNHDODWH5HQDLVVDQFH&KULVW¿JXUHIUDPHGLQ¿UH HYRNLQJQRWKLQJOHVV WKDQ-RKQQ\&DVK¶VSDHDQWRWKHSRZHURIHURWLFOXVWRing of Fire LQKHU YLGHRSHUIRUPDQFHRILW2QHFRXOGDUJXHWKDWWKHDPELJXLW\ZDVPRUHSDLQIXO WKDQ D VXEYHUVLRQ IRU LQKDELWLQJ ERWK PDVFXOLQH DQG IHPLQLQH VXEMHFWLYLWLHV 33 31 32
,ELG ,ELG ± ,ELG ,ELG
WRQDOO\ VSHDNLQJ DV 0F&ODU\ DUJXHV 0DGRQQD WKXV DJDLQ YHU\ GLDOHFWLFDOO\ ³LQKDELWV´ RU WDNHV XS PXVLFDO UHVLGHQFH LQ ³ERWK DQG WKXV UHIXVHV FORVXUH´ 2QFH DJDLQ MXVW WR WKH H[WHQW WKDW 0F&ODU\ ULJKWO\ FRQWHQGV WKDW LW PD\ EH DUJXHGZLWKRXWDVVXPLQJH[SOLFLWWKHRUHWLFDOGHOLEHUDWLRQRQWKHOHYHORIFULWLFDO RUPXVLFRORJLFDOWKHRU\RQ0DGRQQD¶VSDUWWKDW³0DGRQQDLVDVPXFKDQH[SHUW LQWKHDUHQDRIPXVLFDOVLJQL¿FDWLRQDVGH/DXUHWLVLVLQWKHRUHWLFDOGLVFRXUVH,W VHHPVFOHDUWKDWVKHKDVJUDVSHGWKHDVVXPSWLRQVHPEHGGHGZLWKLQWKHVHEDVLF PXVLFDOPHFKDQLVPVDQGLVDXGDFLRXVO\UHGLUHFWLQJWKHP´ %XW MXVW WR WKH H[WHQW WKDW WKLV LV FRUUHFW WKH RUFKHVWUDWLRQ RI 0DGRQQD¶V SHUIRUPDQFHVXJJHVWVWKHFRQWUDU\DQGWDNHVWKHVRQJEDFNDVGHFLVLYHO\ DV SRVVLEOH UHPRYLQJ LW IURP LWV DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK 6HDQ 3HQQ DOO WKH ZD\ WR FKDUJHVRIEODVSKHP\,WLVIRUWKLVUHDVRQWKDW,KDYHVXJJHVWHGDFRQWUDVWZLWK NGODQJ¶V Johnny Get Angry-RDQLH6RPPHUV¶VVRQJGRHVQRWWHOOXVWKDW VKHKDV³DWDOHWRWHOO ´PXFKUDWKHUVKHWHOOVLW VKHWHOOVXVVKHWHOOV-RKQQ\DQG DERYHDOOVKHWHOOVKHUVHOI makes me wish I were dead$V/RUL%XUQVDQDO\]HV LWSLFNLQJXSRQ0F&ODU\ODQJSOD\VERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHUROHVLQWKHVRQJ QRWLQJWKDWLQWKLVSDURGLFIDVKLRQODQJLVDEOHWRDFWDV³LQWHUSUHWHUWKURXJKRXW KHUSHUIRUPDQFHE\SOD\LQJERWKWKHUROHRI-RKQQ\¶VJLUOIULHQGDQGWKHUROHRI -RKQQ\´%XUQVJLYHVDWH[WXDOSHUIRUPDWLYHDQGPXVLFRORJLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ QRWLQJWKDWODQJXVHVV\QFRSDWLRQDQGWKHRXWRIV\QFVWRSVLQVXPLQRUGHUWR LQGLFDWHWKHVKLIWVLQZKDWVKHGRHV 7KXV ODQJ¶V SHUIRUPDQFH PLPHV EHLQJ VWUXFN VKH EHJLQV RQH WDSHG SHUIRUPDQFH E\ WKXPSLQJ KHUVHOI LQ WKH IRUHKHDG WR WKH PXVLF DQG DJDLQ LQ WKHFRXUVHRIWKHVRQJVRWKDWKHUFROODSVHDQG,IROORZ%XUQV¶VDQDO\VLVKHUH VXJJHVWVWKDWVKHKDVEHHQNQRFNHGRXWE\WKH³DQJHU´WKDWVKHKDVDWWKHVDPH WLPHLIRQHOLVWHQVWRWKHO\ULFVYHU\OLWHUDOO\YHU\H[SOLFLWO\VHHPLQJO\EHHQ FDOOLQJIRU $FKLOGLVEHLQJEHDWHQ$VNDQG\RXVKDOOUHFHLYH:KLFKFRQYHQWLRQLVRI FRXUVHDOPRVWWKHVFULSWIRUDQ\VFHQHRIGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHLQFOXGLQJUDSH6KH DVNHGIRULW7KLVLVDQGKDVEHHQLPSOLFLWLQWKHVRQJLWVHOIEHJLQQLQJZLWK-RDQLH 6RPPHUV¶VRULJLQDO UHFRUGLQJRI+DO'DYLG¶VVRQJ
,ELG ,ELG 6HH /RUL %XUQV ³µ-RDQLH¶ *HW $QJU\ NG ODQJ¶V )HPLQLVW 5HYLVLRQV´ LQ Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical AnalysisHG-RKQ&RYDFKDQG*UDHPH0%RRQH 1HZ
k.d. lang and the Beauty of Men ,I/HRQDUG&RKHQLVDSRHWWRHPSKDVL]HWKHSHUIRUPDQFHTXDOLWLHVRINGODQJ¶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³FKDQWHXVH´%XWVXUHO\WKLVLVQR PRUHWKDQDQRUGLQDU\MRXUQDOLVWLFVREULTXHWRQHPLJKWEHLQFOLQHGWRUHSO\ VXUHO\ WKLVPHUHO\ZRUNVE\ULI¿QJWKHDOOLWHUDWLYHSOD\RI³&DQDGLDQFKDQWHXVH´DQGWKH ELOLQJXDOFKDUDFWHURI&DQDGDWRERRWDQGZKDWHOVHGRZHKHDUZLWK$QJORSKRQH HDUVLQMiss Chatelaine"
7KLV LV WKH SRLQW RI 6WHYHQ /OR\G :LOVRQ¶V SDHDQ WR &RKHQ¶V Hallelujah ³7KH 0LQRU )DOO 7KH 0DMRU /LIW´ KWWS ZZZSDMLEDFRPPLVFHOODQHRXVWKHPLQRUIDOOWKH PDMRUOLIWSKS> (ULN6WHLQVNRJ³4XHHULQJ&RKHQ &RYHU9HUVLRQVDV6XEYHUVLRQVRI,GHQWLW\´LQ Play It Again: Cover Songs in Popular Music HG *HRUJH 3ODVNHWHV )DUQKDP 6XUUH\ $VKJDWH ±KHUH 7KHORFXVKHUHZRXOGEHLELGQRWH
/DQJLVDEOHWRVLQJ&RKHQ¶VHallelujahDVVKHGRHVEHFDXVHLQDYHU\LPSRUWDQW ZD\DV,DUJXHVKHLVDEOHWRWDNHRYHUhisYRLFHKLVSRHW¶VYRLFH&RKHQ¶VYRLFH asVLQJHU$QGWKDWDOVRPHDQVWKDWVKHWDNHV&RKHQ¶VSDUWDVVXEMHFW:KHUH&RKHQ VLQJVRIKLVGHVLUHKHVLQJVDVDPDOHZLWKDSDUWLFXODUKLVWRU\RIGHVLUHDKLVWRU\ TXLWH FRLQFLGHQWDOO\ QRW XQOLNH .LQJ 'DYLG¶V RZQ SHUVRQDO KLVWRU\ LQFOXGLQJ D WDOHRIFDODPLWLHVLQFXUUHGWKHUHE\DQGWKURXJKKLVDJHQF\RQWKHSDUWRIRWKHUV FDODPLWLHVWKDW'DYLG¶VRZQVXEMHFWLYHSHUVRQDQHYHURQFHWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQW $QG WKDW LQDWWHQWLYHQHVV LV WKH PDOH VXEMHFW¶V WULFN ,W LV WKH RQO\ WULFN PHQ QHHG , GR QRW VHH LW WKDW ZD\ UHSOLHV WKH VXEMHFW LQ UHVSRQVH WR D ³FRPSODLQW´ KHDULQJQRWKLQJRIZKDWWKHRWKHUVD\VFRQWHQW±ZLVHEXWKHDULQJRQO\DJLWDWRQH PRRG:HDUHEDFNWRIHPLQLVWUHDGLQJVRIJohnny Get AngryZKHQLWFRPHVWR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ PHQ DQG ZRPHQ$IIHFWLYHO\ VSHDNLQJ WKDW LV 7KXV Johnny Get Angry WHOOV D ZRPDQ¶V VWRU\ DQG WKH FRQYROXWLRQV WKDW IROORZ IURP DGRSWLQJDVVKHDGRSWVDPDOHSRLQWRIYLHZ ³RQHEHDWVWKHGRJRQHOLNHVEHVW´ DV1LHW]VFKHFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHVHOIMXVWL¿FDWLRQRIVODYHFRQVFLRXVQHVVRULQGHHG DVKHRULJLQDOO\SXWWKHSRLQWPRUHGLUHFWO\LQKLVHDUOLHUBeyond Good and Evil TXRWLQJKHUHDVKHGRHV³)URPROG)ORUHQWLQHQRYHOV²PRUHRYHUIURPOLIH Buona femmina e mala femmina vuol bastone²6DFFKHWWL1RY´ :HUHMHFWWKHFODLPWKDWERWKJRRGDQGEDGZRPHQneedEHDWLQJDQGSHUKDSV ZHKDGEHWWHUGRVRDVVRPDQ\IHPLQLVWUHDGLQJVKDYHKDGVRPXFKWURXEOHDOUHDG\ ZLWK WKH =DUDWKXVWUD TXRWH ³
7KHZULWHUVRIThe RulesHPSKDVL]HWKDWRQHFDQFRXQWHUWKLVE\VXSSUHVVLQJDQ\ WHQGHQF\LQWKLVGLUHFWLRQ+DUPRQ\LQWKHIDPLO\LVWKHUHVXOWWKHFRVWDVHYHUERUQHE\ WKHIHPDOHSV\FKH5HSUHVVUHSUHVVUHSUHVV 7KHEHVWRIWKHVHDVDOUHDG\FLWHGDERYHLVDJDLQ%XUQV³µ-RDQLH¶*HW$QJU\´ 1LHW]VFKHOn the Genealogy of Morals, 1LHW]VFKH.6$YRO 1LHW]VFKH%*( 1LHW]VFKH.6$YRO 1LHW]VFKH%*( 1LHW]VFKH.6$YRO
$V&RKHQGHVLUHVZRPHQDQGDOVRDQGWKLVLVSDUWRIWKLVDV&RKHQUHEXNHV WKH REMHFW RI GHVLUH IRU DQ\ UHVLVWDQFH WR WKH WUDMHFWRU\ RU GHVWLQLQJ RI ZKDW KH FDOOVORYH QRWRQO\but you don’t really care for music do yaEXWlove is not a victory march VRWRRNGODQJ$QGEH\RQGWKHFRPSOH[TXHVWLRQRINGODQJ¶V VXEMHFWLYLW\LWVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWPRVWZRPHQKDYHQRSUREOHPDWDOODVVXPLQJ WKHPDOHSRLQWRIYLHZERWKLQWKHPVHOYHVDQGRWKHUV2QHMXGJHVDVPHQGRRQH VHHVRQHVHOIMXVWDVPHQDQGDVRWKHUZRPHQGR$QGWKLVPDOHSRLQWRIYLHZLV WKHYLHZIRUZKLFKRQHGUHVVHVHYHQZKHUHDV6LPRQHGH%HDXYRLUQRWHVRQO\ ZRPHQWHQGWRQRWLFHIDVKLRQPDWWHUVVRPHWLPHVTXLWHFUXHOO\²WKLQNRIIDVKLRQ PDJD]LQHFULWLFV WKLQNDVNGODQJFHUWDLQO\KDVWKRXJKWRI-RDQ5LYHUV¶VFULWLFDO +ROO\ZRRGH\H $QGZRPHQGRVHHZRPHQDVDWWUDFWLYHDGPLULQJWKHPHPXODWLQJWKHP:KDW HOVHLVGHSLFWHGRQWKHFRYHUDQGZKDWHOVHLVRQWKHSDJHVRIVanity FairRUHYHQ 2SUDK:LQIUH\¶VPDJD]LQHO":RPHQ LQ2SUDK¶VFDVH2SUDK DUHWKHIRFXVRI ZRPHQ¶VPDJD]LQHV²WKLQNRIElleDQGVogueEXWDOVRRedbook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¶VLGHDOL]HGLGHDORIZRPHQQRW DV³SRHWV´EXWFHUWDLQO\DVWKHEHDXWLIXOVH[,QWKHVDPHZD\VSHDNLQJLQWHUPVRI WKHREMHFWRIGHVLUHZKDWHYHUKHURULJLQDOFODLPVWRDQGURJ\Q\NGODQJLGHQWL¿HV KHUVHOIWKHVHGD\VDQGIRUVRPHWLPHQRZDVOHVELDQ ,WLVQRWXQFRPPRQWR¿QGWKDWZRPHQGRQRWWKLQNPXFKRIPHQ¶VDSSHDUDQFH LQERWKVHQVHVRIQRW³WKLQNLQJPXFKRI´RUDERXW7KLVLVDPDWWHURIYDORUL]DWLRQ ZKHUHDVZRPHQDUHLQVWHDGYHU\FRQFHUQHGDERXWWKHLURZQORRNVDQGDERXWWKH ORRNVRIRWKHUZRPHQ+HQFHZLWKRXWSDXVLQJWRLQVSHFWWKHLUPDOHSDUWQHUWR QRWH KLV DSSHDO RU WR DVN WKHPVHOYHV ZKHWKHU KH ORRNV DWWUDFWLYH RU ZKHWKHU D FHUWDLQSDLURIWURXVHUVPDNHVKLPORRNIDWZRPHQDVNWKHLUSDUWQHUWRDGRSWWKH SRVLWLRQRIWKHXQLYHUVDOVXEMHFWWRVSHDNIRUHYHU\RQHLQJLYLQJKLVMXGJPHQWTXD VXEMHFWRQWKHLURZQORRNV'RHVWKLVGUHVVWKHVHMHDQV²VRJRHVWKHMRNHWKDWLV RIFRXUVHYLVjYLVZRPDQQRMRNHDWDOO²³PDNH´PHORRNIDW" 7KLV LQDWWHQWLRQ WR WKHLU RZQ ORRNV LV WR WKH GHFLGHG DGYDQWDJH RI PHQ TXD VXEMHFWDQGWKXVQRWDVREMHFWIRUZRPDQ WKDWLVQRWWKHUHIRUZRPHQ¶VGHVLUH 1RWEHLQJWKHIRFXVRIIHPDOHGHVLUHDOORZVRQHWREHGHVLUHGLQIDFWLQHVVHQFH justDVRQHLVDQGWKXVZHKDYHWKHQHZFDQRQRIWKHPDOHPRYLHVWDUIHDWXULQJ WKHNLQGRIQHEELVKORRNWKDWDOZD\VZDV WKLQNRI$GRUQR¶VH[DPSOHVRI+DUROG /OR\GDQG&KDUOLH&KDSOLQDQGZHFDQJRDKHDGDQGDGGDOOWKH0DU[EURWKHUVWR
6HH%DEHWWH%DELFK³*UHDW0HQ/LWWOH%ODFN'UHVVHVDQGWKH9LUWXHVRI.HHSLQJ 2QH¶V)HHWRQWKH*URXQG´MP: An Online Feminist Journal $XJXVW ±
WKHPL[ EXWLVWRGD\VWLOOPRUHGRPLQDQWLQ¿OP HVSHFLDOO\:RRG\$OOHQEXW DOVR$GDP6DQGOHU&KULV%ODFNDQGDVSDWHRIQHZJHHNVZKRVHQDPHV,GRQRW ZLVKWRUHPHPEHU ,QRWKHUZRUGV JHHNDQGQHUGGRPLVRNSURYLGHG\RXDUH PDOH QRWVRPXFKLI\RXDUHQRW ,QWKLVVHQVHSRSFXOWXUHKDVQRSUREOHPZLWKDVHULHVOLNHWKHL-WordMXVWDV PHQDUHSHUIHFWO\KDSS\WRZDWFKJLUORQJLUOSRUQ DQGVXSSRVHGO\KHWHURVH[XDO SRUQE\ZKLFK,PHDQSRUQWKDWLVVXSSRVHGO\PHDQWWRDSSHDOWRZRPHQDVZHOO DVPHQWHQGVEHLQJDVLWLVLQWUXWKPRVWO\IRUPHQWRIHDWXUHPHQZKRDUHRIWHQ VWXQQLQJO\XQDWWUDFWLYHDFDVWLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFWKDWGRHVQRWGHVFULEHSRUQRJUDSK\ GHVLJQHGIRUPDOHKRPRVH[XDOWKDWLVJD\HURWLF³FRQVXPSWLRQ´ 7KXVDQGVKHHUO\FRQWLQJHQWO\,KDYHDGLIIHUHQWVHQVLELOLW\,WLVWKLVVHQVLELOLW\ ZLWK UHJDUG WR PHQ WKDW EULQJV PH WR UDLVH GLIIHUHQW TXHVWLRQV DOWKRXJK LW DOVR PHDQVWKDWWKDWQHLWKHUWKHHWKRVQRUWKH(URVRINGODQJ¶VVH[XDOLW\WXUQVRXWWR EHPLQH DQGDWWKHVDPHWLPH,DGPLUHWKLVOLIHFKRLFHDQGDPFRQYLQFHGWKDWLW LVE\IDUWKHEHWWHUFRXUVHIRUZRPHQLQWKHFXUUHQWZRUOG :KDW,DPWKXVQRWLQJKHUHDVDNH\GLIIHUHQFHYLVjYLVNGODQJ¶VSHUIRUPDQFH SUDFWLFHDVDQDUWLVWDQGVLQJLQJ&RKHQ¶VVRQJDVVKHGRHVLVWKDWVKHVKDUHV²VKH GRHVQRWPHUHO\FKDQQHO²&RKHQ¶VVXEMHFWLYLW\ZKHQVKHVLQJVher beauty and the moonlight 7KHUHLVDSHUVRQDOSRLQWKHUHIRUPHDVWKURXJKRXWP\HURWLFOLIH,KDYH EHHQRQHRIWKRVHUDUH WKH\UHDOO\DUHUDUH ZRPHQZKRREMHFWLYHO\OLNHVPHQ eroticallyDVREMHFWV²ZKLFKLVQRWDWDOOWRVD\personallyWKDWLVDVPHQDFWXDOO\ DUHLQIDFWDQGLQWKHZRUOGLQWKHLUZD\VDQGLQWHUPVRIWKHLUFKDUDFWHUDVWKLV ZD\RIEHLQJLVRIWHQQRWVRYHU\QLFHDWDOOHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKHZD\ WKDWWKH\WUHDWWKHZRPHQLQWKHLUOLYHVIURPWKHLUPRWKHUVWRWKHZRPHQWKH\ ORYHEXWPXFKUDWKHUDQGYHU\H[DFWO\LQWHUPVRIWKHLUEHDXW\LQWHUPVRIWKH PDOHERG\DVVXFK ,LQFOXGHKHUHDVDQH[DPSOHWKDWFDQQRWUHDOO\ZRUNDVVXFKDQH[DPSOHDQG QRWMXVWEHFDXVHLWLVPDQLIHVWO\DJD\LFRQ-HDQ+\SSRO\WH)ODQGULQ¶VYoung Man Seated at the Sea’s Edge$SDUWIURPWKHKRPRHURWLFDHVWKHWLFWKHVXEMHFW KHUHLVDOVRYHU\PXFKDVKHLVWLWOHGWREH VHDWHGLQKLPVHOI+HGRHVQRWRIIHU KLPVHOIWRWKHJD]H QRWKLQJVH[XDOQRWKLQJRIHURWLFLQWHUHVWLVUHYHDOHG WKHSRVH LVWKHTXLQWHVVHQFHRIPRGHVW\7KLVVHOIVHFOXVLRQGRHVPDNHRIWKLVJHVWDOWDQRQ ULVTXpLPDJHDQGZKHQ)ULHGULFK1LHW]VFKHYLVLWV0HVVLQDKHZULWHVRIKDSSLQHVV DVKHGRHVWRKLVFRPSRVHUIULHQG+HLQULFK.|VHOLW] ZKRPKHFDOOV3HWHU*DVW UHIHUULQJWR³WKHGLYLQHEHDXWLHV´WKDWKHVHHVWKHUHEHDXWLHVWKDWWREHVXUHDOVR LQVSLUHGLQ)ODQGULQ¶VPRGHDFHUWDLQVW\OHRIKRPRHURWLFDQDPHO\:LOKHOPYDQ *ORHGHQ¶VCainoVHULHV6RPHVFKRODUVKDYHWDNHQWKLVWREHHYLGHQFHRI1LHW]VFKH¶V KRPRVH[XDOLW\LIHOVHZKHUH,DUJXHWKDWVXFKDUJXPHQWVDUHXQSHUVXDVLYHWRWKH H[WHQWWKDW1LHW]VFKHVWLOODQGDOZD\VSURWHVWVWRRPXFKDERXWZRPHQ DQGDERXW WKHLUXQIDLUQHVV DQGZLWKDODQGMXVWEHFDXVHRIWKHH[FHVVRIDWWHQWLRQKHSD\V ZRPHQWHQGVWRRIIHUKLVPLVRJ\QLVWLFMXGJPHQWVLQDUDWKHUPRUHKHWHURVH[XDO WKDQKRPRVH[XDOPRGDOLW\DOWKRXJKLWLVDOVRWUXHWKDWPLVRJ\Q\WHQGVWRFURVV VH[XDOSUHIHUHQFHDOOWRRVPRRWKO\
)LJXUH
-HDQ+\SSRO\WH)ODQGULQJeune Homme Assis au Bord de la Mer, 18363KRWR (ULFK/HVVLQJ$UW5HVRXUFH1<
0DOH HURWLFD OLNH DOO HURWLFD LV IRU PHQ LW LQYROYHV D FHUWDLQ DYDLODELOLW\ WRWKHYLHZHU¶VJD]HDQGWKRVHRIYDQ*ORHGHQ¶VLPDJHVWKDWKDSSHQQRWWREH PRGHOHGRQ)ODQGULQJLYHRQHDOOWKHIXOOIURQWDOQXGLW\RQHPLJKWZLVKZLWK ¿JXUHV RI QDNHG \RXQJ PHQ WKDW PDWFK VLPLODU HURWLF SKRWRJUDSKV RI IHPDOHV QXGHVRIWKHWLPH7KHSRVHVDUHQRGLIIHUHQWEHFDXVHWKHYLHZHUVDUHWKHVDPH PDOHLQRQHFDVHZLWKKRPRHURWLFLQWHUHVWVRUHOVHLQWKHFDVHRIYDQ*ORHGHQ¶V SKRWRJUDSKV²DQG KH SKRWRJUDSKHG ERWK \RXQJ PHQ DQG \RXQJ ZRPHQ² KHWHURHURWLFLQWHUHVWV /LNH WKH PDMRULW\ RI YDQ *ORHGHQ¶V PDOH QXGHV KLV IHPDOH QXGHV DQG HYHU\RQHHOVH¶VIHPDOHQXGHVDOOWKHZD\XSWRPlayboyDQGDQ\RWKHUPDJD]LQHRU ¿OPIHDWXULQJIHPDOHQXGLW\ WXUQWRDQGOLWHUDOO\³LQYLWH´WKHJD]HRIWKHYLHZHU ODFNLQJ ERWK VKDPH RU VHQVH RI VHOI ,W LV FOHDU WKDW WKHVH ZRPHQ ³ZDQW´ WR EH VHHQWKH\DUHWKHUHWREHVHHQWKH\H[LVWIRUWKHYLHZHUIRUWKHREVHUYHUDQGWKLV REVHUYHULVW\SLFDOO\DVVXPHGWREHPDOH²&LQG\6KHUPDQ¶VDUWKDVPDGHPXFKRI WKLVDVREMHFWO\DVSRVVLEOHDVKDYHRWKHUPRUHWKHRUHWLFDODQDO\VHV ,Q KLV EHDXWLIXO Only a Promise of Happiness: The Place of Beauty in a World of Art $OH[DQGHU 1HKDPDV SRLQWV WR :LOOLDP $GROSKH %RXJXHUHDX¶V Seated BatherDVDFRQYHQWLRQDOEXWIDUPRUHVHQVXDOYLVLRQRIZRPDQLQ
)LJXUH
:LOKHOPYDQ*ORHGHQCaino 3KRWR 3XEOLFGRPDLQ
DSLFWXUHWKDW1HKDPDVFODUL¿HVZLWKDJHQWOHDSRORJ\DV³SULPDULO\DSDLQWLQJ IRU PHQ´ H[SODLQLQJ WKDW WKH ³RSHQ SLFWXUH SODQH DQG VSDWLDO UHFHVVLRQ RI %RXJXHUHDX¶VSLFWXUHLVVXHDQLQYLWDWLRQWRWKHYLHZHUDQGHQFRXUDJHKLP«WR HQMR\WKHUDGLDQWVHQVXDOLW\RIWKH\RXQJZRPDQ¶VÀHVKVRIWDQGEULJKWDJDLQVW WKHGDUNDQGFUDJJ\EDFNJURXQG´
$OH[DQGHU1HKDPDVOnly a Promise of Happiness: The Place of Beauty in a World of Art 3ULQFHWRQ 3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ,WDNHWKLVGLVFXVVLRQVRPHZKDW IXUWKHU LQ %DEHWWH %DELFK ³7KH$HVWKHWLFV RI WKH %HWZHHQ 6SDFH DQG %HDXW\´ LQ Jeff Koons: The Painter and The Sculptor HG 9LQ]HQ] %ULQNPDQQ 0DWWKLDV 8OULFK DQG -RDFKLP3LVVDUUR )UDQNIXUW 6FKLUQ.XQVWKDOOH)UDQNIXUW ± 1HKDPDVOnly a Promise of Happiness
)LJXUH
:LOOLDP$GROSKH%RXJXHUHDXBaigneuse Accroupie6WHUOLQJ DQG)UDQFLQH&ODUN$UW,QVWLWXWH
$QGMXVWWRVSHDNSHUVRQDOO\KHUHDQGEHFDXVHVXFKWKLQJVDUHPDWWHUVRIH[DFWO\ SHUVRQDO LQFOLQDWLRQ , OLNH PHQ IDLUO\ LQ WKH ZD\ DV , ZRXOG VXSSRVH²DQG WKHUHDUHREYLRXVOLPLWDWLRQVWRWKLVFODLPDQGVRRIIHQGHGDUHZHDWWKHLGHDRI ZRPHQ¶VGHVLUHZLWKPHQDVREMHFWWKDWVRPHZLOOLPPHGLDWHO\GHFODUHWKDWVXFK WDON FDQ RQO\ prove WKH FRQÀLFWV RI P\ VH[XDO RULHQWDWLRQ²WKDW D KRPRVH[XDO PDQPLJKWVD\WKDWKHOLNHVPHQaesthetically-eroticallyVSHDNLQJ&HUWDLQO\LW LVIRUWKHVDNHRIWKHODWWHU DOPRVWLQHYHU\FDVHDVDQLGHDOUDWKHUWKDQDUHDOLW\ WKDWIRUPRVWRIP\OLIH,KDYHSXWXSZLWKWKHPHQWKDW,KDYHORYHG,PRXUQ WKHORVVRIWKH¿UVWER\,HYHUORYHGDOOEHFDXVHRIKLVORVWEHDXW\+HGLHG\RXQJ HYHU\WKLQJLQFRQVXPPDWHSXUHSRWHQWLDOXQVXOOLHGDQGXQVXOOLDEOHSHUIHFWLRQ DOO -RKQ.HDWV¶VGHVWLQ\DQGXQG\LQJSRZHUIRUP\VRXO
&RQYHUVHO\DVQRWHGDERYH,WKLQNWKDWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRTXDOLI\ZKDW,ZULWH KHUHWRWKHH[WHQWWKDWUDWKHUWKDQIHPDOHEHDXW\²DVERWKPHQDQGZRPHQDQG NG ODQJ ORYH IHPDOH EHDXW\², DP P\VHOI DQ HQWKXVLDVW RI PDOH EHDXW\ , OLNH PDOHEHDXW\²IDFHERG\HYHU\HURWLFDVSHFW$QGWKLVLVQRWH[DFWO\WKHXVXDO FRQYHQWLRQDOLW\ DOWKRXJK PHQ FDQ FHUWDLQO\²WKLV LV )RXFDXOW¶V SRLQW DERXW WKH DQFLHQWVLQKLVHistory of Sexuality²¿QGERWKEHDXWLIXOZRPHQDQGSUHWW\ER\V DWWUDFWLYH+HQFH6KHLOD:KLWHO\EHJLQVKHUGLVFXVVLRQRI³WKHG\QDPLFVRIGHVLUH´ LQSRSXODUPXVLFE\TXRWLQJWKH&KULVWLDQ6ODWHUFKDUDFWHULQWKH ¿OPTrue Romance ³0DQ(OYLVORRNHGJRRG
0\FROOHDJXHWKH1HZ
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¶V \RXWKIXOSHUVRQDVRXJKWWRFXOWLYDWHDFHUWDLQDQGURJ\QRXVRUPDVFXOLQHDHVWKHWLF DER\LVKEHDXW\DQGVKHGLGVRTXLWHH[SOLFLWO\WRWKHH[WHQWRIPL[LQJFRZER\ VKLUWVZLWKFRZJLUOVNLUWVDQGKRZHYHUPXFKWKDWFRQIRXQGHGKHUEURDGHUPXVLFDO DXGLHQFHNGODQJKDVDOVRDQGWRWKLVGD\QHYHUPDGHDVHFUHWRIWKHIDFWWKDWVKH LVVH[XDOO\DWWUDFWHGWRPHQ,QGHHGNGODQJstillVD\VVREXWZKDWLVDWLVVXHLQ HYHU\FDVHLVDQGUHPDLQVKHURZQORRNVQHYHUKHUVXEMHFWLYLW\QHYHUKHUGHVLUH QHYHU ZKDW VKH VD\V DQG VKH LV DZDUH RI WKLV +HQFH LQ DQ LQWHUYLHZ JLYHQ LQ VKHQRWHVLQDPDWWHURIIDFWIDVKLRQZKDWLVDOVRLQHYLGHQFHDQGQRWDOZD\V NLQGO\LQWKHFRPPHQWVPDGHRQKHUYLGHRSHUIRUPDQFHRQ
6HH IRU RQH VWDWHPHQW KHUH P\ LQWHUYLHZ SXEOLVKHG DV ³$Q ,PSRYHULVKPHQW RI 3KLORVRSK\´PurlieuVSHFLDOHGLWLRQ Philosophy and the UniversityHG'HQQLV(UZLQ DQG0DWW6WRU\ ± $UPFKDLUSV\FKRDQDO\VLVOLNHDQ\SV\FKRDQDO\VLVLVSUHFLVHO\DERXWLJQRULQJZKDW LVVDLGWRSURMHFWRQH¶VRZQEHWWHUNQRZLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLQVWHDG$OOWKHEHWWHULILWFRPHV IURPWKHPRXWK²WKLVLVWKHSURRIRIDVXFFHVVIXODQDO\VLVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWHUPVRIWKH SURIHVVLRQRIWKHVXEMHFWRIDQDO\VLV
UHWRUWDWWULEXWHGWRODQJLQUHSO\WRDUHSRUWHU¶VTXHVWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKH+HUE5LWWV SKRWRJUDSKRIKHULQSLQVWULSHGYHVWDQGWURXVHUVODWKHUHGIRUDVKDYHZLWK&LQG\ &UDZIRUG LQ D VZLPVXLW IRU WKH $XJXVW FRYHU RI Vanity Fair $V )LRQD 6WXUJHVUHPLQGVXVLQDUHFHQWLQWHUYLHZZKHQ³DVNHGE\DPDOHMRXUQDOLVWZKDW ZDVJRLQJWKURXJKKHUPLQGDWWKHWLPHODQJUHSOLHG µ3UHWW\PXFKZKDWZRXOG KDYHEHHQJRLQJWKURXJK\RXUVLQWKHVDPHFLUFXPVWDQFH,LPDJLQH¶´ NGODQJWHOOVXVWKDWVKHrelatesWR&UDZIRUGHURWLFDOO\²DQGZHKDYHDOUHDG\ VHHQWKDWWKHUHLVSOHQW\RIURRPIRUVXFKDUHODWLRQRIGHVLUHLQRXUFXOWXUH/HVELDQ GHVLUHLVH[DFWO\QRQVXEYHUVLYHWRWKHH[WHQWWKDWWKHHURWLFREMHFWLVWKHVDPHDV LWLVLQWKHGRPLQDQWKHWHURVH[XDOFXOWXUHDQGWKDWLVIHPDOH:KDWLVJHQXLQHO\ VXEYHUVLYHLVIRUDZRPDQWRUHODWHWRDPDQLQthisIDVKLRQDVHURWLFREMHFW7KDW LVWDERRUHDOO\WDERRLQRXUFXOWXUHPHDQLQJWKDWWUDQVJUHVVLRQLVLPSRVVLEOHIRU XV LWLVQRWGRQH7RHFKR-DFTXHV/DFDQ LWLVimpossible 7RVD\WKDWLWLVLPSRVVLEOHLQ/DFDQ¶VVHQVHGRHVQRWPHDQWKDWLWQHYHU¿QGV H[SUHVVLRQ ZHDOUHDG\VDZWKDWLQ0F&ODU\¶VDQDO\VLVRI0DGRQQD¶VLive to Tell 7KLVSRLQWPD\EHPDGHHYHQVWURQJHULIFRXSOHGZLWKDQDQDO\VLVWKDW0F&ODU\ GRHVQRWRIIHUXVRIWKHPXVLFYLGHRRIWKHVDPHWDOHIRUHJURXQGLQJWKH\RXQJ 6HDQ3HQQ7KXVRQHFDQUHÀHFWUXHIXOO\DV0DGRQQDVHHPLQJO\GRHVRQEHLQJ JLYHQRYHUWRPDOHGHVLUHXVHDEXVHDQGVRRQOHDUQLQJRQH¶Vlesson wellDVVKH ZULWHVRUHOVHDV-RDQ%DH]GRHVZKHQVKHUHFROOHFWVLQKHUDiamonds and Rust: $QGWKHUH\RXVWD\HG 7HPSRUDULO\ORVWDWVHD 7KH0DGRQQDZDV\RXUVIRUIUHH
7KXVLQ%DH]¶VDiamonds and RustDVLQ0DGRQQD¶VLive to TellWKHVLQJHUUHFDOOV KHUOLIHDVLILQDGUHDP RQHVHHVWKHVFHQH%XWLIRQHGDUHVWRVSHDNDVDZRPDQ GHVLULQJPHQ²DQGLWLVFOHDUWKDW%DH]ZULWHVRIKHUGHVLUHQRWLQJKLVH\HVbluer than robin’s eggsDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHKLVK\JLHQHZKLFKVKHZLWKVWRRGDQGWKDW ZHNQRZPHDQVWKDWVKHDFFHSWHG'\ODQDVthe unwashed phenomenon²WKDWLV WROD\FODLPWRWKHULJKWWREHDEOHWRVD\WKLVWRVSHDNWKLVGHVLUHDVDZRPDQ ZLWKUHVSHFWWRPHQDVDGHVLUHIRUPHQLVRQO\WRXQGHUVFRUHWKLVZLWKUHIHUHQFH DJDLQWR/DFDQWKDWthere is no sexual relation thereQRQHDWDOOQRSRVVLELOLW\ QRWDFKDQFH7RVD\WKDWthere is no sexual relation thereLVQRWWRVD\WKDWIRU ZRPHQGHVLULQJPHQWKHUHLVQRVH[7RWKHFRQWUDU\WKHUHLVFDQEHWRQVRILWDOO \RXZDQWDQGDOO\RXGRQRWZDQW7KXVLWZRXOGEHIDOVHDQGVLOO\WRVD\WKDWLWLV GLI¿FXOWWR¿QGDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRVOHHSZLWKPHQ7KHRQO\SRLQWWREHPDGHLVWKDW PHQDUHQRWDERXWEHLQJGHVLUHGIRUWKHLUEHDXW\DVVXFKIRUWKHLUERGLHVDVVXFK
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ FLWDWLRQV RI WKLV TXRWH EXW IRU RQH UHFHQW LQVWDQWLDWLRQ VHH NG ODQJ¶VLQWHUYLHZZLWK)LRQD6WXUJHVLQThe Independent)ULGD\-XQH $QG,KDYHDOUHDG\QRWHGWKDWWUDGLWLRQDOWKHRU\GRHVQRWSHUPLWWKLV
DQGLILWFRPHVWROLJKWWKDWWKH\DUHVRGHVLUHGLWXQPDQVWKHPOLWHUDOO\VR$QG WKHUHLVQRWKLQJHURWLFLQWKDW $V WKH UXOLQJ JHQGHU DQG MXVW JXHVV ZKLFK ³JHQGHU´ GHVSLWH DOO WKH JHQGHU WKHRULVWV¶ FODLPV RI DPELJXLW\ KDV DQ XWWHUO\ XQDPELJXRXV KHJHPRQ\ LQ WKLV LPDJLQDU\V\PEROLFDQGUHDOZRUOG" PHQDUHZKHQLWFRPHVWRHURWLFHQFRXQWHUV H[FHHGLQJO\DGYDQFHGDWKDYLQJWKRVHHQFRXQWHUVRQO\DQGSUHFLVHO\RQWKHYHU\ VSHFL¿FWHUPVWKDWWKH\WKHPVHOYHVVHW+HQFHWKHUHLVDQHURWLFREMHFWLQHYHU\ KHWHURVH[XDOHURWLFHQFRXQWHUDQGWKHJX\VWKHPVHOYHVDUHnotWKDWREMHFW 2IFRXUVH,DPQRWVD\LQJDOWKRXJK,LPDJLQHWKDWVRPHZLOOWDNHLWVRWKDW ZRPHQGRQRWLQJHQHUDOHQMR\WKHEHDXW\RIWKHLUORYHUV¶ERGLHVLQDOOSRVVLEOH ZD\VDQG,DPDOVRVXUHWKDWWKLVYDULHVIURPSHUVRQWRSHUVRQ:KDW,DPVD\LQJ LVWKDWZRPHQareLQHYLWDEO\OLPLWHGLQH[SUHVVLQJDUWLFXODWLQJEULQJLQJWKLVRXW LQDQ\EXWWKHPRVWREOLTXHZD\V $QG,UHDOL]HWKDWPHQUHDGLQJWKLVDQGZRPHQUHDGLQJWKLVZLOOSURWHVWWKDW WKLV GRHV QRW DSSO\ WR WKHP D IDLU HQRXJK FODLP %XW , EHJ WRGLIIHU 1RU DP , VXUHWKDW,FDQGRPXFKEH\RQGVXFKDSHWLWLRQ LWLVKDUGWRDUJXHDFDVHWKDWLV SULPDIDFLHUHIXVHGDQGWKLVLVWKHFDVHRIZRPHQ¶VVXEMHFWLYHUHSUHVVLRQ,WLVIRU WKLVUHDVRQWKDWGH%HDXYRLUEHJLQVKHUUHÀHFWLRQVRQThe Second SexDVDNLQG RIGLDOHFWLFDOVXUSULVHDTXDQGDU\DSDUDGR[ ³:KDWLVZRPDQ"´ VKHDVNVDQG WKHQJRHVRQWRUHÀHFWRQWKHUDQJHRIUHSOLHVWKDWFDQEHJLYHQWRWKLVVHHPLQJO\ REYLRXVTXHVWLRQLQDSDVVDJHLQÀHFWHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHVWR1LHW]VFKH ³Tota mulier in utero´ VD\V RQH ³ZRPDQ LV D ZRPE´ %XW LQ VSHDNLQJ RI FHUWDLQ ZRPHQ FRQQRLVVHXUV GHFODUH WKDW WKH\ DUH QRW ZRPHQ DOWKRXJK WKH\ DUHHTXLSSHGZLWKDXWHUXVOLNHWKHUHVW7KHELRORJLFDODQGVRFLDOVFLHQFHVQR ORQJHUDGPLWWKHH[LVWHQFHRIXQFKDQJHDEO\¿[HGHQWLWLHVWKDWGHWHUPLQHJLYHQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVWKRVHDVFULEHGWRZRPDQWKH-HZRUWKH1HJUR
+HUHGH%HDXYRLUPDNHVWKHSRLQWWKDWPDNHVKHUVWXG\UDWKHUOHVVDQDFFRXQWRI ZRPHQ SHU VH DOWKRXJK ZRPDQ LV FHUWDLQO\ KHU REMHFW WR SDUDSKUDVH 'HUULGD SDUDSKUDVLQJ1LHW]VFKHDVKHZDVWKHH[LVWHQWLDOLVWWH[Wpar excellence: \HW ZH DUH WROG WKDW IHPLQLQLW\ LV LQ GDQJHU ZH DUH H[KRUWHG WR EH ZRPHQ UHPDLQZRPHQEHFRPHZRPHQ,WZRXOGDSSHDUWKHQWKDWHYHU\IHPDOHKXPDQ EHLQJ LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ D ZRPDQ WR EH VR FRQVLGHUHG VKH PXVWVKDUH LQ WKDW P\VWHULRXVDQGWKUHDWHQHGUHDOLW\NQRZQDVIHPLQLQLW\
6LPRQH GH %HDXYRLU The Second Sex WUDQV +0 3DUVKOH\ /RQGRQ 'DYLG &DPSEHOO>(YHU\PDQ¶V/LEUDU\@ [L[ ,ELG[L[6HHKHUHLQWKLVFRQWH[W'HERUDK%HUJRIIHQThe Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir: Gendered Phenomenologies, Erotic Generosities $OEDQ\ 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI 1HZ
1RWRQO\H[LVWHQWLDOLVPEXWWKHJUHDWHUSDUWRIFXOWXUDODQDO\VHVRIWKHPDVFXOLQLW\ RI NG ODQJ DQG JHQGHU VWXGLHV LQ JHQHUDO GHSHQG RQ WKLV SUHFLVLRQ ³,I WRGD\ IHPLQLQLW\QRORQJHUH[LVWVWKHQLWQHYHUH[LVWHG´)RUGH%HDXYRLUSKLORVRSKLFDOO\ VSHDNLQJRXUWURXEOHVRQO\EHJLQZLWKWKLVIRULI³KHUIXQFWLRQLQJDVDIHPDOHLV QRWHQRXJKWRGH¿QHZRPDQLIZHGHFOLQHDOVRWRH[SODLQKHUWKURXJKµWKHHWHUQDO IHPLQLQH¶DQGLIQHYHUWKHOHVVZHDGPLWSURYLVLRQDOO\WKDWZRPHQGRH[LVWWKHQ ZHPXVWIDFHWKHTXHVWLRQµZKDWLVDZRPDQ¶´$QGWKLVLVWKHSRLQWDQGWKHKHDUW RIWKHSUREOHP 7RVWDWHWKHTXHVWLRQLVWRPHWRVXJJHVWDWRQFHDSUHOLPLQDU\DQVZHU7KHIDFW WKDW,DVNLWLVLQLWVHOIVLJQL¿FDQW$PDQZRXOGQHYHUVHWRXWWRZULWHDERRNRQ WKHSHFXOLDUVLWXDWLRQRIWKHKXPDQPDOH«,QDFWXDOLW\WKHUHODWLRQRIWKHWZR VH[HVLVQRWTXLWHOLNHWKDWRIWZRHOHFWULFDOSROHVIRUPDQUHSUHVHQWVERWKWKH SRVLWLYHDQGWKHQHXWUDODVLVLQGLFDWHGE\WKHFRPPRQXVHRImanWRGHVLJQDWH KXPDQEHLQJVLQJHQHUDO ZKHUHDVZRPDQUHSUHVHQWVRQO\WKHQHJDWLYHGH¿QHG E\OLPLWLQJFULWHULDZLWKRXWUHFLSURFLW\
'H %HDXYRLU¶V TXHVWLRQ GHYHORSV WKH UDGLFDOLW\ RI WKLV GLVWLQFWLRQ DV LW PHDQV DVVKHGHYHORSVWKHSRLQWWKDWZRPDQLVDQRWKHURWKHUDQXWWHUO\XQLTXHRWKHU 7KXV LI QR JURXS GH¿QHV LWVHOI DV ³WKH RQH´ RU DV ³WKH´ SHRSOH ZLWKRXW VHWWLQJ XS D FRXQWHUSDUW DQ RWKHU +HJHO ¿QGV ³LQ FRQVFLRXVQHVV LWVHOI D IXQGDPHQWDO KRVWLOLW\ WRZDUGV HYHU\ RWKHU FRQVFLRXVQHVV´ 7KH SRLQW KHUH WKH GLDOHFWLFDO SRLQWLQTXHVWLRQLVWKDWFHQWUDOO\³WKHRWKHUFRQVFLRXVQHVVWKHRWKHUHJRVHWVXS DUHFLSURFDOFODLP´ ,QGHHG²DQGWKLVLVWKHHWKQRJUDSKHU¶VLQVLJKWKHQFHGH%HDXYRLU¶VUHIHUHQFH WR/pYL6WUDXVVDVVKHPLJKWZHOOKDYHUHIHUUHGWRWKHSUH6RFUDWLF;HQRSKRQ² VXFKDQDEVROXWHLQVWDXUDWLRQLQHYLWDEO\JLYHVZD\WRUHODWLYLVPRQFHRQHWDNHVD EURDGHUYLHZ%XWVKHDVNVZK\LQWKLVPRUHFRVPRSROLWDQWUDYHOHGVRSKLVWLFDWHG DQGHQOLJKWHQHGVHQVHKDVDQDQDODJRXVUHFLSURFLW\³notEHHQUHFRJQLVHGEHWZHHQ WKHVH[HVWKDWRQHRIWKHFRQWUDVWLQJWHUPVLVVHWXSDVWKHVROHHVVHQWLDOGHQ\LQJ
,ELG[[L'H%HDXYRLUFLWHV-XOLHQ%HQGDDWOHQJWKDVLWLVLPSRUWDQWIRUKHUIXUWKHU UHDGLQJ ³$QG%HQGDLVPRVWSRVLWLYHLQKLVRapport d’Uriel µ7KHERG\RIPDQPDNHVVHQVH LQLWVHOITXLWHDSDUWIURPWKDWRIZRPDQZKHUHDVWKHODWWHUVHHPVZDQWLQJLQVLJQL¿FDQFH E\LWVHOI0DQFDQWKLQNRIKLPVHOIZLWKRXWZRPDQ6KHFDQQRWWKLQNRIKHUVHOIZLWKRXW PDQ¶$QGVKHLVVLPSO\ZKDWPDQGHFUHHV WKXVVKHLVFDOOHGµWKHVH[¶E\ZKLFKLVPHDQW WKDWVKHDSSHDUVHVVHQWLDOO\WRWKHPDOHDVDVH[XDOEHLQJ)RUKLPVKHLVVH[²DEVROXWHVH[ QROHVV6KHLVGH¿QHGDQGGLIIHUHQWLDWHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRPDQDQGQRWKHZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR KHU VKHLVWKHLQFLGHQWDOWKHLQHVVHQWLDODVRSSRVHGWRWKHHVVHQWLDO+HLVWKH6XEMHFWKHLV WKH$EVROXWH²VKHLVWKH2WKHU´,ELG[[LL ,QRWKHUZRUGVDVGH%HDXYRLUJORVVHV+HJHO³WKHVXEMHFWFDQEHSRVHGRQO\LQ EHLQJRSSRVHG²KHVHWVKLPVHOIXSDVWKHHVVHQWLDODVRSSRVHGWRWKHRWKHUWKHLQHVVHQWLDO WKHREMHFW´,ELG[[LLL ,ELG
DQ\UHODWLYLW\LQUHJDUGWRLWVFRUUHODWLYHDQGGH¿QLQJWKHODWWHUDVSXUHRWKHUQHVV" Why is it that women do not dispute male sovereignty"´ :LWKZRPHQLWVHHPVWKLQJVDUHGLIIHUHQW$QGGH%HDXYRLULVDVXQÀLQFKLQJ DV$GRUQR ZKRLVGHVSLWHKLVRZQVH[LVPVXUSULVLQJO\DOLYHWRWKLVTXHVWLRQMXVW WRWKHH[WHQWWKDWZRPDQLQDFDSLWDOLVWHFRQRP\DQGWKHUHLVQRRWKHULVDPDUNHW FRPPRGLW\ LQGUDZLQJWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKLV³GLIIHUHQFH´ ,IZRPDQVHHPVWREHWKHLQHVVHQWLDOZKLFKQHYHUEHFRPHVWKHHVVHQWLDOLWLV EHFDXVH VKH KHUVHOI IDLOV WR EULQJ DERXW WKLV FKDQJH 3UROHWDULDQV VD\ ³:H´ 1HJURHVDOVR5HJDUGLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVVXEMHFWVWKH\WUDQVIRUPWKHERXUJHRLV WKHZKLWHVLQWR³RWKHUV´%XWZRPHQGRQRWVD\³:H´H[FHSWDWVRPHFRQJUHVV RIIHPLQLVWVRUVLPLODUIRUPDOGHPRQVWUDWLRQ PHQVD\³ZRPHQ´DQGZRPHQXVH WKHVDPHZRUGLQUHIHUULQJWRWKHPVHOYHV7KH\GRQRWDXWKHQWLFDOO\DVVXPHD VXEMHFWLYHDWWLWXGH7KHSUROHWDULDQVKDYHDFFRPSOLVKHGWKHUHYROXWLRQLQ5XVVLD WKH1HJURHVLQ+DLWLWKH,QGR&KLQHVHDUHEDWWOLQJIRULWLQ,QGR&KLQD EXWWKH ZRPHQ¶VHIIRUWKDVQHYHUEHHQDQ\WKLQJPRUHWKDQDV\PEROLFDJLWDWLRQ7KH\ KDYHJDLQHGRQO\ZKDWPHQKDYHEHHQZLOOLQJWRJUDQW WKH\KDYHWDNHQQRWKLQJ WKH\KDYHRQO\UHFHLYHG
7KLV LV WKH JUHDW LVVXH DQG PXFK RI WKH )RXFDXOWVSLFHG FODLPV WKDW ZRPHQ JDLQ ³SRZHU´ E\ WKHLU FROODERUDWLRQ FROOXVLRQ VXEPLVVLRQ LV DOUHDG\ SXW LQ TXHVWLRQVRPHPLJKWVD\UHIXWHGLQDGYDQFHLQGH%HDXYRLU¶VDQDO\VLV³,QWUXWK ZRPDQKDVQRWEHHQVRFLDOO\HPDQFLSDWHGWKURXJKPDQ¶VQHHG²VH[XDOGHVLUH DQGWKHGHVLUHIRURIIVSULQJ²ZKLFKPDNHVWKHPDOHGHSHQGHQWIRUVDWLVIDFWLRQ XSRQ WKH IHPDOH´ $QG LQ SDUW WKH UHDVRQ LV HFRQRPLF DV PRVW WKLQJV DUH EDFN WR$GRUQR DQG FDSLWDOLVP ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW LV DJDLQ DOVR D PDWWHU RI SRZHU ³(YHQLIWKHQHHGLVDWERWWRPHTXDOO\XUJHQWIRUERWKLWDOZD\VZRUNV LQIDYRXURIWKHRSSUHVVRUDQGDJDLQVWWKHRSSUHVVHG7KDWLVZK\WKHOLEHUDWLRQ RIWKHZRUNLQJFODVVIRUH[DPSOHKDVEHHQVORZ´:HQRWHWKDWWKLVKDOWLQJ SURFHVV FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH UHODWLYHO\ PHDJHU JDLQV RI WKH VRFDOOHG ³ZRPHQ¶V PRYHPHQW´ WKDW ZRXOGEH IHPLQLVP ZKLFK SDVVHG DOPRVW LPPHGLDWHO\ LQWR VHOIHYLGHQFHDQGFRQVHTXHQWLUUHOHYDQFHDVVH[LVPDQGWKHFRUROODULHVWKHUHRI FRQWLQXHDSDFHDVH[SUHVVHGLQDJURZLQJUDQJHRIVWXGLHVIRFXVLQJRQWKH ODFN RI DGYDQFHPHQWDQG OLPLWHG SUHVHQFHRIZRPHQVFLHQWLVWVLQWKHDFDGHP\ DQGUHFHQWO\LQVWXGLHVRIWKHVXUSULVLQJGXUDELOLW\RIWKHFKLOO\XQIULHQGOLQHVVRU
,ELG[[LY0\HPSKDVLV ,ELG[[Y ,ELG[[YL ,ELG 9LUJLQLD 9DOLDQ Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women &DPEULGJH 0,7 3UHVV DQGPRUHUHFHQWO\.ULVWHQ0RQURHD6DED2]\XUWD7HG:ULJOH\DQG$P\ $OH[DQGHU ³*HQGHU (TXDOLW\ LQ $FDGHPLD %DG 1HZV IURP WKH 7UHQFKHV DQG 6RPH 3RVVLEOH6ROXWLRQV´Perspectives on Politics ±
HYHQKRVWLOLW\RIWKHFOLPDWHRIDFDGHPLFSKLORVRSK\WRZRPHQ1RWWRPHQWLRQ WKHQHZUDJHQRZUHFXUUHQWWKURXJKPRUHWKDQRQHVHDVRQIRUIULOO\IHPLQLQH IDVKLRQLQFRQYHQLHQWIRRWZHDUDQGVRRQ $JDLQDQGYHU\OLNH1LHW]VFKHWKRXJKWREHVXUHWDNLQJDFULWLFDOYDQWDJH GH%HDXYRLUDQDO\]HVWKHKHDUWRIZKDWVKHODWHUWKHPDWL]HVDV³FRPSOLFLW\´ WR GHFOLQH WR EH WKH 2WKHU WR UHIXVH WR EH D SDUW\ WR WKH GHDO²WKLV ZRXOG EH IRU ZRPHQ WR UHQRXQFH DOO WKH DGYDQWDJHV FRQIHUUHG XSRQ WKHP E\ WKHLU DOOLDQFHZLWKWKHVXSHULRUFDVWH0DQWKHVRYHUHLJQZLOOSURYLGHZRPDQWKH OLHJHZLWKPDWHULDOSURWHFWLRQDQGZLOOXQGHUWDNHWKHPRUDOMXVWL¿FDWLRQRIKHU H[LVWHQFH WKXVVKHFDQHYDGHDWRQFHERWKHFRQRPLFULVNDQGWKHPHWDSK\VLFDO ULVNRIDOLEHUW\LQZKLFKHQGVDQGDLPVPXVWEHFRQWULYHGZLWKRXWDVVLVWDQFH ,QGHHGDORQJZLWKWKHHWKLFDOXUJHRIHDFKLQGLYLGXDOWRDI¿UPKLVVXEMHFWLYH H[LVWHQFHWKHUHLVDOVRWKHWHPSWDWLRQWRIRUJROLEHUW\DQGEHFRPHDWKLQJ« 7KXVZRPDQPD\IDLOWROD\FODLPWRWKHVWDWXVRIVXEMHFWEHFDXVHVKHODFNV GH¿QLWHUHVRXUFHVEHFDXVHVKHIHHOVWKHQHFHVVDU\ERQGWKDWWLHVKHUWRPDQ UHJDUGOHVVRIUHFLSURFLW\DQGEHFDXVHVKHLVRIWHQYHU\ZHOOSOHDVHGZLWKKHU UROHDVWKH2WKHU
0DQ\VXSSRVHWKDWGH%HDXYRLU¶VUHDGLQJVDUHGRQHGHDOVORQJVLQFHLQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR D UDQJH RI VHFRQG WKLUG DQG KRZHYHU PDQ\ ZDYHV RI IHPLQLVP %XW RQ FORVHUH[DPLQDWLRQWKLVLVQRWWKHFDVHDQGZLWKUDUHH[FHSWLRQVPRVWUHDGLQJV RI GH %HDXYRLU VXSSRVH WKDW VKH FDQ EH GLVSHQVHG ZLWK DQG WKDW RQH FDQ PRYH RQ7KLVPRYLQJRQLVWKHYHU\SRLQWRIWKH³ZDYH´GLVFRXUVH7KXVRQHVXSSRVHV WKDWGH%HDXYRLU¶VDQDO\VHVDUHLQFRUSRUDWHGDQGWKLVLVWKHFRQWUDGLFWLRQDOUHDG\ VXSHUFHGHGXVXDOO\E\ZD\RIWKHHIIRUWVRIWKHFRPPHQWDWRULQTXHVWLRQVXFK WKDWRQHQHHGQRWWDNHDFFRXQWRIKHUFULWLFDODUJXPHQWV$QGLQGHHGPDQ\ZKR FRQVLGHUWKHPVHOYHVVSHFLDOLVWVLQIHPLQLVWWKHRU\GLVDJUHHZLWKKHU VRPHHYHQ WDNHWKLVGLVDJUHHPHQWDVLQVSLUDWLRQIRUZKDWWKH\GR DQGRIWKHVHPDQ\GRQRW
6HH/RXLVH0RUOH\Quality and Power in Higher Education 0DLGHQKHDG 6RFLHW\ IRU 5HVHDUFK LQWR +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ DQG 0F*UDZ +LOO DQG VHH LQ WKH FDVH RI OLQJXLVWLFVLQWHUPVRIWKH³VWDWXVGLOHPPD´6HQWD7URHPHO3ORHW]³6HOOLQJWKH$SROLWLFDO´ Discourse Society ±,QWKHFDVHRISKLORVRSK\DQGIRUDPDLQVWUHDP H[DPSOHVHH6DOO\+DVODQJHU³&KDQJLQJWKH,GHRORJ\DQG&XOWXUHRI3KLORVRSK\ 1RWE\ 5HDVRQ $ORQH ´Hypatia ±,QDGGLWLRQVHH-XOLH9DQ&DPS³7HQXUHG 7HQXUH7UDFN)DFXOW\:RPHQDW 86'RFWRUDO3URJUDPVLQ3KLORVRSK\´ KWWS ZZZ FVXOEHGXaMYDQFDPSGRFWRUDOBKWPO!XSGDWHG$SULODFFHVVHG 30 )HEUXDU\1HZ
HYHQZULWHRQKHUDWDOO$WEHVWKHUZRUNLVTXRWHGLQSDVVLQJRIWHQRXWRIFRQWH[W DQGRIWHQZLWKRXWKHUPHQHXWLFJHQHURVLW\
Becoming a Subject )UDQoRLV3RXODLQGHOD%DUUHLVDUJXHGDVGH%HDXYRLUFLWHVKHUWRKDYHEHHQWKH ¿UVWWRGHÀHFWPDVFXOLQLVWFULWLTXHDQGWKHQWRDGYDQFHKHURZQSURMHFW 9HU\ZHOOEXWMXVWKRZVKDOOZHSRVHWKHTXHVWLRQ"$QGWREHJLQZLWKZKRDUH ZHWRSURSRXQGLWDWDOO"0DQLVDWRQFHMXGJHDQGSDUW\WRWKHFDVH EXWVRLV ZRPDQ:KDWZHQHHGLVDQDQJHO²QHLWKHUPDQQRUZRPDQ²EXWZKHUHVKDOO ZH¿QGRQH"6WLOOWKHDQJHOZRXOGEHSRRUO\TXDOL¿HGWRVSHDNIRUDQDQJHOLV LJQRUDQWRIDOOWKHEDVLFIDFWVLQYROYHGLQWKHSUREOHP
/RRNLQJIRUDQDQJHO GH%HDXYRLUDVVXPHVWKDWZHKDYHUHDGRXU$XJXVWLQH PRVWFRPPHQWDWRUVKDYHLQWKHLQWHULPKDGUHFRXUVHWRDNLQGRIJRGWULFN5DWKHU WKDQ WKH KHUPDSKURGLWH WKLV LV GH %HDXYRLU¶V IXUWKHU FKRLFH DQG LW HFKRHV WKH FODVVLFUHFRXUVHWR7LUHVLDVWRVHWWOHVXFKTXHVWLRQV RUWKHIRXUWKRUVHYHQWKVH[ ZHFDQ³TXHHU´WKHTXHVWLRQDQGIRUWKLVZHKDYHJHQGHUVWXGLHVDQGIRUWKLVZH
7KXV3HJ6LPRQV¶VHGLWHGFROOHFWLRQThe Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir: Critical Essays %ORRPLQJWRQ ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV LVUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKLVWUHQGDVZRXOG EHDJRRGPDQ\RIWKHHVVD\VRQGH%HDXYRLUWKDWDSSHDULQWKHIHPLQLVWSKLORVRSKLFDOMRXUQDO Hypatia$QRWDEOHH[FHSWLRQWKDWLVKRZHYHUQRWXOWLPDWHO\DFRPSOHWHH[FHSWLRQPD\EH IRXQGLQWKHZRUNRI/XFH,ULJDUD\6HHWRRDJDLQ%HUJRIIHQThe Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir1RWHWKDW3HQHORSH'HXWVFKHU¶VLQVLJKWIXOThe Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir: Ambiguity, Conversion, Resistance &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV DOVR FRLQVWKHQRWLRQRIDXWRUHVLVWDQFHWRH[SODLQGLVVRQDQFHV WKDWZRXOGEHFODLPVZLWKZKLFK WRGD\¶VIHPLQLVWVFKRODUZRXOGEHLQFOLQHGWRGLVDJUHH DVVRPDQ\LQFRQVLVWHQFLHVWKDWLVWR VD\VHOIFRQWUDGLFWLRQVRQGH%HDXYRLU¶VSDUW3V\FKRDQDO\WLFDOO\VSHDNLQJWKHWUDGLWLRQRI UHVLVWLQJGH%HDXYRLUPLJKWEHVLPLODUO\VRDFFRXQWHG 'H %HDXYRLU The Second Sex [[[LLL 'H %HDXYRLU¶V DQJHO FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH DQJHOLFQDWXUHGHWDLOHGE\$XJXVWLQHDQG6W7KRPDVKLPVHOI,WLVGH%HDXYRLU¶VULJRURXV FODULW\ WKDW PDWWHUV KHUH DQG WKLV DOVR DFFRXQWV IRU WKH H[WUDRUGLQDU\ IRUFH RI WKH FODLP WREURWKHUKRRG fraternité DVGH%HDXYRLULQD6FKLOOHULDQYRLFHWKDWDOVRKDSSHQVWREH XWWHUO\ &DUWHVLDQ DQG XWWHUO\ )UHQFK FRQFOXGHV KHU VWXG\ ³E\ DQG WKURXJK WKHLU QDWXUDO GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ PHQ DQG ZRPDQ XQHTXLYRFDOO\ DI¿UP WKHLU EURWKHUKRRG´ 7KH ³VLVWHUKRRG´IRUDOOLWVFKDUPKDVQRWKLQJRQWKLV7KLVDVVHVVPHQWLQIRUPVWKHWLWOHRIWKH (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ RI )UDQoRLV 3RXODLQ GH OD %DUUH Three Cartesian Feminist Treatises WUDQV 9LYLHQ %RVOH\ &KLFDJR 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &KLFDJR 3UHVV )RU D GLVFXVVLRQ RI )UDQoRLV3RXODLQGHOD%DUUHVHH6LHS6WXXUPDQFrançois Poulain de la Barre and the Invention of Modern Equality &DPEULGJH +DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV DQGGLUHFWO\ DQWHFHGHQWWRWKLV(OVD'RUOLQL’Évidence de l’égalité des sexes. Une philosophie oubliée du XVIIe 3DULV /¶+DUPDWWDQ
KDYHWKHOHVELDQVXEMHFW%XWLVWKLVVR"'RHVTXHHULQJVROYHWKHSUREOHP",QIDFW LWVROYHVLWIRUVRPHLILWLVWUXHDVLWDOZD\VLVLQWKHVHFDVHVWKDWTXHHULQJPLJKW DOVR UHSOLFDWH WKLV LV WKH SRLQW WKDW WKH SKLORVRSKHU 3HQHORSH 'HXWVFKHU PDNHV ZLWKKHUDQDO\VLVRIDXWRUHVLVWDQFH RUGXSOLFDWHVRPHRIWKHVDPHSUREOHPVRQ DQRWKHUOHYHO$QGWRWKHH[WHQWWKDWWKHSUREOHPRIZRPDQDVVXEMHFWLVDOVRWKH SUREOHPRIGHVLUHLWLVWRWKLVTXHVWLRQ,ZLOOWXUQ$QG,QRWHLQDGYDQFHWKDW,DP DZDUHWKDWWKHUHDUHPDQ\ZKRKDYHUDLVHGMXVWWKLVTXHVWLRQIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYH RIJHQGHURUTXHHUVWXGLHVRIWHQIXUWKHUVSHFL¿HGDVOHVELDQWKHRU\ 1RWHWKDW,DPQRWVD\LQJWKDW,GLVDJUHHZLWKVXFKDSSURDFKHVDVVXFK5DWKHU P\SURMHFWLVGLIIHUHQWDQGZKDW,DWWHPSWWRGRKHUHLVWRUDLVHDcomplementary VHWRIUHODWHGTXHVWLRQVWKDWDWOHDVWDV,VHHLWKDSSHQWRJREDFNQRWRQO\WR $GRUQR DQG 1LHW]VFKH QHLWKHU RQH RI ZKRP FDQ EH FRXQWHG DV KDYLQJ EHHQ RYHUO\ IULHQGO\ WR IHPLQLVW LQWHUHVWV MXVW DV PRVW ³ODGLHV PHQ´ OLNH /HRQDUG &RKHQ WHQG WR EH DQWDJRQLVWLF WR ZRPHQ DQ DQWDJRQLVP WKDW LV QRWHG DV PLVRJ\Q\LQWKHWLWOHRIWKHFXUUHQWFKDSWHU $QGWREHVXUHUDWKHUDVGH%HDXYRLUXQNLQGO\EXWLQVLJKWIXOO\UHPLQGVXV PHQSUR¿WLQPDQ\PRUHVXEWOHZD\VIURPWKHRWKHUQHVVWKHDOWHULW\RIZRPDQ +HUHLVDPLUDFXORXVEDOPIRUWKRVHDIÀLFWHGZLWKDQLQIHULRULW\FRPSOH[DQG LQGHHGQRRQHLVPRUHDUURJDQWWRZDUGVZRPHQPRUHDJJUHVVLYHRUVFRUQIXO WKDQWKHPDQZKRLVDQ[LRXVDERXWKLVYLULOLW\
'H%HDXYRLU¶VZRUNGHVHUYHVDWWHQWLRQDQGQRWOHDVWEHFDXVHKDYLQJEHFRPHD FOLFKp²WKLVLVWKHSDUDGR[RIVXFFHVV²LWKDVEHFRPHWKHIXQFWLRQDOHTXLYDOHQW RIWKHPDQ\WH[WVWKDWDUHQRWUHDG7KXVZHKDYHDOUHDG\KDGFDXVHWRQRWHWKDW KHUZRUNVXIIHUVIURPDODFNRIDWWHQWLRQDQGQRWDOLWWOHELWEHFDXVHVFKRODUVWKHVH GD\VWHQGWRIRFXVRQ-XGLWK%XWOHURU0LFKHO)RXFDXOWRUPRUHUHFKHUFKpQDPHV WKDWFKDQJHIURPPRPHQWWRPRPHQW :HDUHLQWKHDFDGHP\LQFRQVWDQWIHDURI QRWEHLQJXSWRGDWH 7KHVHWHQVLRQVQRWZLWKVWDQGLQJ,VXJJHVWWKDWUHDGLQJGH %HDXYRLUFRPHVEHIRUHDVLPLODUO\QHHGIXODQGVLPLODUO\YDOLGUHDGLQJRI,ULJDUD\ HYHQRI,ULJDUD\RQGH%HDXYRLUDQGVRRQDQGVRRQ ,WLVZRPHQZKRDUHWKHREMHFWVRIGHVLUH IRUheterosexualPHQEXWQRWOHVV IRUZRPHQDVDUJXHGERWKKHWHURVH[XDODQGKRPRVH[XDO VXFKWKDW²VDYHLQWKH
6HHDJDLQWKHUHIHUHQFHWR'HXWVFKHUThe Philosophy of Simone de BeauvoirLQ QRWHDERYH. 'H%HDXYRLU The Second Sex[[[L$VVKHDUJXHVWRPDNHDUHODWHGSRLQWLQKHU FRQFOXVLRQPHQDOVR¿QGLQZRPHQPRUHFRPSOLFLW\WKDQWKHRSSUHVVRUXVXDOO\¿QGVLQWKH RSSUHVVHG$QGLQEDGIDLWKWKH\WDNHDXWKRUL]DWLRQIURPWKLVWRGHFODUHWKDWVKHKDVdesired WKHGHVWLQ\WKDWWKH\KDYHLPSRVHGRQKHU 6HHIRUH[DPSOH/XFH,ULJDUD\¶V³7KH4XHVWLRQRIWKH2WKHU´WUDQV1RDK*X\XP Yale French Studies ± 6HH IRU DQ LOOXVWUDWLRQ KHUH 0DUJDUHW :KLWIRUG An Irigaray Reader 2[IRUG %ODFNZHOO
FDVHRIOHVELDQGHVLUHZKLFKLVZK\ERWKPHQDQGZRPHQ¿QGLWVRIDVFLQDWLQJ² WKHGHVLUHRIWKHKHWHURVH[XDOZRPDQisDV1LHW]VFKHSXWLWUDWKHUPRUHÀDWO\WKDQ +HJHOto be desired²DQGQRWWRGHVLUH%\FRQWUDVWZLWKWKHGHVLUHWREHGHVLUHG PHQDUHVXEMHFWVDOOWKHZD\GRZQ,WLVQRWWKDWWKH\GRQRWGHVLUHWREHGHVLUHGLW LVDVDOUHDG\QRWHGWKDWWKH\WDNHWKDWGHVLUHDQGGHVLUDELOLW\DVDJLYHQDQGWKXV QHHGQRWDQGGRQRW³GHVLUH´LW7KLVLVZKDWLWPHDQVLQWUXWKWREHDVXEMHFWRI GHVLUH2QHLVTXDVXEMHFWWKHRQHZKRGHVLUHVWKHRQHIRUZKRPWKHREMHFWLV DQREMHFWRIGHVLUH7KHUHDUHELEOLFDOZD\VWRSXWWKLVEXW,ZLOOGRQRPRUHWKDQ QRWHLWDWWKLVMXQFWXUHDVDOVRLQGHHGWKDW1LHW]VFKHKLPVHOIPDGHWKLVDQH[WHQGHG IRFXVRIKLVUHÀHFWLRQV ,WLVVLJQL¿FDQWWKDWHYHQWKHZRUG³EHDXW\´DVDSSOLHGWRPHQDOUHDG\ERWKHUV WKHPDQGMXVWEHFDXVHLWREMHFWL¿HVWKHP,DPH[FOXGLQJKRPRVH[XDOPHQIRU FRQYHQLHQFHDQGHYHQWKHVRFDOOHGPHWURVH[XDOWUHQGZRUNVWRWKHH[WHQWWKDWLW HPEUDFHVDFHUWDLQLGHDORIPDVFXOLQH³EHDXW\´DQGRQO\EHFDXVHLWERXQFHVRII JODQFHVRIIPHQGUHVVLQJQRWIRUZRPHQEXWfor men$QGQRWRQO\KRPRVH[XDO EXWDOVRKHWHURVH[XDOPHQGUHVVIRUPHQ*4FRUSRUDWHVW\OHWKHVN\¶VWKHOLPLW SURYLGHGZHQRWHWKDWPHQGRWKLVWKHPVHOYHVDVVXEMHFWVIRUVXEMHFWVDQGWKXVfor RQHDQRWKHU6RLWJRHVDW6DYLOH5RZ7KXVWKHP\VWLTXHRI+RQJ.RQJWDLORULQJ DQGVRRQ%XWVRWRRDQGWKLVLVWKHFDSLWDOLVWSRLQWFRUSRUDWHVW\OHFRUSRUDWH FRQYHQWLRQ ZKDWMDFNHWVDUHZRUQZKDWOHQJWKWKHMDFNHWZKDWVKRHVWRZHDU7KH VDPHUXOHVKROGRQWKHJROIFRXUVH 7KDWPHQGUHVVIRUPHQDVWKHVXEMHFWRIFRQYHQWLRQDODSSUREDWLRQWKDWZRPHQ GUHVVIRUPHQ RUZKDWLVWKHVDPHGUHVVIRUZRPHQZKRGUHVVIRUPHQ LVUHOHYDQW WR WKH FXUUHQW DQDO\VLV WR WKH H[WHQW WKDW QHLWKHU NG ODQJ QRU LQGHHG DQ\ RWKHU OHVELDQWDNHVLVVXHZLWKWKHUXOLQJLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRItheHURWLFREMHFWRIDQ\LQWHUHVW DVZRPHQ$QGWRWKLVH[WHQWDQGWKLVLVP\SRLQWWKHUHLVQRGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQD KRPRVH[XDOZRPDQDQGWKHKHWHURVH[XDOZRPDQZKRDOVRVHHVKHUVHOI DQGRWKHU ZRPHQ DVPHQGR7KLVLVGH%HDXYRLU¶VSRLQWZKLFKVKHWDNHVDVKHUSRLQWRI
7REHVXUH1LHW]VFKHIRUKLVSDUWXVHVWKHODQJXDJHRIwillRUcommand6HHP\ GLVFXVVLRQDVQRWHGEHORZ ,KDYHVHYHUDOUHÀHFWLRQVRQWKLVWKHPH VHH%DEHWWH%DELFK³7KH/RJLFRI:RPDQ LQ 1LHW]VFKH 7KH 'RJPDWLVW¶V 6WRU\´ New Political Science: A Journal of Politics and Culture ± DQG %DELFK ³1LHW]VFKH¶V (URWLF$UWLVW DV$FWRU-HZ:RPDQ´ LQ Words in Blood, Like Flowers: Philosophy and Poetry, Music and Eros in Hölderlin, Nietzsche, and Heidegger $OEDQ\ 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ
GHSDUWXUHLQKHULQWURGXFWLRQDVFLWHGDERYHDQGZKLFKVKHGHYHORSVDWOHQJWKLQ WKHODWWHUVHFWLRQVRIThe Second SexWRWKHJUHDWDQQR\DQFHDVDOUHDG\REVHUYHG RIWKHJUHDWHUPDMRULW\RIIHPLQLVWVFKRODUVZKRWDNHKHUWREHDQWLZRPDQLQWKLV UHJDUG%XWWKLVWRRLVWKHSRLQWRIGH%HDXYRLU¶VWKHVLVWKDW³RQHLVQRWERUQRQH EHFRPHVDZRPDQ´>On ne naît pas femme, on le devient@ 7KXVDQHVWDEOLVKHGNGODQJ²DVVKHKDVLQGHHGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGIRUVRPH WLPHDQGWKLVLQVSLWHRIKHULQVLVWHQFHRQRXWVLGHUVWDWXV²FDQWHDVHKHUDXGLHQFH E\ GHVFULELQJ KHU EDQMR PDJQHWLVP VD\LQJ DV KHU IDQV TXRWH KHU DV VD\LQJ LQ &DUPHO ,QGLDQD DQG , QRWH WKDW VKH VDLG VRPHWKLQJ IDLUO\ LGHQWLFDO WR WKLV DW D FRQFHUW,DWWHQGHGDWWKH%HDFRQ7KHDWHULQ1HZ
'H%HDXYRLUThe Second Sex 7$QQLHDW-XQH NHQQHG\ÀDLUVNGODQJ6LWH!7DONDQG7ZDQJ! NG ,QG\²DPDWFKPDGHGXULQJ³+HDYHQ´SRVW 6HH/RXLVH$OOHQThe Lesbian Idol: Martina, kd and the Consumption of Lesbian Masculinity /RQGRQ &DVVHOO 6HH PRVW QRWDEO\ *LOO9DOHQWLQH ³&UHDWLQJ7UDQVJUHVVLYH 6SDFH 7KH 0XVLF RI NGODQJ´Transactions of the Institute of British GeographersQV ±
