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BA/BSc Sem-III General English (Guj. Medium) (Unit 1 and 2) Text: Macmillan College Prose
- Prof. Devang Nanavati Arts & Comm. College, Pipaliya
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Lesson-1 Letter to a Teacher by Nora Rossi and Tom Cole [Transl.] [You may start any answer of this lesson with some of the lines from the following common paragraph, if you like.] Letter to a Teacher is quite relevant today. It talks about the need to change the entire education system. The letter boldly raises questions: Does our education system really offer us any wisdom? Does it make us humane and noble? Does it really teach us life management skills? Education must not make us machines. A lift is a good machine. It can ignore all people whom it serves. But a man cannot ignore life around him. Short Ans: 1. What has the writer of the Letter to a Teacher thought about? 1. The writer thinks about his home, his school days and his teachers. 2. ‘You fail us right out into the fields and factories and then you forget us.’ What does the statement imply? 2. The education system offers only bookish and formal knowledge. It does not prepare a student for the skill demanded by practical life. 3. What did the teacher usually do when the author and other boys taking a test? 3. The teacher would walk up and down between the rows of desks when the stressful student is making mistakes in writing exam papers. 4. What difficulties did the author have to face during his studies at home? Does he find any difference between his being at home and his far off school? 4. The author had no study facilities at home. His mother’s noisiness would upset his studies. He had to help his sister’s son in his homework. He had neither books nor other help. But, he finds the same situation in his school too- due to the teacher’s formal and lukewarm response. 5. What is the author’s conception of education? What is the message here? 5. The education system should not offer only bookish / formal knowledge. It must prepare a student for the skill demanded by practical life. Education must not make us machines. A lift is a good machine. It can ignore all people whom it serves. But a man cannot ignore life around him. Education must make us humble and humane. 6. What does the author say about the students who do not know Cicero? 6. The authors say that knowing Cicero is not more important than knowing your own neighbours lives and their activities. 7. What is distinct about the author’s knowledge of the people around him? How does he differ from his teacher in this respect? 7. The author knows sounds of the valleys around his home. He knows better about the lives of his neighbours and relatives around him. His teacher does not know the life around him so closely. 8. In what matters does the author know more than his teachers? 8. The author knows sounds of the valleys around his home. He knows tree climbing. He can chop heavy branches and drag them home through snow to his mother’s doorstep. He knows better than his teachers about the lives of his neighbours and relatives around him. 9. What, according to the author, is his teacher’s approach to a worker? What does it imply? 9. The teacher’s approach to a worker is quite formal. True education must make us humble, but the teacher is not humble. 10. What does the author say about the teacher’s culture? 10. The teacher does not understand their culture. She has no sympathy for ordinary man and woman. 11. What did the teacher of physical education ask the boys to do at the gymnasium exam? 11. Though the students had no idea about basketball, the teacher of physical education asked the boys to play basketball. He failed them all and they had to take the exam in
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Short Notes: 1. The Author’s impressions about the teacher. 2. The message underlined in Letter to a Teacher. Ans: Letter to a Teacher is quite relevant today. It talks about the need to change the entire education system. The lesson boldly raises questions: Does our education system really offer us any wisdom? Does it make us humane and noble? Does it really teach us life management skills? Education must not make us machines. A lift is a good machine. It can ignore all people whom it serves. But, a man cannot ignore life around him. Here, the writer thinks about his home, school days and his teachers. The teacher’s approach is quite formal. True education must make us humble, but the teacher is not humble. The teacher does not understand their culture. She has no sympathy for ordinary man and woman. The author had no study facilities at home. He had neither books nor any other help. But, he finds the same situation in his school too due to the teacher’s too formal and lukewarm response. The author says that knowing Cicero is not more important than knowing your own neighbour’s lives and their activities. The author knows sounds of the valleys around his home. He knows tree climbing. He can chop heavy branches and drag them home through snow to his mother’s doorstep. He knows better than his teachers about the lives of his neighbours and relatives around him. The education system should not offer only bookish and formal knowledge. It must prepare a student for the skills demanded by practical life. It must not make us machine-like. It must make us humble and humane. 3. The Author’s views on physical education in Letter to a Teacher. Letter to a Teacher is quite relevant today. It talks about the need to change the entire education system. The lesson boldly raises questions: Does our education system really offer us any wisdom? Does it make us humane and noble? Does it really teach us life management skills? The author says at his gymnastics exam, though the students had no idea about basketball, the teacher of physical education asked the boys to play basketball. They students had never played basketball. The teacher looked them over with contempt and said: ‘Poor children’. He failed them all and they had to take the exam in the next autumn. Just knowing basketball should not be criteria to clear any exam for physical abilities. After all, the student knew more about physical education and life than his teachers knew. The author knows sounds of the valleys around his home. He knows tree climbing. He can chop heavy branches and drag them home through snow to his mother’s doorstep. He knows better than his teachers about the lives of his neighbours and relatives around him. The education system should not offer only bookish and formal knowledge. It must prepare a student for the skills demanded by
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practical life. It must not make us machine-like. It must make us humble and humane.
Lesson-2 Spoken English Broken English G.B.Shaw, a very well-known dramatist, was known for his wit and humour. He was also a good public speaker. In this speech, he says that there is nothing like ‘perfectly correct English’, as even two British do not speak alike. Short Ans: 1.What does Bernard Shaw say about ‘Correct English’? Why? 1. G.B.Shaw says that there is nothing like ‘perfectly correct English’, as even two British do not speak alike. 2.What is the function of the committee appointed by the British Broadcasting Corporation? 2.The BBC committee wanted to prepare a team whose ideal pronunciations should become a model of correct English for the British islands. 3.On what do the members of the committee, appointed by the BBC do not agree? 3.The simplest and commonest words are ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Yet, the scholars of the committee did not agree about the correct pronunciation of these words. 4.Which are the two simplest and commonest words in English language? 4. The simplest and commonest words are ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. 5.Why is it not possible for the scholars of the BBC committee to agree on the pronunciation of the specific words? 5. The BBC committee members belonged to different parts of the great Briton. Some belonged to Ireland. Some were Scottish. Some were Welsh. A few were American. Due to their regional flavours in words, the difference in pronunciations could never be removed. So, a collective agreement in this matter would become impossible. 6.As a public speaker, what does Bernard Shaw have to do? 6. As a public speaker, G.B. Shaw had to speak aloud so that thousands of people in the hall could hear him clearly. 7.As a distinguished orator how does Bernard Shaw use English at home with his wife? How does his wife react to him? 7. As a public speaker, G.B.Shaw had to speak aloud. But, at home he spoke so slowly to his nearby-wife that his wife could not hear him properly. His wife would ask him not to just mumble. 8. According to Bernard Shaw, what is the difference between company manners and home manners? 8. Our home manners have a surprising difference from our company manners. Family members speak differently to one another in the presence of strangers. We also have to be more careful about pronunciations while speaking to strangers. 9.What is Saw’s advice to foreign speakers of English language? Why? 9. Shaw says Londoners speak not only bad English, they speak even it badly. That is why foreigners’ must use ungrammatical/broken English, which can be understood easily by the British. They know that a foreigner’s words can never have a native’s rise and fall of voice. As soon as the natives hear a foreigner’s incorrect English, they will be glad to make out his meanings and help him. 10.What does Shaw say about Londoners in respect of their use of English language? 10. Shaw says Londoners speak not only bad English, they speak even that badly.
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11.According to Bernard Shaw, what is the benefit to foreign speakers of speaking broken English? 11. Shaw says Londoners speak not only bad English, but they speak it even badly. That is why foreigners’ must use ungrammatical/broken English, which can be understood easily by the British. They know that a foreigner’s words can never have a native’s rise and fall of voice. As soon as the natives hear a foreigner’s incorrect English, they will be glad to make out his meanings and help him. 12.What, according to Shaw, is an insult to a native speaker of English language? Why? 12. Shaw says Londoners speak not only bad English, they speak it even badly. It is an insult to the native who cannot understand his own language when it is too well spoken.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Short Notes. Shaw’s views on Correct English. Shaw as a public speaker. Company manners and home manners. Shaw’s advice to foreign speakers of English.
G.B.Shaw, a very well-known dramatist, was known for his wit and humour. He was also a good public speaker. He was a member of a BBC committee that wanted to prepare a team whose ideal pronunciations could become a model of correct English for the British islands. He says that the scholars of the committee did not agree about the correct pronunciation of the commonest words ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. In this speech, G.B.Shaw says that there is nothing like ‘perfectly correct English’, as even two British do not speak alike. He says there can be presentable English what we call good English. As a public speaker, G.B.Shaw had to speak aloud to the far-off audience. But, at home he spoke so slowly to his nearby-wife that his wife could not hear him properly. Jestingly, he adds that his wife would ask him to be a bit louder and not to just mumble. Shaw says that the BBC committee members belonged to different parts of the great Briton. Some belonged to Ireland. Some were Scottish. Some were Welsh. A few were American. Due to their regional flavours in words, the difference in pronunciations could never be removed. So, a collective agreement in this matter would become impossible. Shaw says Londoners speak not only bad English, but they speak it even badly. That is why for the foreigners’ ungrammatical/broken English can be understood easily by the IMPORTANT: English GUETA reserves all the rights of this material. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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British. It is an insult to the native who cannot understand his own language when it is spoken very well. They also know that a foreigner’s words can never have a native’s rise and fall of voice. As soon as the natives hear a foreigner’s incorrect English, they will be glad to make out his meanings and help him. He says there no need for practical purposes to make a big fuss about perfectly correct English. At the same time, he makes fun of the English who are so careless about the pronunciation of their own language, despite their pride for their culture.
Lesson-4 A Snake in the Grass by R.K.Narayan A Snake in the Grass is a well-known story by R.K.Narayan. R.K.Narayan is a master story teller. Rural charm, humour and wit are his hall marks. The mind maps of common men and women makes his stories richer. 1. What did the cyclist announce before the members of the bungalow? 1. The cyclist warned the members of the bungalow that a cobra had slipped into the gate. 2. Why did the cyclist announce to the family the entry of the snake into the compound? 2. The cyclist wanted to warn the family about the entry of the snake into the compound. 3. When the family announced the arrival of the snake to Dasa, why did he try to dismiss the matter? 3. The old servant Dasa was happily relaxing under the shed. He did not want to upset his afternoon sleep. So, he tried to dismiss the matter. 4. What did the members of the bungalow say to their servant Dasa on hearing about the arrival of a cobra into their compound? What was Dasa’s reply? 5. Why did the family hold Dasa responsible for the entry of the snake? 4/5. The family held Dasa responsible for the entry of the snake. They said that Dasa was a lazy servant. He was careless about the lawn. He did not keep the compound clean. They also threatened to dismiss Dasa if the hidden cobra was not found out before evening. Dasa said the family had not given him a grass cutter he demanded long back. 6. What had the servant Dasa been demanding for keeping the garden tidy? How was he silenced by the family members? 6. Dasa said the family had not given him a grass cutter he demanded long back. But, the family tried to silence Dasa and asked him to learn to use the things available. 7. Why did a neighbour advise the family members not to think of buying a grass cutter? 8. A neighbour declared that you could not think of buying any article made of iron till after the war. Why couldn’t anyone buy articles of iron during the war? IMPORTANT: English GUETA reserves all the rights of this material. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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7/8. Post-war iron-prices were so high that no one could buy a costly grass cutter. So, the neighbour asked the family not to buy a grass cutter. 9. The neighbour became eloquent on back market. Does this mean the neighbour was a good public speaker? Why does the author use the word ‘eloquent’? 9. By using the word ‘eloquent’, the author makes fun of the neighbour’s habit of speaking at length. 10. What did the youngest son say about the snake bite? 10. The youngest son of the family said 30,000 people died of snake bite every year. Now, this news added their fear about the hidden snake. 11. Why did the beggar advise the mother not to kill the snake? 12. When the beggar came the people first asked her to go away but later gave her a coin. Why? 11/12. The beggar advised the mother not to kill the snake. He said that the God Subramanya paid visit to their home in the form of a snake. He promised them to send a snake charmer. So, the people gave her a coin. 13. Did the beggar keep her promise to send down a snake charmer? 13. Yes, he kept his promise to send a snake charmer. 14. How did the family members ravage the garden to catch the cobra? 14. The boys took sticks and began to hack the garden. Creepers and lawns were laid low. 15. Were the neighbours really helpful? How do you know? 15. The neighbours became helpful. They tucked up dhoties, took knives/crow-bars and joined the snake hunt. Creepers and lawns were laid low. 16. ‘When there was nothing more to be done Das asked triumphantly, “Where is the snake?” Why does Dasa ask the question triumphantly? 16. Dasa had dismissed the matter of snake arrival earlier. But they did not accept Dasa’s opinion. When their long snake hunt failed, it was then Dasa’s turn to ask a question that could support his opinion. 17. Had the mother promised an Abhishekam? For whom? How do we know? 17. The mother remembered her promise for an Abhishekam when the beggar asked them not to kill the snake. 18. Was the old man a real snake - charmer? What clues does the author give about this? 18. The snake charmer talked about his power over snakes. But, when people asked him to go ahead with his work, he looked helpless and said he could catch a snake only if they showed him the snake. So, he was not a real snake charmer. 19. Was there really a snake inside the pot which Dasa brought? How do we know? If there was no snake inside the pot, why did Dasa pretend there was? 19. The family held Dasa responsible for the entry of the snake. They also threatened to dismiss Dasa if the hidden cobra was not found out. The snake became a headache for Dasa. So, he pretended that he had bravely caught the snake in the pot. Actually there was no snake inside the pot. The pot was not checked. Secondly, the snake came out of the compound wall at last. 20. Were there two snakes/ what do you think? 20. The cyclist saw only one snake. And, Dasa just pretended that he bravely caught the snake in a pot. The pot was not checked. When Dasa returned, the snake came out the wall. There was only one snake. IMPORTANT: English GUETA reserves all the rights of this material. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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21. Why would it have been a risk to knock the water-pot from Dasa’s hand? 21. Knocking the water pot seemed a risk. Because in that case, the snake might come out and the snake hunt might begin again. 22. Are there any examples of superstitious beliefs in the story? 22. The belief that snake is a form of God Subramanya is an example of superstition. The faith in the snake charmer’s power over snakes is also a superstition. 23. Why did the author write this story? 23. R.K.Narayan enjoys writing stories are for the sake of pleasure, not for instruction. 24. “He (Dasa) became the hero of the day”. What does this mean? 24. The cobra was a big cause of fear and worry for the family and the neighbours for the whole day. Their long snake hunt failed. But, at last, it was Dasa who said how he caught the snake in a water pot. This news was a great relief for them all. They admired Dasa’s bravery and sharpness. He became a hero of the day. 25. Did the college boy knock the water-pot from Dasa’s hand? How do you know? 25. The college boy just wished that if he had knocked the water pot, they might have known what it contained. So, he did not knock the water pot.
Short notes:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Commotion over the intrusion to the snake. Element of humour in “A Snake in the Grass” R.K.Narayan’s humour in the lesson. Discuss the title.
A Snake in the Grass is a well-known story by R.K.Narayan. R.K.Narayan is a master story teller. Rural charm, humour and wit are his hall marks. The mind maps of common men and women makes his stories richer. Here, Dasa, the mother, the family members and the neighbours together weave a story that gives us good laughs. The story is about an old and clever servant Dasa who works in a bungalow. On a Sunday afternoon, when Dasa was happily relaxing under the shed, a cyclist warned the family members of the house that a cobra has entered their compound. Dasa did not want to upset his afternoon sleep. So, he tried to dismiss the matter. But the family and the neighbours were afraid of the snake. The family held Dasa responsible for the entry of the snake. They also threatened to dismiss Dasa if the hidden cobra was not found out. A beggar came to their gate and advised the mother not to kill the snake. He said that the God Subramanya paid visit to their home in the form of a snake. He promised them to send a snake charmer. So, the people gave her a coin. The snake charmer came but could do nothing. Tension mounted. IMPORTANT: English GUETA reserves all the rights of this material. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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The boys of the bungalow took sticks and began to hack the garden. The neighbours became helpful. They tucked up dhoties, took knives/crow-bars and joined the snake hunt. Creepers and lawns were laid low. The snake became a headache for Dasa too. So, at last, he had an idea. He pretended that he had bravely caught the snake in the pot. Actually, there was no snake inside the pot. But, the pot was not checked. This thing adds elements of surprise and suspense to the simple story. The cobra was a big cause of fear and worry for the family and the neighbours for the whole day. Their long snake hunt failed. But, at last, it was Dasa who said how he had caught the snake in a water pot. This news was a great relief for them all. They admired Dasa’s bravery and sharpness. He became a hero of the day.
[ A Snake in the Grass means a person who seems a friend but who cannot be trusted. Here, the entire story moves around the snake that hides in the grass. It also talks about the servant Dasa who pretends to have caught snake in the pot. So the title is quite appropriate.]
Lesson-5 : With the Photographer by Stephen Leacock. With the Photographer is a humorous story by Stephen Leacock about the author’s visit to a whimsical photographer of the fifties. For the photographer, surprisingly, imaginary art is more important than the real human emotions. Here, the comedy is subtle. It has some tragic touches too. Short Answers: 1. Describe the photographer. / Is the appearance of the photographer here different from that of other photographers? How do we know? / The author compares the photographer’s eye to ‘the dim eye of a natural scientist’. What else is there in common between the photographer and the natural scientist? 1. The photographer looked different. He was a drooping man in grey suit. He had dim eye of a natural scientist. Like a scientist, he was a bit whimsical fellow. 2. ‘The photographer rolled a machine into the middle of the room…’ what is the machine referred to? 2. The machine was an old styled camera of late fifties. 3. The photographer says the author’s face is ‘quite wrong’. Why? In what sense is the face wrong? / When the photographer closely examined Leacock’s face through the machine, how did he look? What did he say about his face? 3. The photographer had a fixed idea about an ideal photo. When he closely saw the author’s face, he looked serious. As the ideal photo of his mind did not match with the real face of the author, he found the author’s face ‘quite wrong’. 9 IMPORTANT: English GUETA reserves all the rights of this material. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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4. ‘Stop’, I said with emotion but, I think, with dignity’. Why does the author say ‘I think?’ Think about the word dignity. What does it mean? / When the photographer found fault with Leacock’s face, how did the latter [Leacock] react to his criticism? 4. When the photographer went on counting faults with the author’s face, the author stopped him, as he loved his face. Like everyone, he had a dignity for his own face. 5. ‘I know it’s out of drawing’ what does it mean? What does the author mean by the statement? 5. The photographer had a fixed idea about an ideal photo. The author said with anger that his face was out of some ideal drawing fixed in the photographer’s mind. 6. I was conscious of a break in my voice. This means… a. He paused for a while in his speech. b. His voice wasn’t clear. c. He was about to cry. [ ] 7. When the author returns to see the proof he notices ‘a certain pride’ in the photographer’s manner. What is the photographer proud of? Does the author know the reason right now? Or does he find out later? 7. When the author returned to see the proof, he noticed pride in the photographer’s manner. He found out later that the photographer felt pride for the ideal photo he had made. 8. The author reacts with bitterness to the photographer’s remarks on ‘retouching ‘the photo. Is the author’s bitterness perceived by the photographer? Support your answer with evidence from the text. 8. Even after the author’s angry words, the photographer went on talking about how he had retouched the photo. He had not understood the author’s reaction.
9. ‘Listen’, I interrupted, drawing myself up and animating my features to their full extent and speaking with a withering contempt that should have blasted the man on the spot. Why does the author say ‘animating my feature to their full extent’? Does this refer to any remark made earlier by the photographer or the author? 9. The photographer took the author’s photo when he got angry. He said he caught the author’s face in full animation. Later, when the author found that his photo did not at all look like his own; all lines of his face were stretched due to anger. So, he wrote that he animated his feature to their full extent. 10. Look at the sentence quoted in the previous question. The author says he spoke with ‘withering contempt’. What does this mean? 10. The author’s withering contempt showed his too much anger. 11. ‘Go on, then, with your brutal work’. What is the ‘brutal work’? Why is it called 'brutal’? 11. Brutal work ruins other’s identity. Here, the photographer’s work ruined the author’s identity. So, it was called a brutal work. 12. ‘Take your negative … dip it in sulphide, bromide, oxide, cowhide’. Look at the words italicized. Are all of them names of chemical substance? 12. Cowhide is not a chemical. IMPORTANT: English GUETA reserves all the rights of this material. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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13. The photographer’s name is not mentioned anywhere. He is throughout ‘the photographer’. Is there any significance in this? 13. The photographer’s name is not mentioned anywhere. This means the author refers to any idealist who ignores the realities. It refers to those who expect others to live life according to their own whims. They sacrifice others’ identity to satisfy their own view point. Your real image must match the image of their opinion. Or else, they do not mind removing your identity. 14. What kind of the photograph does the author want? Why? / Why did Leacock get his photograph taken? 14. The author loved his face as the heaven gifted it. He wanted his real photo for his friends who could remember him after his death. 15. What kind of the photograph does the photographer try to give the author? / What was Leacock’s reaction on seeing his own photograph? Why? How did Leacock value his photograph taken by the photographer? 15. The photographer retouched the photo so much that it did not look like the author’s own photo. The author was so angry that he did not accept the new photo. The author said it was of no use for him and his friends. It was a worthless bauble. He broke into tears and left. 16. What is the effect of the author’s narration on us, the readers? Does it make us laugh? Or does it move us to sympathy and pity? Support your answer with evidence from the text. 16. When the story makes us laugh, it does create sympathy for the author whose identity was ruined from his photo by a well-meaning but a whimsical artist. We feel sympathy for the author who leaves the studio with tears.
Short Notes: 1.Leacock with the Photographer. 2. The End of the Story. 3. Element of humour and satire in the story: With the Photographer. 4. Discuss the title. Ans: With the Photographer is a humorous story by Stephen Leacock about the author’s visit to a whimsical photographer of the fifties. For the photographer, surprisingly, imaginary art is more important than the real human emotions. Here, the satire is subtle. It has some tragic touches too. IMPORTANT: English GUETA reserves all the rights of this material. Any unauthorized copying or reproduction is strictly prohibited.
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The photographer’s name is not mentioned anywhere. This means the author refers to any well-meaning but stubborn idealist who ignores the realities and other’s self-respect to satisfy personal opinions. They wanted others to behave exactly according to their own expectations. The author once walked into a studio as wanted his real photo for his friends who could remember him after his death. The photographer looked different. He was a drooping man in grey suit. Like a scientist, he was a bit whimsical fellow. He had a fixed idea about an ideal photo. When he closely saw the author’s face, he looked serious. As the ideal photo of his mind did not match with the real face of the author, he said that the author’s face ‘quite wrong’. Now, it was a shock for the author as everyone loves his own face. When he returned to the studio to see the proof, the author found that the photographer had removed the author’s eyebrow from the photo with a chemical. He reshaped the author’s mouth. The photographer had ‘retouched’ the photo so much that it did not at all look like the author’s own photo. The author was so angry that he did not accept the new photo. The author said it was of no use for him and his friends. It was a worthless bauble. At last, he broke into tears and left. When the story/end makes us laugh, it does create sympathy for the author whose identity was ruined from his own photo by well-meaning but whimsical artist.
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[As the story moves around the meeting of the author with the photographer, the title is quite appropriate.]
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[Really, the character of the photographer will live long in our memory.]
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[The satire here is subtle. The author says that like the photographer, how people try to reshape others’ lives and ruin their identity for the sake of so called perfection.]
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