AN EFFECTIVE BERTINI THEOREM AND THE NUMBER OF RATIONAL POINTS OF A NORMAL COMPLETE INTERSECTION OVER A FINITE FIELD ANTONIO CAFURE1,2 AND GUILLERMO MATERA2,3 Abstract. We obtain an explicit estimate on the number of q–rational points of a normal complete–intersection Fq –variety of Pn . Our estimate improves previous estimates of S. Ghorpade and G. Lachaud. Our proofs rely on methods of elimination theory and an effective version of the second Bertini theorem.

1. Introduction Let Fq be the finite field of q elements and let Fq be the algebraic closure of Fq . We denote the n–dimensional projective and affine spaces defined over Fq and Fq by Pn (Fq ), Pn := Pn (Fq ), An (Fq ) and An := An (Fq ) respectively. Let V be an affine or projective variety defined over Fq (an Fq –variety for short). Counting or estimating the number |V (Fq )| of q–rational points of V is a classical problem. Here by a q–rational point of V we mean a point of V with coordinates in Fq . In [21] (see also [15]), S. Lang and A. Weil establish a “prototype” of estimate on |V (Fq )| for absolutely irreducible Fq –varieties. They prove that for an absolutely irreducible Fq –variety V ⊂ Pn of dimension r and degree δ, an estimate of the following type holds: |V (Fq )| − pr ≤ (δ − 1)(δ − 2) q r−1/2 + C(n, r, δ) q r−1 , (1) where pr := q r + q r−1 + · · · + q + 1 = |Pr (Fq )| and C(n, r, δ) is a constant independent of q. We remark that [21] does not provide an explicit expression for C(n, r, δ). From the point of view of practical applications, it is usually necessary to provide explicit expressions of the constant C := C(n, r, δ) (see, e.g., Date: June 15, 2007. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11G25, 14G05; Secondary 11G20, 14M05, 14M10. Key words and phrases. Varieties over finite fields, rational points, normal complete intersection, second Bertini theorem. Research was partially supported by the following grants: UBACyT X112, PIP CONICET 2461, UNGS 30/3005 and and MTM2004-01167 (2004–2007). 1

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[14], [16], [24], [2]). Further, particular families of varieties for which better estimates holds are also of interest (see, e.g., [33], [32], [20], [25]). S. Ghorpade and G. Lachaud ([10], [9]) show that one can take C = 9 · 2s (sd + 3)n+1 in (1), provided that the variety V is defined by s equations of degree at most d. The proof of this result relies on the GrothendieckLefschetz Trace Formula and estimates of the Betti numbers of suitable spaces of ´etale `–adic cohomology. W. Schmidt ([27], [28]) develops an alternative approach based on combinatorial arguments and an effective version of the first Bertini theorem in order to obtain for the first time an explicit value of C for an absolutely irreducible Fq –hypersurface. The authors of this article [5] combine Schmidt’s approach with tools of effective elimination theory and an improved effective version of the first Bertini theorem in order to prove that one can take C = 5δ 13/3 in (1), provided that the regularity condition q > 2(r+1)δ 2 holds. This estimate holds for hypersurfaces without any regularity condition. These two are the best general estimates known. Nevertheless, in many particular cases they are far from being sharp. In fact, in presence of better geometric conditions significant improvements can be obtained, as shown by the work of P. Deligne [7], C. Hooley [12] and others. This article is devoted to obtain an estimate of type (1) for the number of q–rational points of a normal complete intersection Fq –variety V ⊂ Pn . This case has already been considered in [10], [9]. The authors prove that if V ⊂ Pn is a normal complete–intersection Fq –variety of degree δ and multidegree d := (d1 , . . . , dn−r ), defined by n − r equations of maximum degree d, then the following estimate holds: n+1 r−1 1 q . (2) |V (Fq )| − pr ≤ b01 (n − r + 1, d)q r− 2 + 9 · 2n−r (n − r)d + 3 Here b01 (n − r + 1, d) is the first primitive Betti number of a nonsingular complete intersection curve in Pn−r+1 of multidegree d. From the fact that b01 (n − r + 1, d) ≤ (δ − 1)(δ − 2) holds, with equality if and only if V is a hypersurface, we conclude that (2) improves (1) with C = 9 · 2s (sd + 3)n+1 . Compared with the bound C ≤ 5δ 13/3 obtained in [5] without using the  normality assumption, the bound C ≤ 9·2n−r (n−r)d+3 n+1 does not seem to be good for low codimension varieties, in particular for hypersurfaces, which are very common in practical situations (see, e.g., [14], [16], [24], [2], [25]). Indeed, in the hypersurface case the bound for C obtained in [5] exponentially improves that of [10], [9]. In this sense, using methods of elimination theory we derive a further estimate of type (2) better adapted to low codimension situations. Our main result is the following (cf. Theorem 6.1 and Corollary 6.2 below):

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Theorem. Let q > 2(n − r)dδ + 1 and let V ⊂ Pn be a normal complete intersection Fq –variety of degree δ and multidegree d, defined by polynomials of maximum degree d. Then the following estimate holds: |V (Fq )| − pr ≤ b01 (n − r + 1, d)q r−1/2 + 2(n − r)2 d2 δ 2 q r−1 , (3) where b01 (n−r+1, d) denotes the first Betti number of a nonsingular complete intersection curve in Pn−r+1 of multidegree d. As previously mentioned, our estimate, although valid under the regularity condition q > 2(n − r)dδ + 1, clearly improves (2) in the case of an hypersurface. In fact, for an hypersurface (2) becomes |V (Fq )| − pn−1 ≤ (δ − 1)(δ − 2)q n−3/2 + 18(δ + 3)n+1 q n−2 . Our estimate also improves (2) in cases of low dimension (such as 2r ≤ n − 1) and low degree (such as d ≤ 2(n − r)). Furthermore, we improve the (generalistic) estimate C = 5δ 13/3 of [5] and its regularity condition q > 2(r + 1)δ 2 . The proof of our main result relies on arguments of elimination theory in the spirit of [5] and an effective version of the second Bertini theorem. More precisely, we express the variety V under consideration as the disjoint union of a suitable number, namely pr−1 := |Pr−1 (Fq )|, of 1–dimensional linear sections of V defined over Fq . Since the dimension of the singular locus of V is at most r − 2, a generic 1–dimensional linear section of V is a nonsingular complete–intersection curve. A critical point is to obtain an upper bound on the number of 1–dimensional singular linear sections of V defined over Fq . For this purpose, we establish the following effective version of the second Bertini theorem (see Theorem 5.3): Theorem. Let V ⊂ Pn be a normal complete–intersection of dimension r and degree δ, and let π : V → Pr−1 be a generic linear projection. Then there exists a variety W ⊂ Pr−1 of degree at most 2(n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ such that the fiber π −1 (y) is a nonsingular curve of degree at most δ for every y∈ / W. The number of q–rational points of V lying in the nonsingular linear sections mentioned above is estimated using Deligne’s estimate (see Section 6), while the q–rational points lying in the remaining linear sections are controlled by means of elementary estimates and our effective second Bertini theorem. The paper is organized as follows. In section 3 we exhibit an upper bound on the number of q–rational points of an arbitrary projective variety defined over Fq , which illustrates the kind of arguments of elimination theory we

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use. Section 4 is devoted to obtain an upper bound on the degree of the genericity condition underlying the choice of linear varieties Lr and Ln−r−1 for which the central projection from Ln−r−1 mapping V onto Lr is a finite morphism and the corresponding field extension is separable. In Section 5 we obtain the effective version of the second Bertini theorem mentioned above, which is applied in Section 6 in order to obtain (3). We finish by briefly commenting on an application of (3) in the setting of cryptography. 2. Notions and notations We use standard notions and notations of commutative algebra and algebraic geometry as can be found in, e.g., [17], [30], [22]. Let K be any of the fields Fq or Fq . We say that V ⊂ Pn (V ⊂ An ) is a projective (affine) K–variety if it is the set of all common zeros in Fqn+1 (Fqn ) of a family of homogeneous polynomials F1 , . . . , Fm ∈ K[X0 , . . . , Xn ] (of polynomials F1 , . . . , Fm ∈ K[X1 , . . . , Xn ]). In the remaining of this section, unless otherwise stated, all results referring to K–varieties in general should be understood as valid for both projective and affine varieties. For a K–variety V in the n–dimensional (affine or projective) space, we denote by I(V ) its defining ideal and by K[V ] its coordinate ring. The dimension dim V of a K–variety V is the (Krull) dimension of its coordinate ring K[V ]. The degree deg V of an irreducible K–variety V is the maximum number of points lying in the intersection of V with a generic linear space L of codimension dim V , for which V ∩ L is a finite set (a zero–dimensional variety). More generally, if V = V1 ∪ · · · ∪ Vs is the decomposition of V into irreducible K–components, we define the degree of V as deg V := Ps i=1 deg Vi (cf. [11]). We say that V has pure dimension r if every irreducible K–component of V has dimension r. A K–variety V is absolutely irreducible if it is irreducible as Fq –variety. A K–variety V of dimension r in an n–dimensional space is called a (ideal– theoretic) complete intersection if its ideal I(V ) over K can be generated by n − r polynomials. If V is a complete intersection in Pn of dimension r and degree δ and F1 , . . . , Fn−r is a system of generators of I(V ), the degrees d1 , . . . , dn−r depend only on V and not on the system of generators. Arranging the di in such a way that d1 ≥ d2 ≥ · · · ≥ dn−r holds, we call d := (d1 , . . . , dn−r ) the multidegree of the complete intersection V . In Qn−r particular, it follows that δ = i=1 di holds. An irreducible projective K–variety V is normal if for every x ∈ V there is an affine neighborhood U of x such that the affine coordinate ring K[U ] is integrally closed. Nonsingular varieties are normal and when V is a curve,

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normality and nonsingularity are equivalent conditions. We recall Serre’s criterion for normality: A projective complete intersection V is normal if and only if V is regular in codimension 1. If V is a normal complete– intersection curve it is connected and then absolutely irreducible. Let V and W be irreducibles K–varieties of the same dimension and f : V → W be a regular dominant map. The degree of the field extension f ∗ (K(W )) ⊂ K(V ) is called the degree of f . Suppose further that W is normal and f is a finite morphism. We say that f is unramified at y ∈ W if the number of inverse images of y equals the degree of f . An important tool for our estimates is the following B´ezout inequality (see [11] for the affine case and [3] for the projective case; see also [8], [34]): if V and W are K–varieties, then the following inequality holds: (4)

deg(V ∩ W ) ≤ deg V deg W.

We shall also make use of the following well–known identities relating the degree of an affine K–variety V ⊂ An , the degree of its projective closure (with respect to the projective Zariski K–topology) V ⊂ Pn and the degree of the affine cone Ve of V (see, e.g., [4, Proposition 1.11]): (5)

deg V = deg V = deg V˜ .

Finally, we have the following result concerning the behavior of the degree under linear maps. Lemma 2.1. Let φ : V → W be a regular linear map between K–varieties. Then deg φ(V ) ≤ deg V holds. Proof. From (5) we see that it is enough to prove the statement for affine varieties. But for affine varieties this is a well-known fact (see, e.g., [11, Lemma 2]).  3. An elementary upper bound Following the notations of the preceding section, Pn and An stand for Pn (Fq ) and An (Fq ) respectively. For a given variety V , we denote by V (Fq ) the set of q–rational points of V and by |V (Fq )| its cardinality. In this section we obtain an elementary upper bound on the quantity |V (Fq )|. Notice that in some cases it is possible to determine the exact value of |V (Fq )|. For instance, the number of points pn of Pn (Fq ) is given by pn := |Pn (Fq )| = q n + q n−1 + · · · + q + 1. For an affine variety V of dimension r and degree δ we have the following upper bound on the number of q–rational points of V [5, Lemma 2.1]: (6)

|V (Fq )| ≤ δq r .

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The corresponding upper bound for a projective hypersurface is classical ([28], [19]). Our next result extends this bound to arbitrary projective varieties: Proposition 3.1. Let V be a projective variety of dimension r and degree δ. Then the following estimate holds: |V (Fq )| ≤ δpr . Proof. The proof is by induction on r. If r = 0 then it is clear that |V (Fq )| ≤ δ holds. Hence we may assume without loss of generality that r ≥ 1 holds. Suppose now that V is irreducible. After a linear change of coordinates we may assume that the hyperplane at infinity {X0 = 0} does not contain V . Then Vaff := V ∩ {X0 = 1} is an affine r–dimensional variety with projective closure V . Therefore by (5) it follows that deg Vaff = δ and thus (6) implies |Vaff (Fq )| ≤ δq r . On the other hand, by assumption we have that V∞ := V ∩ {X0 = 0} = V \ Vaff is a projective variety of dimension at most r − 1 and degree at most δ. Then by the induction hypothesis we have |V∞ (Fq )| ≤ δpr−1 . In conclusion, we have |V (Fq )| = |Vaff (Fq )| + |V∞ (Fq )| ≤ δq r + δpr−1 = δpr . This completes the inductive step when V is irreducible. Next, for an arbitrary projective variety V , let V = V1 ∪ · · · ∪ Vs be the decomposition of P V into irreducible projective varieties. Then dim Vi ≤ r and δ = si=1 δi , where δi := deg Vi for 1 ≤ i ≤ s. Therefore |V (Fq )| ≤

s X

|Vi (Fq )| ≤

i=1

s X

δi pr ≤ δpr .

i=1

This finishes the proof of the proposition.



A somewhat different proof is given in [10, Proposition 12.1] (see also [18, Proposition 2.3]). Nevertheless, we give our own proof of this result because it illustrates the kind of arguments of elimination theory we use. We also observe that in the case of an Fq –hypersurface H ⊂ Pn of degree δ ≤ q + 1 we have the upper bound |H(Fq )| ≤ δq n−1 + pn−2 due to J.-P. Serre [29]. Unfortunately, the hypersurfaces we consider in the next sections are not in general defined over Fq , and thus Serre’s bound cannot be applied. 4. On the existence of good linear projections In this section we establish some results which are crucial in order to obtain our effective version of the second Bertini theorem of Section 5.

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Let V ⊂ Pn be an absolutely irreducible complete–intersection Fq –variety of dimension r and degree δ. Let F1 , . . . , Fn−r ∈ Fq [X0 , . . . , Xn ] be homogeneous polynomials which form a regular sequence and generate the ideal of the variety V . We denote by di the degree of Fi for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − r, and we set d := max1≤i≤n−r di . Since V has pure dimension r, for a generic choice of linear varieties Lr and Ln−r−1 of Pn of dimension r and n − r − 1 respectively, the identities Lr ∩ Ln−r−1 = ∅,

V ∩ Ln−r−1 = ∅,

hold. Furthermore, V is mapped onto Lr by the central projection πr from Ln−r−1 , and finitely many points of V lie over any point of Lr under this projection. Finally, if Y0 , . . . , Yr are linear forms of Fq [X0 , . . . , Xn ] whose zero set defines the linear variety Ln−r−1 and πr is defined by πr : V

→ Lr

x 7→ (Y0 (x) : · · · : Yr (x)), then πr is a finite morphism. Our first result is devoted to prove the existence of a suitable choice for the linear variety Ln−r−1 : Lemma 4.1. There exist indices 0 ≤ ir+1 < · · · < in ≤ n such that, defining Yj := Xij for r + 1 ≤ j ≤ n, we have that Yr+1 , . . . , Yn are Fq – linearly independent and U := {x ∈ V : (∂Fi /∂Yr+j )1≤i,j≤n−r (x) 6= 0} is a nonempty Zariski open subset of V . Proof. Since V is absolutely irreducible, from, e.g., [28, Chapter 6, Corollary 6.C], we conclude that there exist linear forms Y0 , . . . , Yr ∈ Fq [X0 , . . . , Xn ] such that Fq (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) ,→ Fq (V ) is an algebraic separable field extension. Further, these linear forms can be chosen in such a way that the projection mapping πr : V → Pr defined by πr (x) := (Y0 (x) : · · · : Yr (x)) is a finite morphism, as asserted above. For the sake of the argument, fix arbitrarily such linear forms and denote by λ ∈ Fq(r+1)×(n+1) the matrix whose rows are the coefficients of these linear forms. From, e.g., [31, II.6.3, Theorem 4], we see that there exists y ∈ Pr such that πr−1 (y) is an unramified fiber of πr , i.e., the number of inverse images of y equals the degree of the field extension Fq (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) ,→ Fq (V ). Fix arbitrarily x ∈ πr−1 (y). The unramifiedness of πr at x means that the differential dx πr : Tx V → Ty Pr between the tangent spaces Tx V (to V at x) and Ty Pr (to Pr at y) is injective (see [6, §5, 5.2]). This in turns means

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that the following (n + 1) × (n + 1) matrix is nonsingular:   λ0, 0 ... λ0, n   .. ..   . .      λ ... λr, n  r, 0   Dr (x) :=  ∂F . ∂F 1   1 (x) . . . (x) ∂Xn   ∂X0   .. ..   . .   ∂Fn−r ∂Fn−r (x) . . . ∂Xn (x) ∂X0 Considering the Laplace expansion of the determinant of Dr (x), we conclude that there exist two disjoint set of indices 0 ≤ i0 < i1 < · · · < ir ≤ n and 0 ≤ ir+1 < · · · < in ≤ n such that both the square Jacobian matrices  (∂Yi /∂Xij )0≤i,j≤r and (∂Fi /∂Xir+j )(x) 1≤i,j≤n−r are nonsingular. From the nonsingularity of the matrix (∂Yi /∂Xij )0≤i,j≤r we conclude that the linear forms Y0 , . . . , Yr , Xir+1 , . . . , Xin are Fq –linearly independent. Furthermore, defining Yj := Xij for r + 1 ≤ j ≤ n, we see that the matrix  (∂Fi /∂Yr+j )(x) 1≤i,j≤n−r is nonsingular, which implies that U := {x ∈ V : (∂Fi /∂Yr+j )1≤i,j≤n−r (x) 6= 0} is a nonempty Zariski open subset of V . This finishes the proof of the lemma.  From now on we fix linear forms Yr+1 , . . . , Yn satisfying the statement of Lemma 4.1. Our next result yields an upper bound on the degree of the genericity condition underlying the choice of the linear variety Lr . Before stating it, we introduce some notations which shall be used in the sequel. Let Λ := (Λi, j )0≤i≤r, 0≤j≤n be a matrix of indeterminates and let Λ(i) denote the i–th row of Λ for 0 ≤ i ≤ r. Set X := (X0 , . . . , Xn ) and Ye := (Ye0 , . . . , Yer ) := ΛX. Proposition 4.2. There exists a nonzero polynomial A ∈ Fq [Λ] of degree at most 2δ + 1 in each group of variables Λ(i) for 0 ≤ i ≤ r with the following property: For any λ ∈ Fq(r+1)(n+1) with A(λ) 6= 0, the linear forms (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) := λX satisfy the following conditions: (i) the map πr : V → Pr defined by Y0 , , . . . , Yr is a finite morphism, (ii) Fq (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) ,→ Fq (V ) is a separable field extension, (iii) if Yr+1 , . . . ,Yn denote the linear forms of Lemma 4.1, then Y0 ,. . . ,Yn are Fq –linearly independent. Proof. Let Λ(r+1) be a vector of new n + 1 indeterminates and let Yer+1 := Λ(r+1) X. Let PV ∈ Fq [Λ, Λ(r+1) , Ye0 , . . . , Yer+1 ] be the Chow form of V (cf. [26], [13]). It is a well–known fact that PV is an irreducible polynomial of Fq [Λ, Λ(r+1) , Ye0 , , . . . , Yer+1 ] which is separable in each of the variables

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Ye0 , , . . . , Yer+1 and homogeneous in the variables Ye0 , , . . . , Yer+1 and in each group of variables Λ(i) for 0 ≤ i ≤ r + 1. Furthermore, PV satisfies the following degree estimates: • degYe PV = degYer+1 PV = δ, • degΛ(i) PV ≤ δ for 0 ≤ i ≤ r + 1. Considering the expansion of PV in powers of the variable Yer+1 , let e1 ∈ Fq [Λ, Λ(r+1) ] be the nonzero polynomial which arises as coefficient A δ e2 ∈ Fq [Λ, Λ(r+1) , Ye0 , . . . , Yer ] be the of the monomial Yer+1 in PV , and let A j0 , with j0 not divisible by the characteristic of coefficient of a monomial Yer+1 e1 and A e2 , respecFq . Then, let A1 , A2 ∈ Fq [Λ] be nonzero coefficients of A e1 as an element of Fq [Λ][Λ(r+1) ] and A e2 as an element tively, considering A of Fq [Λ][Λ(r+1) , Ye0 , . . . , Yer ]. The above estimates imply that both A1 and A2 have degree at most δ in each group of variables Λ(i) for 0 ≤ i ≤ r + 1. Let λ ∈ Fq(r+1)(n+1) be any point for which A1 (λ) 6= 0 and A2 (λ) 6= 0 hold e1 (λ, Λ(r+1) ) and define the r + 1 linear forms (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) := λX. Since A e2 (λ, Λ(r+1) , Y0 , . . . , Yr ) are nonzero polynomials, we deduce the exand A istence of Fq –linearly independent vectors w0 , . . . , wn ∈ Fqn+1 such that PV (λ, wj , Y0 , . . . , Yr , Yer+1 ) ∈ Fq [Y0 , . . . , Yr ][Yer+1 ] is a nonzero, monic (up to elements of Fq ) and separable polynomial, for every 0 ≤ j ≤ n. If we define `j := wj X for 0 ≤ j ≤ n, it turns out that the polynomial PV (λ, wj , Y0 , . . . , Yr , `j ) yields an integral dependence equation for the coordinate function induced by `j in the ring extension Fq [Y0 , . . . , Yr ] ,→ Fq [V ]. On the other hand, PV (λ, wj , Y0 , . . . , Yr , `j ) also yields a separable equation for `j in the field extension Fq (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) ,→ Fq (V ). Since Fq [`0 , `1 , . . . , `n ] = Fq [X0 , . . . , Xn ], we conclude that conditions (i) and (ii) are satisfied. Finally, in order to prove that condition (iii) holds, let A3 ∈ Fq [Λ] be the nonzero determinant of the matrix defined by the vectors of coefficients of the linear forms Ye0 , . . . , Yer , Yr+1 , . . . , Yn , where Yr+1 , . . . , Yn are the linear forms of the statement of Lemma 4.1. It is clear that if A3 (λ) 6= 0 holds and we define (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) := λX, then condition (iii) will be satisfied. Observe that degΛ(i) A3 ≤ 1 holds for 0 ≤ i ≤ r. Defining A := A1 A2 A3 , our previous arguments show that A satisfies the requirements of the statement of the proposition.  From Lemma 4.1 and Proposition 4.2 we deduce the main result of this section: Corollary 4.3. Let q > 2(n − r)dδ + 1. Then there exist linear forms Y0 , . . . , Yr ∈ Fq [X0 , . . . , Xn ] satisfying the following conditions: (i) The map πr : V → Pr defined by Y0 , , . . . , Yr is a finite morphism,

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(ii) The map πr−1 : V \ U → Pr−1 defined by Y0 , , . . . , Yr−1 is a finite morphism, (iii) Fq (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) ,→ Fq (V ) is a separable field extension, (iv) Fq (Y0 , . . . , Yr−1 ) ,→ Fq (C) is a separable field extension for every absolutely irreducible component C of V \ U, (v) The linear forms Y0 , . . . , Yr , Yr+1 , . . . , Yn are Fq –linearly independent. Proof. From Proposition 4.2 it follows that there exists a nonzero polynomial A ∈ Fq [Λ] of degree at most 2δ + 1 in each group of variables Λ(i) for 0 ≤ i ≤ r + 1 such that, for every λ ∈ Fq(r+1)(n+1) with A(λ) 6= 0, defining (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) := λX, we have that conditions (i), (iii) and (v) are satisfied. Let V \ U = ∪sj=1 Cj be the decomposition of V \ U into absolutely irreducible components. We have dim Cj = r − 1 for 1 ≤ j ≤ s. From the proof of Proposition 4.2 we conclude that for 1 ≤ j ≤ s there exists a nonzero polynomial A(j) ∈ Fq [Λ] of degree at most deg Cj in each group of variables Λ(i) such that for every λ ∈ Fq(r+1)(n+1) with A(j) (λ) 6= 0, the linear forms (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) := λX satisfy conditions (ii) and (iv) for Cj . P Since sj=1 deg(Cj ) = deg(V \ U) ≤ (n − r)(d − 1)δ holds, we conclude that the polynomial A∗ := A · A(1) · · · A(s) has degree at most 2δ + 1 + 2(n − r)(d − 1)δ ≤ 2(n − r)dδ + 1 in each group of variables Λ(i) , and for every λ ∈ Fq(r+1)(n+1) with A∗ (λ) 6= 0, the linear forms (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) := λX satisfy conditions (i)–(v). Let a(0) ∈ Fq [Λ(0) ] be a nonzero coefficient of A∗ , considering A∗ as a polynomial in Fq [Λ(0) ][Λ(1) , . . . , Λ(r) ]. By (6) it follows that a(0) has at most (2(n − r)dδ + 1)q n zeros in Fqn+1 . Since q > 2(n − r)dδ + 1 holds, we conclude that there exists λ(0) ∈ Fqn+1 such that A∗ (λ(0) , Λ(1) , . . . , Λ(r) ) is a nonzero polynomial. Arguing in a similar way, we successively deduce the existence of λ(1) , . . . , λ(r) ∈ Fqn+1 such that A∗ (λ) 6= 0 holds for λ := (λ(0) , . . . , λ(r) ). The linear forms (Y0 , . . . , Yr ) := λX satisfy the conditions of the corollary.  We remark that, from the proof of Corollary 4.3, we deduce that there exist linear forms Y0 , , . . . , Yr ∈ Fq [X] such that the map πr : V → Pr defined by Y0 , , . . . , Yr is a finite morphism for q > δ − 1. This is also proved in [18, Proposition 2.3]. 5. An effective Second Bertini Theorem This section is devoted to establish an effective version of the second Bertini theorem suitable for our requirements. The second Bertini theorem (see, e.g., [31, II.6.2, Theorem 2]) asserts that, given a dominant morphism

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of irreducible varieties f : V1 → V2 defined over a field of characteristic zero with V1 nonsingular, there exists a dense open set U of V2 such that the fiber f −1 (y) is nonsingular for every y ∈ U . Our effective version holds without any restriction on the characteristic of the ground field and gives an upper bound on the degree of the subvariety of points of V2 defining singular fibers. An effective version of a weak form of the Bertini theorem is given in [1]. Nevertheless, the bound given there is exponentially higher than ours and therefore is not suitable for our purposes. Let notations and assumptions be as in Section 4. Assume that the condition q > 2(n − r)dδ + 1 holds, and let Y0 , . . . , Yn ∈ Fq [X0 , . . . , Xn ] be linear forms satisfying conditions (i)–(v) of Corollary 4.3. Consider the linear mappings πr : V → Pr and πr−1 : V → Pr−1 defined by πr (x) := (Y0 (x) : · · · : Yr (x)) and πr−1 (x) := (Y0 (x) : · · · : Yr−1 (x)). Then πr is a well– defined finite morphism, πr−1 is well–defined outside (the 0–dimensional subvariety) πr−1 (0 : · · · : 0 : 1), and the choice of the linear forms Y0 , . . . , Yr−1 −1 implies that πr−1 (y) is a pure dimensional curve on V for every y ∈ Pr−1 . We shall prove that there exists a proper subvariety W of Pr−1 such that −1 πr−1 (y) is nonsingular for every y ∈ / W and we shall provide an upper bound for the degree of W . For a given x ∈ V and y := πr−1 (x) ∈ Pr−1 , we denote by Tx V and Ty Pr−1 the tangent spaces to V at x and to Pr−1 at y, respectively. Further, we denote by dx πr−1 : Tx V → Ty Pr−1 the differential mapping of πr−1 at x and −1 for any y ∈ Pn−1 we set Vy := πr−1 (y). We start with the following lemma, which yields a sufficient condition for the nonsingularity of a fiber Vy . Lemma 5.1. Let y be a point of Pr−1 such that for any point x ∈ Vy the following conditions are satisfied: (i) x is a regular point of V , (ii) dx πr−1 is surjective. Then Vy is a nonsingular curve. Proof. Let x be an arbitrary point of Vy . From the fact that the composite of Tx Vy ,→ Tx V with dx πr−1 is the zero map we conclude that the tangent space Tx Vy to the fiber Vy at x is contained in the kernel of dx πr−1 . By the surjectivity of dx πr−1 we have that the dimension of the image of dx πr−1 equals r − 1. Hence dim Tx Vy ≤ dim Ker dx πr−1 = dim Tx V − dim Ty Pr−1 = 1, where the last equality follows from the fact that x is a nonsingular point of V . Since Vy is of pure dimension 1, we conclude that dim Tx Vy = 1 and therefore x is regular point of Vy . This shows that Vy is nonsingular. 

12

ANTONIO CAFURE1,2 AND GUILLERMO MATERA2,3

Next we give a sufficient condition for the surjectivity of dx πr−1 . Lemma 5.2. Let U = {x ∈ V : det(∂Fi /∂Yr+j )1≤i,j≤n−r (x) 6= 0} be the nonempty Zariski open subset of V of Lemma 4.1. Then dx πr−1 is surjective for every x ∈ U \ πr−1 (0 : · · · : 0 : 1). Proof. Let x be an arbitrary point of U. Then x is a regular point of V , which implies that Tx V has dimension r. Therefore, from the identity dim Ker dx πr−1 = r − dim Im dx πr−1 , we conclude that the surjectivity of dx πr−1 is equivalent to the condition dim Ker dx πr−1 = 1. Suppose without loss of generality that Y0 (x) 6= 0 holds. Then we may assume that we are in an affine situation, and πr−1 is locally defined by πr−1 (x) := (Y1 (x), . . . , Yr−1 (x)). Now Ker dx πr−1 is the affine linear space Pn defined by the equations j=1 (∂Fi /∂Yj )(x)(Yj − Yj (x)) = 0 (1 ≤ i ≤ n − r), Yk − Yk (x) = 0 (1 ≤ k ≤ r − 1). From the definition of U we see that these equations are Fq –linearly independent, which proves that Ker dx πr−1 has dimension 1. This completes the proof.  Now we are ready to state our effective version of the second Bertini theorem. Theorem 5.3. There exists a proper subvariety W ⊂ Pr−1 of degree at most 2(n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ such that the fiber Vy is a nonsingular curve of degree at most δ for every y ∈ / W. Proof. Let Z be the proper closed subset of V consisting of the points of V where dx πr−1 is not surjective, and let Vreg and Vsing denote the sets of regular and singular points of V , respectively. Then Z can be expressed as Z = (Z ∩ Vreg ) ∪ (Z ∩ Vsing ) = (Z ∩ Vreg ) ∪ (Z ∩ Vsing ), where (Z ∩ Vreg ) denotes the Zariski closure of Z ∩ Vreg . From Lemma 5.2 we conclude that Z ⊂ V \ U holds, i.e., Z ⊂ {x ∈ V : F1 (x) = · · · = Fn−r (x) = det(∂Fi /∂Yr+j )1≤i,j≤n−r (x) = 0}. Since V is a normal variety, the set of singular points Vsing has codimension at least two in V . Claim. There exists a closed subset Zsing ⊂ V of codimension two in V and degree bounded by (n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ such that Vsing ⊂ Zsing holds. Proof of Claim. The Jacobian matrix (∂Fi /∂Xj )1≤i≤n−r,1≤j≤n+1 has Nr :=  n+1 maximal minors M1 , . . . , MNr . If x ∈ V is a regular point, there exists n−r at least one of these maximal minors, say Mk , for which Mk (x) 6= 0 holds. As P r a consequence we may choose γ1 , . . . , γNr ∈ Fq such that N j=1 γj Mj (x) 6= 0.

RATIONAL POINTS ON NORMAL COMPLETE INTERSECTIONS

13

P Setting G := nj=1 γj Mj , from the Jacobian criterion we see that Vsing ⊂ V ∩ {G = 0} ⊂ V holds. Besides, the absolute irreducibility of V implies that V ∩ {G = 0} is an equidimensional projective variety of dimension r − 1. Consider now the decomposition V ∩ {G = 0} = ∪si=1 Ci of V ∩ {G = 0} into absolutely irreducible components. Since Vsing has dimension at most r − 2, it follows that Ci ∩ Vreg is a nonempty set for 1 ≤ i ≤ s. Hence, arguing as above, we conclude that there exist xi ∈ Vreg ∩ Ci for 1 ≤ i ≤ s, and γ e1 , . . . , γ eNr ∈ Fq such that no point xi is a zero of the polynomial H := PNr ej Mj . Observe that both G and H have degree at most (n − r)(d − 1). j=1 γ We define Zsing := V ∩ {G = 0, H = 0}. By construction, we have that Vsing ⊂ Zsing ⊂ V holds and that Zsing is an equidimensional projective variety of dimension r − 2. Furthermore, from the B´ezout inequality (4) we conclude that deg Zsing ≤ δ deg G deg H ≤ (n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ. This finishes the proof of our claim. Claim. There exists a proper closed subset Zreg ⊂ V of degree bounded by (n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ such that Z ∩ Vreg ⊂ Zreg holds and πr−1 (Zreg ) is a proper closed subset of Pr−1 . Proof of Claim. We consider separately the cases dim Z ∩ Vreg = r − 1 and dim Z ∩ Vreg < r − 1. First, we suppose that Z ∩ Vreg has dimension r−1. Let Z ∩ Vreg = ∪ti=1 Di be the decomposition of Z ∩ Vreg into absolutely irreducible components. We are going to prove that for every component Di , the image of Di under πr−1 is a proper closed subset of Pr−1 . For components having dimension less than r − 1 the result is clear, hence we have only to deal with the components of dimension r − 1. Assume that there exists an irreducible component Di of Z ∩ Vreg of dimension r − 1 for which πr−1 (Di ) = Pr−1 holds. Since Di ⊂ Z ⊂ V \ U, recalling that V \ U has dimension r − 1, it follows that Di is an absolutely irreducible component of V \ U and Corollary 4.3 implies that the field extension Fq (Y0 , . . . , Yr−1 ) ,→ Fq (Di ) is separable. Applying, e.g., [31, II.6.2, Lemma 2], we conclude that there exists a nonempty Zariski open subset Oi ⊂ Di such that dx πr−1 is surjective for every x ∈ Oi , contradicting the fact that Di ⊂ Z holds. This shows that πr−1 (Di ) is a proper closed subset of Pr−1 for every 1 ≤ i ≤ t. Let M (x) denote the Jacobian matrix of F1 , . . . , Fn−r , Y0 , . . . , Yr−1 with respect to the variables X0 , . . . , Xn evaluated at x. Any regular point x ∈ Vreg belongs to Z if and only if M (x) has not full rank n. If x ∈ Vreg is a point for which dx πr−1 is surjective (for instance, x can be chosen in the nonempty

14

ANTONIO CAFURE1,2 AND GUILLERMO MATERA2,3

open set U of Lemma 5.2), the matrix M (x) has full rank n, and hence it has at least one nonzero minor of size n × n. Denoting by M (1) , . . . , M (n+1) e := Pn+1 ηj M (j) , the maximal minors of M , we define the polynomial G j=1 e where η1 , . . . , ηn+1 are elements of Fq such that G(x) 6= 0. It follows that e = 0} is an equidimensional projective variety of dimension r − 1. V ∩ {G Furthermore, by our characterization of the points of Z ∩ Vreg we easily e = 0}. e = 0} and then Z ∩ Vreg ⊂ V ∩ {G conclude that Z ∩ Vreg ⊂ V ∩ {G 0 e = 0} into e = 0} = ∪ti=1 Ei be the decomposition of V ∩ {G Let V ∩ {G absolutely irreducible components. As before, given that dim Vsing ≤ r − 2 and that every component Ei has dimension r −1, the intersection Ei ∩Vreg is nonempty for each 1 ≤ i ≤ t0 . Assume that E1 , . . . , Et00 are the components contained in Z ∩ Vreg for certain t00 ≤ t0 . This means that for t00 + 1 ≤ i ≤ t0 there exists a point xi ∈ Ei ∩ (Vreg \ Z). Hence, arguing as in the preceding claim we conclude that there exist ηe1 , . . . , ηen+1 ∈ Fq such that no xi is a root e := Pn+1 ηej Mj . of the polynomial H j=1 e = 0, H e = 0}. By construction We consider the variety Zreg := V ∩ {G we have that Z ∩ Vreg ⊂ Zreg ⊂ V holds and Zreg is a projective variety of 00 dimension r − 1. Furthermore, Zreg can be expressed as Zreg = ∪ti=1 Ei ∪ Ze with dim Ze ≤ r−2 and dim πr−1 (Ei ) ≤ r−2 for 1 ≤ i ≤ t00 , which proves that πr−1 (Zreg ) is strictly contained in Pr−1 . Finally, from the B´ezout inequality e deg H e ≤ (n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ holds. (4) we conclude that deg Zreg ≤ δ deg G This finishes the proof of our claim in the case dim Z ∩ Vreg = r − 1. The analysis of the case dim Z ∩ Vreg < r−1 follows by a simpler argument since we do not have to deal with components of Z ∩ Vreg of dimension e H e as above guarantees that r − 1. Therefore, choosing the polynomials G, dim πr−1 (Zreg ) ≤ r − 2 holds. This finishes the proof of our second claim.

From the claims above we have that Z ∪Vsing ⊂ Zsing ∪Zreg and Zsing ∪Zreg is a proper subvariety of V of dimension r − 1 and degree at most 2(n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ. Furthermore, W := πr−1 (Zreg ∪ Zsing ) is a proper subvariety of Pr−1 which, by Lemma 2.1, has degree at most 2(n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ. For y ∈ Pr−1 \W we have that every x ∈ Vy is a regular point of V not belonging to Z. Then Lemma 5.1 shows that Vy is a nonsingular curve of V , which by (4) has degree at most δ. This finishes the proof of the theorem. 

Since the curve Vy is a nonsingular projective complete intersection for y ∈ / W , Hartshorne’s connectedness Theorem (see, e.g., [17, VI, Theorem 4.2]) shows that Vy is connected, which implies that Vy is absolutely irreducible.

RATIONAL POINTS ON NORMAL COMPLETE INTERSECTIONS

15

6. The estimate In this section we obtain an estimate on the number of q–rational points of a normal complete–intersection Fq –variety V ⊂ Pn of dimension r, degree δ and multidegree d := (d1 , . . . , dn−r ). Our estimate relies on the following estimate, due to P. Deligne ([7]), on the number of q–rational points of a nonsingular complete–intersection Fq –curve C ⊂ Pn of degree δ and multidegree d: |C(Fq )| − p1 ≤ b01 (n, d)q 1/2 , (7) where b01 (n, d) denotes the first primitive Betti number of any nonsingular complete intersection C ⊂ Pn of dimension 1 and multidegree d. The inequality b01 (n, d) ≤ (δ − 1)(δ − 2) holds, with equality if and only if n = 2. Set d := max1≤i≤n−r di and assume that q > 2(n − r)dδ + 1 holds. Then there exist linear forms Y0 , . . . , Yn ∈ Fq [X0 , . . . , Xn ] satisfying conditions (i)– (v) of Corollary 4.3. We recall that the choice of the linear forms Y0 , . . . , Yr−1 −1 implies that Vy := πr−1 (y) is a pure dimensional curve on V for every r−1 y∈P . Denote by Ny the number of q–rational points of Vy for any y ∈ Pr−1 (Fq ). We are going to estimate |V (Fq )| in terms of the quantities Ny . For this purpose, we have our effective version of the second Bertini theorem (Theorem 5.3), which asserts that there exists a variety W ⊂ Pr−1 of dimension at most r − 2 such that for every y ∈ Pr−1 \ W the fiber Vy is a nonsingular complete intersection of degree at most δ. Since Vy is an Fq –curve for every y ∈ Pr−1 (Fq ), for each y in (Pr−1 \ W )(Fq ) we can estimate Ny by means of (7). We have the following result: Theorem 6.1. Let V ⊂ Pn be a normal complete–intersection Fq –variety of dimension r, degree δ ≥ 2 and multidegree d. For q > 2(n − r)dδ + 1 the following estimate holds: |V (Fq )| − pr ≤ b01 (n − r + 1, d)q r−1/2 + (b01 (n − r + 1, d) + δ deg W + 2)q r−1 , where W ⊂ Pr−1 is the variety of the statement of Theorem 5.3. Proof. We begin by expressing |V (Fq )| in terms of the numbers Ny with y ∈ Pr−1 (Fq ): X (8) |V (Fq )| = Ny + e, y∈Pr−1 (Fq )

where e is the number of q–rational points of πr−1 (0 : · · · : 0 : 1). Since πr is a finite morphism and Pr is a normal variety, we have that the cardinality of every fiber of πr is upper bounded by δ. In particular, e ≤ δ holds.

16

ANTONIO CAFURE1,2 AND GUILLERMO MATERA2,3

Subtracting pr at both sides of (8) and using the identity pr = p1 pr−1 − qpr−2 , we obtain: X |V (Fq )| − pr ≤ (9) |Ny − p1 | + qpr−2 + δ. y∈Pr−1 (Fq )

We decompose the first summand of the right–hand side of (9) as X X X |Ny − p1 | = |Ny − p1 | + |Ny − p1 | . y∈Pr−1 (Fq )

y ∈W / (Fq )

y∈W (Fq )

Thus, we have to estimate the quantities |Ny − p1 | in two different cases: for y belonging to W (Fq ) and for y belonging to (Pr−1 \ W )(Fq ). For any point y of W (Fq ), the number Ny is less than or equal to δp1 . Hence, taking into account that δ ≥ 2 holds, we obtain the inequality |Ny − p1 | ≤ (δ − 1)p1 . From Proposition 3.1 we have |W (Fq )| ≤ deg W pr−2 , and thus X (10) |Ny − p1 | ≤ (δ − 1)p1 · deg W pr−2 ≤ δ deg W q r−1 . y∈W (Fq )

On the other hand, if y belongs to (Pr−1 \ W )(Fq ), from Theorem 5.3 we have that the fiber Vy is a nonsingular complete–intersection Fq –curve in Pn−r+1 of degree at most δ and multidegree at most d. By (7) we obtain the estimate |Ny − p1 | ≤ b01 (n − r + 1, d)q 1/2 , where b01 (n − r + 1, d) is the corresponding Betti number. Hence, writing b01 := b01 (n − r + 1, d), the following inequality holds: X (11) |Ny − p1 | ≤ b01 q r−1/2 + b01 pr−2 q 1/2 ≤ b01 q r−1/2 + b01 q r−1 . y ∈W / (Fq )

Combining (9), (10), (11) and taking into account that qpr−2 + δ ≤ 2q r−1 holds, we easily deduce the statement of the theorem.  Taking into account the upper bound deg W ≤ 2(n − r)2 (d − 1)2 δ of Theorem 5.3, we deduce the following corollary: Corollary 6.2. With notations and assumptions as in Theorem 6.1, we have: |V (Fq )| − pr ≤ (δ − 1)(δ − 2)q r−1/2 + 2(n − r)2 d2 δ 2 q r−1 . In order to illustrate the comparison between the result of Corollary 6.2 and (2) we briefly comment on an application of this kind of estimates in the setting of cryptography. Boolean functions f : F2m → F2m are used in cryptography in order to design algorithms for block ciphering. It is important for such functions

RATIONAL POINTS ON NORMAL COMPLETE INTERSECTIONS

17

to possess a high resistance to differential crytanalysis. In order to analyze the resistance of such functions to differential attacks, Nyberg [23] has introduced the notion of almost perfect nonlinearity (APN). Let q := 2m . In [25, Corollaire 3.1], F. Rodier shows that, if a given function f : Fq → Fq is APN, then certain absolutely irreducible nonsingular  projective Fq –surface Vf of degree δ associated to f has at most 3 (δ−3)q+1 q–rational points. Then, as a consequence of [9, Corollary 7.3], Rodier shows that for m ≥ 6 and δ < q 1/6 + 3, 9 the function f is not APN [25, Th´eor`eme 4.1]. By means of our estimates we may strengthen this conclusion. Indeed, from Corollary 6.2 we deduce that, for q > 2δ 2 + 1, the following inequality holds: |Vf (Fq )| ≥ p2 − (δ − 1)(δ − 2)q 3/2 − 2δ 4 q. Therefore, from [25, Corollaire 3.1] it follows that f is not APN if q > 2δ 2 +1 and the following inequality holds:  p2 − (δ − 1)(δ − 2)q 3/2 − 2δ 4 q > 3 (δ − 3)q + 1 . As a consequence, we see that for q ≥ 4δ 4 , the function f is not APN, which significantly improves [25, Th´eor`eme 4.1]. References [1] E. Ballico. An effective Bertini theorem over finite fields. Adv. Geom., 3:361– 363, 2003. [2] A. Bogdanov. Pseudorandom generators for low degree polynomials. In H.N. Gabow and R. Fagin, editors, Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Baltimore, MD, USA, May 22-24, 2005, pages 21–30. ACM, New York, 2005. [3] F. Catanese. Chow varieties, Hilbert schemes, and moduli spaces of surfaces of general type. J. Algebraic Geom., 1(4):561–595, 1992. [4] L. Caniglia, A. Galligo, and J. Heintz. Equations for the projective closure and effective Nullstellensatz. Discrete Appl. Math., 33:11–23, 1991. [5] A. Cafure and G. Matera. Improved explicit estimates on the number of solutions of equations over a finite field. Finite Fields Appl., 12(2):155–185, 2006. [6] V. Danilov. Algebraic varieties and schemes. In I.R. Shafarevich, editor, Algebraic Geometry I, volume 23 of Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, pages 167–307. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1994. ´ [7] P. Deligne. La conjecture de Weil. I. Inst. Hautes Etudes Sci. Publ. Math., 43:273–307, 1974. [8] W. Fulton. Intersection Theory. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1984.

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´ [9] S. Ghorpade and G. Lachaud. Etale cohomology, Lefschetz theorems and number of points of singular varieties over finite fields. Mosc. Math. J., 2(3):589– 631, 2002. [10] S. Ghorpade and G. Lachaud. Number of solutions of equations over finite fields and a conjecture of Lang and Weil. In A.K. Agarwal et al., editor, Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics (Chandigarh, 2000), pages 269–291. Hindustan Book Agency, New Delhi, 2002. [11] J. Heintz. Definability and fast quantifier elimination in algebraically closed fields. Theoret. Comput. Sci., 24(3):239–277, 1983. [12] C. Hooley. On the number of points on a complete intersection over a finite field. Journal of Number Theory, 38(3):338–358, 1991. [13] W. Hodge and D. Pedoe. Methods of algebraic geometry. Vol. II. Cambridge Math. Lib. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1968. [14] M.-D. Huang and Y.-C. Wong. Solvability of systems of polynomial congruences modulo a large prime. Comput. Complexity, 8(3):227–257, 1999. [15] J.-R. Joly. Equations et vari´et´es alg´ebriques sur un corps fini. Enseign. Math., 19:1–117, 1973. [16] M. Knapp. Artin’s conjecture for forms of degree 7 and 11. J. London Math. Soc. (2), 63:268–274, 2001. [17] E. Kunz. Introduction to Commutative Algebra and Algebraic Geometry. Birkh¨ auser, Boston, 1985. [18] G. Lachaud. Number of points of plane sections and linear codes defined on algebraic varieties. In R. Pellikaan et al., editor, Arithmetic, geometry and coding theory (Luminy, France, 1993), pages 77–104. de Gruyter, Berlin New York, 1996. [19] R. Lidl and H. Niederreiter. Finite fields. Addison–Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983. [20] W. Luo. Rational points on complete intersections over Fp . Int. Math. Res. Not., 16:901–907, 1999. [21] S. Lang and A. Weil. The number of points of varieties in finite fields. Amer. J. Math., 76:819–827, 1954. [22] H. Matsumura. Commutative Algebra. Benjamin, 1980. [23] K. Nyberg. Differential uniform mappings for cryptography. In D. Coppersmith, editor, Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT ’93, Workshop on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, Lofthus, Norway, May 23-27, 1993, volume 765 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 55–64. Springer, 1994. [24] J.-F. Ragot. Probabilistic absolute irreducibility test for polynomials. J. Pure Appl. Algebra, 172(1):87–107, 2002.

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[25] F.

Rodier.

parfaitement tut

de

Borne

sur

le

non–lin´eaires. Math´ematiques

degr´e Preprint

de

des IML

Luminy,

19

polynˆomes

presque

2006–13,

Insti-

France,

available

at

http://iml.univ-mrs.fr/editions/preprint2006/preprint2006.html, 2006. [26] P. Samuel. M´ethodes d’alg`ebre abstraite en g´eom´etrie alg´ebrique. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1967. [27] W. Schmidt. A lower bound for the number of solutions of equations over finite fields. J. Number Theory, 6(6):448–480, 1974. [28] W. Schmidt. Equations over Finite Fields. An Elementary Approach. Number 536 in Lectures Notes in Math. Springer, New York, 1976. [29] J-P. Serre. Lettre ` a M. Tsfasman. Ast´erisque, 198-200:351–353, 1991. [30] I.R. Shafarevich. Basic algebraic geometry. Grad. Texts in Math. Springer, New York, 1984. [31] I.R. Shafarevich. Basic Algebraic Geometry: Varieties in Projective Space. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1994. [32] A. Skorobogatov. Exponential sums, the geometry of hyperplane sections, and some diophantine problems. Israel J. Math., 80:359–379, 1992. [33] I. Shparlinski and A. Skorobogatov. Exponential sums and rational points on complete intersections. Mathematika, 37:201–208, 1990. [34] W. Vogel. Results on B´ezout’s theorem, volume 74 of Tata Inst. Fundam. Res. Lect. Math. Tata Inst. Fund. Res., Bombay, 1984. 1

´tica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NatuDepartamento de Matema

´ n I (1428) rales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabello Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail address: [email protected] 2

Instituto de Desarrollo Humano, Universidad Nacional de General

´rrez 1150 (1613) Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, ArSarmiento, J.M. Gutie gentina. E-mail address: [email protected] 3

National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina.

An effective Bertini theorem and the number of rational ...

that if V ⊂ Pn is a normal complete–intersection Fq–variety of degree δ and ..... polynomial A(j) ∈ Fq[Λ] of degree at most deg Cj in each group of variables.

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Dec 30, 2002 - by Ia(ρa), Ib(ρb), Ic(ρc), Id(ρd) the incircles of the triangles BCD, CDA, DAB, and ABC. (2.1) The incenters form a rectangle. (2.2) ρa + ρc = ρb + ρd. Proof. In ABCD we have the following circles: Ocd(rcd), Oda(rda), Oab(rab),

An H-theorem for the general relativistic Ornstein
entropy S can be written as the integral of an entropy density s over the volume ..... closed time-like curves, as the Gödel universe or the extended Kerr black hole ..... 16 Jüttner, F., “Die relativistische quantentheorie des idealen gases,”

The Premises of Rational Management
to the map of current events, a means of achieving and maintaining .... The new rational manager: An updated edition for a new world. Princeton,. NJ: Princeton ...

Rational Expectations and the Puzzling No-Effect of ...
the analysis of the effects of the minimum wage on employment. We show in a standard ..... effi cient and may compensate for the reduction in job openings.8. In this paper we ...... Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Card, D. and A. B. ...

An Effective Implementation of the Compound ...
via Kitakyushu and Fukuoka innovative cluster projects and the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No.16360193 from the Japanese Ministry of Education, ...

Reducing the heterogeneity of payoffs: An effective way ...
1Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of ..... (Color online) (a) The change in the generalized prob- ... general, including the distribution of degree of networks [29].

An Effective Implementation of the Compound Element ...
DC operating point of the whole circuit due to the inevitable oscillation problems of some subcircuit structures. In order to improve the convergence properties, the novel compound element PTA algorithm is proposed in [2], which can avoid the oscilla