Vegetable Production and Future Food Security Ahmed Moustafa RD‐CWANA, AVRDC
Food production has to be doubled in 30 years! Today a fifth of the worlds population is living with malnutrition and hunger. More will suffer if the Food production not increased The total agricultural land available for the production of food and feed is less than 1.5 billion hectares not likely to increase. Climate Changes >>> water shortage
Pictures: from worldrevolution.org news.bbc.co.uk; teesmaarkhan.com & rupeenews.com
http://www.cheminova.com/en/the_production_of_foodstuffs.htm
World Population (billion person) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2000
projection for 2050 9.2 billion
Oct 2008 6.7 billion
2010
2020
http://www.worldometers.info/population/
2030
2040
2050
GCC Population Projection for 2050 70,000 60,000 50,000
65,623,000
40,000 30,000 20,000
38,351,000 in July 2009
10,000 0 '2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/datablog/2010/feb/01/united‐nations‐population‐world‐data
'2050
Nutrient Hunger up to 2.7 million lives could potentially be saved each year if fruits and vegetables consumption were sufficiently increased (WHO).
Low fruit and vegetable intake is a major contributing factor to micronutrient deficiencies disorders: • • • • •
Birth defects, Mental and physical retardation, Weakened immune systems, Blindness, and even Death,
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/fruit/en/
Vegetable Nutrient Value Vitamin C (mg) Daily Requirement strawberries, one cup whole green peper,One small raw pepper Mint Tomato, One medium tomato contains Cucumber, half cup slice Bread 25g slice (brown or White) 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Vegetable Nutrient Value Vitamin A (IU) Daily Requirement Tomato, One medium tomato contains green peper,One small raw pepper Olive Cucumber, half cup slice Date palm (100g) strawberries, one cup whole Bread 25g slice (brown or White) 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Vegetable Nutrient Value Potassium (mg) Human requirements for potassium/day Eggplant, 1 medium Zucchini, 1 large Date palm fruit (1000gr) Cucumber, 1 medium Squash (Butternut), 1 cup cubed, raw Tomato, medium Lettuce (Iceberg) 1/2 head Lettuce (Boston), 1/2 head Red capsicum, Red Bell Pepper 1 med Bread whole mile (25 gr slice) 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Vegetable production & consumption (Kg/person) per capita in 2003 in GCC
Source: FAO2004 & CIA Fact book 2003
Annual GCC food imports (US$ bn) and projection for 2020 49
34 24
23
24
2008
2009
2010
20
2007
2015
2020
IWMI, http://www.agassessment.org/
Challenges to FOOD SECURITY • Less Water for Agriculture – Water scarcity – Climate change
• More Food Needed – Population increase – Change in food consumption habit
There is a critical need for sustainable production techniques that increase water productivity in agriculture
Protected Agriculture
WHY ?
Production Levels of Open Field & Protected Agriculture
Ton /Ha 110 120 100 71.4 80 30.8 60
Tomato
59.5
Cucumber Pepper
14.7
40 20
16.1
0 Open Field
Protected agriculture
Productivity of 1 m3 of water Protected Agriculture Vs. Open Field
85.7 kg/m3
5.7 kg/m3
Protected Agriculture
Open Field
Source: Y.T. Guma, A. Al‐Masoum, Acta Hort. 434, ISHS 1996
Photo: Peter Essick
Total open field production of Tomato in Abu Dhabi (MEW data for 2005)
111,867 ton which consumed 19.6 million m3 of water OF 19.6
Same production would only consume 1.3 million m3 of water under Protected Agriculture
93% reduce
PA 1.3 water consumption (million m3)
Soilless Culture under Protected Agriculture
Soilless Culture Maximizes Production per Unit of Water
Comparison of Production and Plant Density between soil bed and hydroponics system in Kuwait
Comparison of cost of production between soil bed and Hydroponics System in Kuwait Items
Costs (KD) Soil Beds
Hydroponics
Green House
55,397.00
29,734.00
Production Materials
176.00
3900.00
water (Irrigation)
32,610.00
720.00
Growing Media
750.00
2,050.00
Fertilizers
660.00
245.00
Insecticides
346.50
144.00
Manpower
7,200.00
3,000.00
Total
97,139.50
39,793.00
Water Requirements (liter) to Produce 1 kg of Fresh Products 400 Soilless
350
Drip
337
Surface
300 247
250 200
162
148
150 99
100 50
40
63
72 36
0 Tomato
Cucumber
Peppers
Before
After
Before
After
Cucumber Production from Soil and Soilless in Hamranieh RS and Pilot Growers in Ajman and Ras Al Khaimeh (Feb to May 2009) 9.75 kg/m2 7.36 kg/m2
7.16 kg/m2
1.95 kg/m2
Plant/m2
1.9
2.4
2.8
3.6
Soil
Soilless
Soilless
Soilless
HRS
Grower in RAK
HRS
Grower in AJM
Weekly Harvest of Cucumber (kg) from Soil and Soilless (Feb‐May 2009) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Soil HRS
Soilless HRS
Soilless Al Naeemi Farm
Water Productivity (Kg/m3)
Comparison of Cost, income and net benefit (US$/m2) in soil and soilless system 28.0
•Seeds •soil sterilization chemicals •fertilizer
soil
19.2
soilless
17.3
7.10 4.77
4.12 0.59
1.58
2.23
2.76
4.4
1.79 0.12 0.30
Production production labor Electricity Income water system materials Source: data collected during the study, interviews with growers and local researcher
Profit
Research Required to Improve the Production Systems • • • • •
Irrigation and fertigation Production system design and materials Post harvest and crop handling New varieties and cultivars Crop protection & IPPM
Thank you
