Natural Acids of Fruits and Vegetables  Fruits  Type  Apples  Apricots  Avocados  Bananas  Bilberry  Blackberries  Blueberries  Boysenberries  Cherries  Crabapple  Cranberries  Currants  Elderberries  Figs  Gooseberries  Grapefruit  Grapes  Kiwifruit  Kumquat  Lemons  Limes  Loganberry  Nectarine  Orange Peel  Orange  Passionfruit  Peaches  Pears  Pineapples  Plums  Raspberry  Rosehip  Quinces  Salad  Strawberries  Tangerine  Youngberries 

Predominant Acids* Present  Malic, quinic, a­ketoglutaric, oxalacetic, citric, pyruvic, fumaric, lactic and succinic acids  Malic and Citric acids  Tartaric Acid  Malic, citric, tartaric and traces of acetic and formic acids  Citric  Isocitric, Malic, lactoisocitric, shikimic, quinic, and traces of citric and oxalic acids  Citric, malic, glyceric, citramalic, glycolic, succinic, glucuronic, galacturonic, shikimic, quinic,  glutamic and aspartic acids.  Citric, malic, and Isocitric acids.  Malic, citric, tartaric, succinic, quinic, shikimic, glyceric and glycolic acids.  Malic  Citric, malic and benzoic acids.  Citric, tartaric, malic and succinic acids.  Citric, malic, shikimic and quinic acids.  Citric, malic and acetic acids.  Citric, malic, shikimic and quinic acids.  Citric, tartaric, malic and oxalic acids.  Malic and tartaric (3:2), citric and oxalic acids.  Citric  Citric  Citric, malic, tartaric and oxalic acids (no Isocitric acid)  Citric, malic, tartaric and oxalic acids.  Malic, citric acids  Malic  Malic, citric and oxalic acids.  Citric, malic and oxalic acids.  malic  Malic and citric acids  Malic, citric, tartaric and oxalic acids  Citric and malic acids.  Malic, tartaric and oxalic acids.  Citric  Malic  Malic acid (no citric acid)  Citric and malic  Citric, malic, shikimic, succinic, glyceric, glycolic and aspartic acids.  Citric  Citric, malic and Isocitric acids. 

Vegetables  Beans  Broccoli  Carrots  Mushrooms  Peas  Potatoes  Rhubarb  Tomatoes 

Citric, malic and small amounts of succinic and fumaric acids  Malic and citric (3:2) and oxalic and succinic acids.  Malic, citric, Isocitric, succinic and fumaric acids.  Lactarimic, cetostearic, fumaric and allantoic acids.  Malic acid.  Malic, citric, oxalic, phosphoric and pyroglutamic acids.  Malic, citric and oxalic acids.  Citric, malic, oxalic, succinic, glycolic, tartaric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, sulphuric, fumaric,  pyrrolidinonecarboxylic and galacturonic acids. 

* Acids which occur in appreciable quantities are shown in italics.  The relative amount of each varies widely with  the variety, degree of ripeness and seasonal influences.  Complete identifications of all the acids present in many  of the products is obviously lacking in many instances.

Food Product/  Applications  Soft Drinks 

Citric Acid Form 

Purpose 

Citric Acid 

Soft Drinks 

Sodium Citrate 

Wine 

Citric Acid 

Candies 

Citric Acid 

Canned Fruits and  Vegetables  Jams and Jellies 

Citric Acid 

Impacts find tangy flavour. Sequesters harmful  heavy metal ions  Offers agreeable, cooling, saline taste. Assists in  retaining carbonation.  Prevents or dissolves ferric turbidity caused by  tannin­iron or phosphate­iron complexes.  Enhances flavour of fruits and berries. Promotes  sucrose inversion.  Allows reduction of retorting temperature.  Preserves flavour, appearance and consistency.  pH adjustment for optimal pectin gelling 

Gelatin Desserts 

Citric Acid/Sodium  Citrate  Citric Acid/Sodium  Citrate 

Processed Cheese 

Sodium Citrate 

Antioxidants 

Citric Acid 

pH adjustment for optimal gelatin setting.  Contributes to tartness and refreshing  properties.  Stabilises emulsified fat. Complexes calcium  ions. Improves microbiological stability.  Acts as synergist to antioxidants due to  complexation of heavy metal ions 

Natural Occurrence of Citric Acid in Fruits and Vegetables  Plant  Lemons  Grapefruit  Tangerines  Oranges  Blackcurrant  Red Currant  Raspberries  Strawberries  Apples  Potatoes  Tomatoes  Asparagus  Turnips  Peas  Corn Kernels  Lettuce  Eggplant 

Citric Acid, wt %  4.0­8.0  1.2­2.1  0.9­1.2  0.6­1.0  1.5­3.0  0.7­1.3  1.0­1.3  0.6­0.8  0.008  0.3­0.5  0.25  0.08­0.2  0.05­1.1  0.05  0.02  0.016  0.01

Typical Use  Level  0.25­0.4%  0.1%  0­0.3%  0.5%  0.1%  0­0.3%  2.5% 

3 – 4%  0.02% 

Acids in Fruits and Vegetables Eng.pdf

0.02%. Natural Occurrence of Citric Acid in Fruits and Vegetables. Plant Citric Acid, wt %. Lemons 4.08.0. Grapefruit 1.22.1. Tangerines 0.91.2. Oranges 0.61.0.

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