Accurate measurements for calculating Lifting Index of NIOSH Lifting Equation using Motion Capture Technology M. Haitham SHAMMAA1, Katsuaki KAWACHI2, Hiromasa SUZUKI1 1 2

Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST) – The University of Tokyo

Digital Human Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Abstract This Article presents a new method to obtain accurate measurements using the Motion Capture technology for the purpose of calculating the Lifting Index (LI) and the Recommended Lifting Weight (RWL) for lifting tasks that satisfy the conditions of the revised NIOSH lifting equation. It also presents a method to calculate the different multipliers of the NIOSH equation using the motion capture data.

Keywords Motion capture, NIOSH equation, ergonomic measurements

1. Introduction Despite that most of the industrial processes in the modern industrial facilities are mechanized or automated, many tasks are still performed manually. In fact approximately one third of all industrial jobs in the US involve some form of the Manual Material Handling (MMH) such as lifting, lowering, holding, carrying, pushing or pulling heavy materials (Cook and Neumann, 1987). Losses from the injuries of MMH including strains and sprains due to the overexertion which might cause low back pain (LBP) have led researchers to develop techniques to define the safe handling conditions. In 1993, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published the revised NIOSH Lifting Equation (NLE), a mathematical equation consisting of the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) and the Lifting Index (LI). Subsequently, a manual providing definitions and procedures for using the NIOSH equation was published in 1994 (Waters et al, 1993). The equation has gained widespread popularity in the United States and internationally as a tool for assessing the physical demands of two-handed manual lifting tasks (Waters et al. 1997). The values of RWL and LI provided by the equations shown below are dependent upon factors such as the vertical location (V), the horizontal location (H), the distance the load is lifted (D), the asymmetry lifting angle (A), the lifting frequency and duration, and the hand-object coupling.

RWL = 23 X (25 / H) X (1 - 0.003 |V - 75|) X (0.82 + (4.5 / D) X (1 – (0.0032 A)) X FM X CM Where: H -Horizontal Distance of the hands away from the mid-point between the ankles (Figure1) V - Vertical Distance of the hands above the floor (Figure 1) D - Distance between the vertical heights of the origin and the destination (Figure 1) A - Angle of asymmetry = angular displacement of the load from the mid-sagittal plane, measured at the origin and destination of the lift (Figure 2)

RWL = LC X HM X VM X DM X FM X AM X CM Where: LC - Load Constant LC = 23 (Kg.) HM - Horizontal Multiplier HM = (25 / H) VM - Vertical Multiplier VM = (1 - 0.003 |V - 75|) DM - Distance Multiplier DM = (0.82 + (4.5 / D) AM - Asymmetric Multiplier AM = (1 – (0.0032 A)) FM - Frequency Multiplier (Waters et al, 1993) CM - Coupling Multiplier (Waters et al. 1993)

Lifting Index (LI) shown below provides a relative

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estimate of the level of the physical stress associated with a particular lifting task. LI = L / RWL

2. Motion Capture The method proposes to place 7 markers (Figure 3) on the workers body while performing the lifting task during the motion capture session as follows: (1) outward left hand (2) outward right hand (3) inward ankle of the left foot (4) inward ankle of the right foot (5) outward ankle of the left foot (6) outward ankle of the right foot (7) top of the lifted object

Where: LI – Lifting Index L – Weight of the lifted load (Kg.) RWL – Recommended Weight Limit

Since the equation provides different weightings for each of the task factors, measurements errors will affect the magnitude of the RWL in different ways (Waters et al. 1997). For example; a 10 cm measurement error in the horizontal distance (H) could result in a maximum error of almost 30% in the RWL. On the other hand, a 10 cm error in the vertical measurement would result in no more than a 3% error in the RWL values. Usually the measurements are done manually by trained observers to obtain the different measurements of the NIOSH equation. In fact, it is difficult to define the location of the projection of the mid-point between hand grasp and the asymmetry angle during the lifting task (Waters at al. 1997). And this may cause ultimate errors in the calculation of the RWL and LI. In the manual measurements it is quite common for workers to move their feet while performing lifting tasks. In many cases, the analyst does not have the benefit of having the workers stop for taking measurement while the measurements are being taken. Additionally, there are frequent obstructions in the workplace that compound these problems. And the problem may be exacerbated by not being able to have workers stop during measurements (Dempsey and Fathallah, 1997)

(Figure 3) position of the 7 markers on the body We will use the data of the markers (1), (2), (3), and (4) to calculate the Horizontal Location (H) and the Vertical Location (V). While the data of the (5) and (6) in cooperation with the data of the first four markers will be used to calculate the asymmetry angle of the lifting task (A). And the marker (7) will be used to calculate the Vertical Travel Distance of the lifted object (D).

3. Calculation Algorithms 3.1. Keyey-framing the origin and destination frames The value of the RWL of the NIOSH equation is usually calculated at the positions of the origin and destination of the lifting task. Consequently, it was an important step to define (key-frame) the frames of the origin position and destination position of the lifting task in the motion capture data before calculating the NIOSH equation multipliers. For more understanding of how to key-frame these two frames, it was necessary first to define them as follows: - Origin Frame: the frame of the motion capture data when the person starts moving the object from its origin position. - Destination Frame: the frame of the motion capture data when the person places the object in its destination position and thus stops moving it. The marker (7) which is placed on the top of the lifted object is used to define these two frames as follows: - At the origin frame the 3D data of the marker will change any of its coordinates (X, Y, Z) values, which

For these reasons we proposed a method to take the measurements using the Motion Capture in order to eliminate the errors in the measurements due to the human mistakes which occur during the measurements of the Horizontal Location (H), vertical Location (V), Lifting Distance (D), and Asymmetry Angle (A).

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Location is calculated according to (Algorithm 2)

means that the object was moved. - At the destination frame the 3D data of the marker stop changing all of its coordinates (X, Y, Z), values which means that the object is not moving any more.

Algorithm 2: Calculate the Horizontal Location (H) (Xa, Ya, Za) = Midpoint [(X1, Y1, Z1), (X2, Y2, Z2)] (Xb, Yb, Zb) = Midpoint [(X3, Y3, Z3), (X4, Y4, Z4)] H = CalculateDistance [(Xb, Yb, Zb), (Xa, Ya, Zb)]

(Graph 1) presents the key-framing method of finding the origin and the destination frames of a sample motion capture data consists on (33) frames

3.3. Vertical Location (V) The Vertical Location (V) is defined as the vertical height of the hands above the floor. V is measured vertically from the floor to the mid-point between the hand grasps (Waters et al. 1993). For calculating the vertical location we used the data from the markers (1) and (2) as shown in the (Figure 5)

(Graph 1) Key-Framing In case the object’s marker didn’t change its position during the motion capture session, this refers to that the object has not been moved, and thus no lifting task was performed. On the other hand, in case the algorithm could key-frame the origin frame, but not the destination frame, this refers to that the motion capture data is not complete, and the motion capturing session has been ended before the object reached it destination position. 3.2. Horizontal Location (H) The Horizontal Location (H) is measured from the mid-point of the line joining the inner ankle bones to a point projected on the floor directly below the mid-point of the hand grasps (Waters at al. 1993). For calculating the Horizontal Distance (H) we used the data from the markers (1), (2),(3), and (4) as shown in the (Figure 4)

(Figure 5) Vertical Location Using the Pythagoras theorem to calculate the distance between two 3D points, the Vertical Location is calculated according to (Algorithm 3) Algorithm 3: Calculate the Vertical Location Location (V (V) (Xa, Ya, Za) = Midpoint [(X1, Y1, Z1), (X2, Y2, Z2)] PonitOfProjection (Xa, Ya, Zfloor) V = |Za – Zfloor| 3.4. Vertical Travel Distance (D) The vertical travel distance is defined as the vertical travel distance of the hands between the origin and the destination of the lift. And it can be computed by subtracting the vertical location the vertical location (V) at the origin of the lift from the corresponding (V) at the destination of the lift.(Waters at al. 1993). Instead of this definition, we made one revision to calculate the vertical travel distance by calculating (D) using the marker placed on the object as illustrated in the (Figure 6), and this will give the exact vertical travel distance rather than calculating (D) using the vertical location of the hands.

(Figure 4) Horizontal Location

Using the Pythagoras theorem to calculate the distance between two 3D points, the Horizontal

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(Figure 7) Generate the Sagittal line After defining the vector of the sagittal line, the asymmetry angle could be calculated be calculating the angle between the sagittal line defined here, and the asymmetry line defined previously while calculating the Horizontal Location (H). The asymmetry angle is shown in (Figure 8)

(Figure 6) Vertical Travel Distance The vertical travel distance (D) is simply calculated by subtracting the Z value of the object marker number (7) in the destination frames from the Z value of the object marker number (7) in the origin frame as shown in the (Algorithm 4) Algorithm 4: 4: Calculate the Vertical Distance (D (D) D = |Z7(Origin) – Z7(Destination)| 3.5. Asymmetric Asymmetric angle (A) The asymmetric angle (A) which is depicted graphically in (Figure 2) is defined as the angle between the asymmetry line and the mid-sagittal line. The asymmetry line is defined as the horizontal line that joins the mid-point between the inner ankle bones and the point projected on the floor directly below the mid-point of the hand grasps. The sagittal line is defined as the line passing through the mid-point between the inner ankle bones and lying in the mid-sagittal plane, as defines by the natural body position (hands directly in front of the body, with no twisting at the legs, torso, or shoulders. (Waters at al. 1993)

(Figure 8) Asymmetry Angle The asymmetry angle is calculated using the dot product between the two vectors of the sagittal line and the asymmetry line. The cosine of the angle (θ) formed between two vectors a[ax, ay, az] and b[bx ,by, bz] is given here:

3.6. Calculating the RWL and LI After obtaining the values of H, V, D, and A at the origin frame and the destination frame, the values of the RWL and LI is calculated according to the application manual of the revised NIOSH lifting equation.

There are numerous difficulties associated with measuring the asymmetry angle manually. First, the sagittal and asymmetry lines are essentially imaginary lines that cannot be drawn. This is compounded by the difficulties of actually deciding where the lines are. Thus, the asymmetry angle cannot be measured with precision manually (Dempsey and Fathallah, 1997).

4. Experiment The experiment was designed to test the validation of the proposed method. During the experiment we intended to record motion capture data for different lifting tasks at a variable origin and destination high and at different asymmetry angle. 6 markers were attached to the testee`s body and one marker to the lifted object as defined previously.

In order to define the sagittal line using the motion capture data we proposed a method of using the markers (3), (4), (5) and (6) on the both ankles to create a vector which passes through the mid-point between each pair of the markers as shown in the (Figure7)

The Motion Capture session was performed using the ViconMX motion capture system by Vicon Peak. And the motion capture data was obtained using the c3d file format. The key-framing of the origin and destination and the calculations of the RWL and LI were performed by “RWL-MoCap Calculator” software (University of

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Tokyo - Suzuki Lab. 2006) which was programmed for the purpose of this paper.

6. Discussion The results of different lifting task analysis could prove the high accuracy of the proposed method in calculating H, V, D and key-framing the origin and the destination of the lifting task.

5. Results We did a comparing study on the captured data to study the difference between the actual measurements the results obtained by the “RWL-MoCap Calculator”. The measurement where done for 10 times using different height levels, and different lifting paths.

There are some concerns about the Asymmetry angle (A), since the placement of the markers on the ankles may cause some error due to improper twisting in the ankles while performing the lifting task which may lead to unpredictable error in defining the vector of the sagittal line, and this will result in a false Asymmetry Angle value. The markers in the proposed method were placed on the ankles as the definition of the Asymmetry Angle according to (Waters at al. 1993). However while the asymmetry multiplier itself is simple, the application is not (Dempsey and Fathallah, 1997) The asymmetry multiplier or the user’s guide should be modified to be more usable, and the NIOSH lifting equation guide should be revised to reflect the specific intended definition of asymmetry (Dempsey and Fathallah, 1997).

Comparing the value of the Vertical Travel Distance of the lifting task (D) at two values (D = 54 cm) and (D = 105 cm). The results are shown in the (Table 1) Actual measurement of D (cm) 54.00 105.00 Average Calculated value (cm) 54.51 105.40 Maximum Calculated value (cm) 55.83 106.51 Minimum Calculated value (cm) 53.28 104.26 Maximum error (%) 3.38 1.44 Minimum error (%) 0.70 0.01 Average error (%) 1.61 0.72 (Table 1) Comparing the actual and calculated value of the Vertical Travel Distance (D)

7. Conclusion

Table 1 above shows that the average error between the actual value of the Vertical Travel Distance (D) and the value of D calculated using the “RWL-MoCap Calculator” is about (1.16 %). This error could be resulted from the error of the actual manual measurement of the height of the origin position and the destination position, but this small value of the average error and the small value of the standard deviation of the error proves the accuracy of the key-framing algorithm and the method proposed to obtain the measurements of the NIOSH equation using the Motion Capture. In addition to the above mentioned error in the measurements due to the measurement conditions, there is another defined accuracy parameter called the residual of the MoCap system. The residual is the average error in distance calculated by the photogrammetry software which prevents all measurement rays from meeting at an identical point in space. In general, lower residual numbers tend to indicate that the 3D point is more accurate. In the measured data of this research using the ViconMX MoCap system, the residual value had a range between (1.97 mm – 0.53 mm) with an average of (1.2 mm). This residual error is negligible small since it doesn’t make more than (0.01%) of the measured value. And it could be further reduced by using less residual or more accurate MoCap system.

This paper proposed a method to obtain accurate measurements for the purpose of calculating the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) and the Lifting Index (LI) of the NIOSH lifting equation using the Motion Capture Technology (MoCap). The results of this study shows satisfactory accuracy of the measurements, and prove the usability of the MoCap in the analysis of the tasks performed by humans in different industry fields. The advantages of using the MoCap in analyzing the human tasks in industry will provide more accuracy, faster analysis, instant results, and more reliability of the analysis by providing the human with freedom of movement without performing any manual measurements on his body while performing the task. This approach will also enable the researchers in ergonomics field to have a new more accurate tool for their researches.

References Waters, T., Puts-Anderson, V., Garg, A., 1993a. Applications manual for the revised NIOSH lifting equation. US Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati. Waters, T., Baron, S., Kemmlert, K., 1997. Accuracy of measurements for the revised NIOSH lifting equation. US Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati. Dempsey, P., Fathallah, F., 1997. Application issues and theoretical concerns regarding the 1991 NIOSH equation asymmetry multiplier. Linerty Mutual Research Center for Safety and Health, USA. The C3D File Format, User Guide. Motion Lab Systems, 2005. USA. C3Dserver, User Reference Manual, Motion Lab Systems, 2006. USA.

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Accurate measurements for calculating Lifting Index of ...

The method proposes to place 7 markers (Figure 3) on the workers body ... At the origin frame the 3D data of the marker will .... The C3D File Format, User Guide.

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