A Protocol for Ex­Vitro Acclimation in Hydroculture in Liquid Substrate ­short description­ Alexandru Fira [email protected]   Doina Clapa [email protected] The Fruit Research Station of Cluj Str. Horticultorilor no. 5,  Cluj­Napoca, jud. Cluj, ROMANIA Email address: [email protected] Website: http://www.scdpcluj.ro Introduction Ex vitro  acclimation is an essential phase in the process of micropropagation, as it allows  in  vitro­cultured   plants   to   survive   in   normal,   natural   conditions.  Ex   vitro  acclimation   is   the   gradual  adaptation of in vitro­cultured plants to the normal, natural environment.  The usual, classical methods used for  ex vitro  acclimation involve the use of various types of  trays or pots containing a solid substrate (peat, perlite, bark, vermiculite, soil etc. or various mixtures of  these   solid   components)   and   a   more   or   less   closed   environment   (greenhouse,   tunnel,   wet   tent,  acclimation chamber) where humidity is provided artificially in order to prevent plants from drying out,  either by using special installations that provide artificial fog (e.g. in greenhouses) or simply by the  evaporation of water and retention of humidity around the plantlets in a relatively closed environment  (in plastic tunnels or in trays covered with transparent lids or foil or in wet tents). Our ex vitro acclimation method involves the use of open, uncovered (uncapped), glass or plastic  vessels with no solid substrate, where the roots of the ex vitro­transferred plants are inserted into a layer  of liquid consisting of ordinary tap water with natural or modified pH, according to the requirements of  each   species.   We began research on this  method in August 2008 and now we are exclusively   and  routinely using it for small­scale production and we are further experimenting with this method. This  file was written on the 27th of July 2009. Brief description of the method The well­rooted plantlets are carefully taken out of the vessels used for in vitro culture and the  roots are washed with warm water in order to melt away the remnants of the agar­gelled nutritive media  . Then the plantlets are inserted into open, uncapped glass vessels (e.g. jars) or plastic vessels (e.g.  plastic trays or cups) containing a layer of ordinary tap water 1­3 cm thick which should cover the roots  but should not exceed root level in a great extent, only a few milimetres. Thus, the plantlets are in direct  contact with the surrounding air, which ensures continuous and enhanced gas exchange and humidity is  provided continuously by the continuous availability of water, while air humidity around the plantlets is  provided by evaporation from the vessels. The acclimation vessels should be kept at artificial or natural  light but not in direct sun and close to room temperature (18­25 ºC), indoors, in a growth chamber,  room or greenhouse. The plants are cultured for one month on the liquid substrate, then planted to soil or potting mix.  If the water gets browned during the acclimation phase, it should be replaced with fresh tap water and if 

the   amount   of   water   in   the   acclimation   vessels   decreases   due   to   consumption   by   the   plants   and  evaporation  it should be resupplied. Occasional dead leaves from the base of the plants should be  removed, as well as occasional rotted plantlets. Examples Our ex vitro acclimation method proved to be suitable for many horticultural species as well as  some rare and protected wild species. It was a surprising success for blackberry cultivar Thornless  Evergreen as well as a non­homologated new blackberry hybrid, Romanian black currant cultivars Perla  Neagra and Amurg, red raspberry cultivars Citria and Cuthbert, self­rooted plantlets of plum cultivar  Iulia,  Chrysanthemum  sp., ornamental  tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum),  Cymbidium  and  Drosera  rotundifolia, in unsuitable conditions. Photographs of plants acclimated in hydroculture

Acclimated blackberry plantlets, cv. Thornless Evergreen

Acclimated blackberry plantlets: an important hybrid

Acclimated raspberry plantlets

Plum cultivar Iulia

Acclimated Drosera rotundifolia

Acclimated Chrysanthemum    Acclimated ornamental tomato

Acclimated Cymbidium plantlets                          Acclimated black currant

Photographs of potted plants which were acclimated in hydroculture  according to the method described in the present file

Potted plum plants, cv. Iulia                            Potted blackberry                                                               cv. Thornless Evergreen

Potted raspberry                                                   Potted Drosera rotundifolia

Potted Cymbidium plants                                                      Potted tomato

Note. It is strictly forbidden to patent the ex vitro acclimation technique described in the present  file.   Anybody   has   the   right   to   experiment   with   the   technique   described   in   the   present   file   and  everybody has the right to use it for practical purposes.

A Protocol for ExVitro Acclimation in Hydroculture in ...

either by using special installations that provide artificial fog (e.g. in greenhouses) or simply by the evaporation of water and retention of humidity around the plantlets in a relatively closed environment. (in plastic tunnels or in trays covered with transparent lids or foil or in wet tents). Our ex vitro acclimation method involves ...

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