Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
The Organic Rankine Cycle – Power Production from Low Temperature Heat
Hartmut Spliethoff, Andreas Schuster Institute for Energy Systems Technische Universität München
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
Contents
• Introduction – History… – Recapitulation Clausius Rankine Cycle
• State of the Art Applications – Biomass Combustion – Geothermal Power Plants
• Innovative Applications – Solar Desalination with Organic Rankine Cycle – Waste-heat recovery from biomass digestion plants
• Conclusion and Outlook
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
2
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
Who was the Rankine - cycle’s “father” ? William John Macquorn Rankine * 5th July 1820 † 24th December 1872 • Scottish physicist and engineer • one of the founders of thermodynamics
WJM Rankine
• important contributions to the theory of steam engine
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
3
Lehrstuhl Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Energie Systeme
Assembly of a steam power station
Boiler House (steam generator)
Turbine House
Cooling Towers
(steam turbine, condenser, generator)
Boiler
Steam Turbine
G Generator
Condenser
Coal Stockyard
Feed Pump
Jürgen Karl
Flue Gas Cleaning M(dust removal, nitric oxide removal, desulphurization)
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
4
Lehrstuhl Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Energie Systeme
Power range and efficiency of common power machines for external combustion 1000
power range [MW]
Steam Power Plants 100 10
Organic Rankine Cycle
1
Steam Engine
0,1
Stirling Engine Jürgen Karl, Dezentrale Energiesysteme
0,01 0
20
40
60
80
efficiency [%] Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
5
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
The Organic Rankine Cycle – an application for small power range The ORC uses organic substances instead of water as working fluid • Silicone Oils • Hydrocarbons • Fluorocarbons water
organic fluids
Organic fluids lead to • higher turbine efficiencies due to the higher mass flow (leakage ↓) • low maintenance operation • good part load behavior Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
6
Lehrstuhl Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Energie Systeme
The Organic Rankine Cycle – an application for small power range and external heat source
200 500
Generator
50 100
0 0
District Heating Network
6 1
1 Feed Pump Feed Pump
M
0 0
Cooling Tower Condenser
(dust removal, nitric oxide M removal, desulphurization)
22
100 200
5 Condenser
33 44
3
3
10 bar
5
10 bar
11
11
00 0,0 1,0
00
5
5 bar
6
1 bar
p=1 bar p=0,05 bar
0,8
2
5 G
300
0,8
biomass boiler geothermal heat waste heat …
Turbine
Generator
25 bar
22
100 bar
0,,6 6
3 Steam
G
44
0,4 0 ,4
Boiler
2 3 4
400 150
x=0 x= ,2 0,2
Heat 4 Exchanger
temperature [° [°C] temperature C]
Turbine
6
55
2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 spezific spezific entropy entropy [kJ/kgK] [kJ/kgK]
Availaible in a power range up to 1500 kW… MW…
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
7
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme 200
25 bar
4
3
2
100
10 bar
55
5 bar
1
5
6 0,8
0
0,6
50
x= 0 ,2
G
150
0, 4
temperature [°C]
ORC with without recuperator recuperator
6
p=1 bar
0 1,0
6
M
1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 spezific entropy [kJ/kgK]
2,0
• Expansion does end in the area of superheated steam 5 • Sensible Heat of steam ( 5 - 6 ) can be used for preheating the liquid working fluid
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
8
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
State of the Art Applications
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
9
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
ORC Unit from Turboden, Brescia Italy • Units from 500 kW up to 1500 kW available
Rekuperator Condenser
• Standardized Product
Evaporator
Turbine Generator
Feed Pump
• Units are delivered completely assembled to installation site
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
10
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
Sauerlach – 700 kWel
Biomass Combustion Thermo oil loop G
Organic Rankine Cycle
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
Toblach – 1500 kWel
Fußach – 1100 kWel 11
Lehrstuhl Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Energie Systeme
Insertion • dependency of electric efficiency of exhaust gas losses of biomass boiler • flow temperature / return temperature thermo oil 270 °C / 220 °C
Electric Efficiency 10…12 % Manufacturer information of 16…18 % don’t include the furnace
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
12
Lehrstuhl Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Energie
Geothermal Power Plants ORC System
Return Cooler 28°C
Water processing
www.geothermie.de
Systeme
15-110 m³/h
Altheim 1000 kWel
21°C, 120-395 m³/h
Well
www.geothermie.de
Neustadt-Glewe 210 kWel 98°C
Bore Hole
Injection Bore Hole
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
13
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
Innovative applications
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
14
Lehrstuhl
Energie Systeme
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Innovative stand-alone solar desalination system with an Organic Rankine Cycle
Collector Loop
Organic Rankine Cycle Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
Osmosis Process 15
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
Design Criteria for ORC with solar heat • Scroll expander for mechanical power in the range of 10 kW
• Different working fluids offer nearly the same efficieny • Fluid with efficiency maximum at the lowest posssible temperature fits best
cycle efficiency [%]
• Scroll expander is a positve displacement expansion machine 5,6 R227 R245fa 5,4 5,2 R236fa 5,0 4,8 R134a 4,6 4,4 4,2 4,0 50 75 100 125 150 live steam temperature [°C]
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
16
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
Status of the project • The project is succesfully finished • The expander efficiency is between 60 and 70 % over a wide operation range • The cycle efficiency is around 4 % • The fresh water production is approximately 320 l/h with a thermal input of 35 kW
The research was done in the framework of the project RO-Solar-Rankine (COOPCT-2003-507997) funded by the European Comission. Therefore the TU München is much obliged.
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
17
Lehrstuhl
Energie Systeme
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Waste-heat recovery from biomass digestion recovery with low temperature ORC plants
• Gainful use of the excess heat of the IC engine is important for the economic and energetic efficiency • Only 20…25 % of the waste heat of the engine is needed for heating the digester • The characteristics of heat demand and the location of the digestion plants is hindering for the use of waste heat in district heating networks enhanced electricity production by the application of ORC Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
Organic Waste Energy Crops
Manure
Desulphurization Biogas
Fermenter
Grid
IC engine
Biogas tank
ORC System 18
Lehrstuhl
Energie Systeme
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Case Study for biomass digestion plant Thermo oil loop Test Rig at TUM
IC engine
Organic Rankine Cycle Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
19
Lehrstuhl
Energie Systeme
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Case Study for biomass digestion plant
• Combustion Engine 555 kW Deutz TCG 2016 V12 • Electrical Power 537 kWel • Exhaust gas temperature of ~ 490 °C • Additional Power production of 35 kWel equivalent to an efficiency gain of 2.6 % • With an interest rate of 5 % and 7.500 full load hours electricity production cost of 5.65 €Ct/kWh can be reached
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
5
Ct O.R.
6C
t t 7C 8C
t
9C
t
20
Lehrstuhl
Energie
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff
Systeme
Conclusions: • Organic Rankine Cycles are a modification of the well known Clausius Rankine Cycle • The use of organic fluids offer various advantages • The ORC technology for electricity production from biomass and geothermal heat is state of the art • ORCs are also suitable for waste-heat recovery and power production from solarthermal heat – these applications are subject of further research • ORC linked with Reverse Osmosis is a promising possibility for seawater desalination
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006
21
