USOORE41965E

(19) United States (12) Reissued Patent

(10) Patent Number:

West (54)

(45) Date of Reissued Patent:

BI-DIRECTIONAL MULTI-PORT INVERTER

6,175,510 B1

1/2001 Loh .......................... .. 363/37

6,246,592 B1

6/2001 Balogh et al. ..

TRANSFORMER

6,297,972 B1 * 10/2001

_

Inventor'

.

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6,650,552

giggard leeSt’ san LmsOblspo’CA

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CA (Us) App1_NO_; 12/205,743

B2

11/2003

363/37

307/31

Takagi et a1.

......

. . . ..

363/17

Suzuki 6161. . . . . .

. . . .. 307/65

Schlecht ......... .. Welches et a1.

363/16

2001/0010637 A1

8/2001

2003/0012038 A1

1/2003

2004/0004402 A1

1/2004 Kippley

2004/0070944 A1

4/2004 Wells 6161.

2004/0165408 A1 2005/0078491 A1

8/2004 West et a1. 363/131 4/2005 Song et a1. ............... .. 363/17

2005/0226017 A1

(22) Filed:

363/16

Chen ........... ..

8/2002 Ropp et al.

7,449,798 B2 * 11/2008

(73) As51gnee: Xantrex Technology Inc., Livermore, (21)

Nov. 30, 2010

WITH HIGH FREQUENCY LINK

6,429,546 B1 (75)

US RE41,965 E

10/2005

363/34

307/82 361/704

Kotsopoulos et al. ..... .. 363/125

Sep. 5, 2008 * cited by examiner Related US. Patent Documents

Reissue of: (64) Patent No.:

Issued: Appl. No.: Filed: (51)

7,102,251 Sep. 5, 2006

Primary ExamineriAlbert W Paladini Assistant ExamineriDaniel Cavallari (74) Attorney, Agent, or FirmiNixon Peabody LLP

10/604,876 Aug. 22, 2003

(57)

Int_ CL

This invention is a multi-port power converter where all

H02] 1/00 (52)

P orts are conP led through different windinss of a hi

(2006.01)

,

_

363/97

_

fre

quency transformer. Two or more, and typ1cally all, ports h?“ Symhromzed SWI‘Chmg ekmems ‘0 allow the use Of a

us. Cl. ............................ .. 307/64; 307/66; 363/16;

(58) Fleld 0f Clgga?sgatégng

h1gh freiililency tirinsformer. Th1s' concept and gypefolf con

verter1s

3105/3?

own.

1smvent1onm1t1gates anum ero

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tions in the present art and adds new capabilities that will allow applications to be served that would otherwise not have been practical. A novel circuit topology for a four quadrant AC port is disclosed. A novel circuit topology for a unidirectional DC port with voltage boost capabilities is dis closed. A novel circuit topology for a unidirectional DC port with voltage buck capabilities is disclosed. A novel circuit

323/222

See application ?le for complete search history. (56)

ABSTRACT

. References Clted U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS

for a high ef?ciency, high frequency, bi-directional, AC 4,947,311 A

8/1990 Peterson ................... .. 363/124

5,017,800 A

5/1991

Divan .... ..

307/66

7/1991

Ball .......... ..

363/65

5,029,064 A

5,856,712 A

*

semiconductor switch is also disclosed '

1/1999 Suzuki et a1. ............... .. 307/64

20

19 Claims, 8 Drawing Sheets

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US RE41,965 E 1

2

BI-DIRECTIONAL MULTI-PORT INVERTER

WITH HIGH FREQUENCY LINK

3,517,300 in 1970. Since then, others have expanded the potential capabilities of these power converters but with less

TRANSFORMER

than-novel or with technically obvious variations on the

Matter enclosed in heavy brackets [ ] appears in the original patent but forms no part of this reissue speci?ca

involves a number of novel power circuit topologies that

original McMurry invention. The invention disclosed herein

allow much greater port ?exibility and provide enhanced performance. The invention allows a port to perform as a

tion; matter printed in italics indicates the additions made by reissue.

boost or buck converter when sourcing power into the high

frequency transformer, a capability that has not been previ

ously established. These added capabilities allow applica

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

tions to be served that would otherwise not have been practi

cal. Also, the invention allows each non-battery port to “see” only the re?ected battery characteristics at the transformer interface so that the operation of all non-battery ports are independent and non-interactive. The preferred embodiment

The ?eld of this invention is power electronics and electri cal power conversion. Electronic power inverters are devices for converting direct current (DC) power, usually from a

storage battery, into alternating current (AC) power for

of the invention is intended for residential electrical energy systems. There are three ports; a bi-directional battery port

household appliances. Some inverters also convert power from an AC source to charge the storage battery used by the inverter. Devices capable of power transfer in either

that allows a storage battery to source energy to the trans former or sink energy from the transformer to charge the

direction, DC-to-AC or AC-to-DC are commonly referred to as inverter/chargers or bi-directional inverters. Inverters are

also used in renewable and distributed energy systems to convert DC power from photovoltaic panels, fuel cells or wind turbines into power that can be delivered into the utility grid. There is a growing demand for an inverter product with this capability that can also charge storage batteries and sup port AC loads when the utility grid is not available. Residen tial systems with both renewable energy sources and energy

storage components typically use a battery-centric topology. This is because the battery provides a stable voltage and high peak power capabilities. In these systems, the renewable energy source interfaces to the battery through a DC-to-DC

battery, a bi-directional AC port that allows the transformer 20 to source energy to loads and also to sink or source energy

from a utility grid at unity power factor, and a renewable energy port that sources energy into the transformer and is

capable of controlling the operating point of the renewable energy source and the amount of power delivered into the 25

(ii) lower cost because of the smaller transformer and the

system-integrated power conversion approach and (iii) more 30

converter or charge controller to provide the required match ing and regulation functions. The battery is in turn connected to a DC-to-AC inverter, to support the system loads, and to a battery charger. Additional energy sources as well as DC

loads would also logically tie in at the storage battery con nection point. With the present state of technology, this arrangement typically provides the most cost effective and

ef?cient because of fewer power conversion stages and the lower core and copper losses associated with high frequency transformers. These advantages are had without sacri?cing the isolation properties of a transformer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

35

FIG. 1 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the invention, a power converter for residential energy systems

having a photovoltaic (PV) array, a storage battery and a

multipurpose utility/ load/generator interface.

highest performance system solution. There are a number of

FIG. 2 illustrates an alternate power converter circuit

inherent limitations with this approach. (i) The storage bat tery voltages are relatively low compared to the AC voltages

topology for residential energy systems having a renewable energy source, a storage battery and a multipurpose utility/ load/ generator interface. FIG. 3 illustrates the sequence of high frequency switch

that the inverter produces. A common power conversion method is to convert the low DC battery voltage into a low AC voltage and then use a transformer to convert to a higher

AC voltage. This approach requires a heavy, expensive, and typically inefficient, low frequency transformer. (ii) The

transformer. Products developed using this invention will be (i) lighter because transformers operating at ultrasonic fre quencies are much smaller than line frequency transformers

45

closures in a two-port power converter using the invention. The condition shown is a battery at the two-quadrant DC port delivering power to a load at the four-quadrant AC port.

conversion ef?ciency from the renewable energy source to

FIG. 4 illustrates the sequence of high frequency switch

the battery to the utility grid is low because of the additive losses from each successive power conversion stage. (iii)

closures in a two-port power converter using the invention. The condition shown is an AC voltage source at the four

Higher voltage, higher ef?ciency, lower cost photovoltaic series “string” arrays are not practical because of the

50

photovoltaic/battery voltage disparity. (iv) Individual power

FIG. 5 illustrates an alternate power converter topology for residential energy systems having a renewable energy source, a storage battery and a split-phase, multipurpose,

converters in battery-centric systems are usually autono mous. It is advantageous for all power converters to act in

concert in order to achieve optimum battery life and to better

support the system loads.

55

FIG. 6 illustrates a typical, known bi-directional semicon bi-directional current control and bi-directional current con

The invention is a multi-port power electronics topology, 60

duction. FIG. 7 illustrates an alternate, bi-directional semiconduc

tor switch capable of bipolar voltage blocking, bi-directional

“conduit” and interface point for all ports. This invention would allow for energy systems that are high-frequency transfonner-core-centric as opposed to battery-centric. This

invention mitigates essentially all of the limitations of battery-centric energy systems. The underlying power con

utility/ load/ generator interface.

ductor switch capable of bipolar voltage blocking,

SUMMARY OF INVENTION with a high frequency transformer as the common power

quadrant AC port delivering power to (charging) the battery at the two-quadrant DC port.

current control and bi-directional current conduction using IGBT instead of MOSFET devices. FIG. 8 illustrates a novel, composite, bi-directional semi 65

conductor switch capable of bipolar voltage blocking,

verter concept used for this invention was originally

bi-directional current control and bi-directional current con

invented by William McMurry and disclosed in US. Pat. No.

duction.

US RE41,965 E 3

4

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

with switch pairs 22, 24 and 21, 23 respectively. When switch 93 is opened, the freewheeling inductor current is conducted through diode 71 and either transformer winding

FIG. 1 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the invention, a three-port power converter topology with one bi-directional battery port, at terminals 12 and 13, one four quadrant AC port, at terminals 61 and 62, and one unidirec tional renewable energy port at terminals 84 and 85. Two types of semiconductor switch elements are shown.

37 and unidirectional switch 91 or transformer winding 38 and unidirectional switch 92, whichever path is active at the time. The three-switch buck port topology described here is novel and is part of this invention. FIG. 2 illustrates an alter nate topology for the renewable energy port, at terminals 84 and 85. The basic function of the port is that of a boost

Switches 21*24 and 91*93 have unipolar voltage blocking, unidirectional current control and bi-directional current con duction capabilities and are referred to as unidirectional

regulator. In the preferred embodiment, the renewable

semiconductor switches on all diagrams. Switches 41*43

energy source is either fuel cell 81 or DC generator 82.

have bipolar voltage blocking, bi-directional current control

Energy from the renewable source is stored in capacitor 55.

and bi-directional current conduction capabilities and are referred to as bi-directional switches in all diagrams. The

Unidirectional switch 93 is turned on and off at a rate typi

battery port, at terminals 12 and 13, contains a typical, full bridge arrangement of power switches 21*24 and is con nected to winding 31 of high frequency transformer 30. Switch pairs 21, 23 and 22, 24 are alternately closed and

opened at a high rate, typically greater than 20 kHZ, provid ing the transformer with square wave excitation from a rela

20

tively low impedance source. The switching is free running and the duty cycle remains ?xed at 50%. The AC port, at terminals 61 and 62, contains a typical center-tapped, half

bridge switch topology using bi-directional semiconductor switches 41 and 42. Switches 41 and 42 are always operated

25

synchronously with switch pairs 21, 23 and 22, 24 to basi cally unfold the high frequency AC square wave on windings

port switching elements to convert power from a storage

33 and 34. The ?ux in transformer 30 is always reversed at

the switching frequency of bridge 20. Unlike switch pairs 21, 23 and 22, 24, switches 41 and 42 will operate at duty

30

cycles from zero to 50%, as commanded by a control circuit,

to provide the desired current or voltage regulation for the

plete high frequency switching cycle at point in time where a 35

small portion of the positive voltage half-sine across the load is being created. In FIG. 3A, switch 41 is closed simulta neously with bridge pair 21, 23 causing current to ?ow out of the battery and into the load in the direction shown. In FIG. 3B, switch 41 is opened, interrupting the current ?ow from

40

the battery, and at the same time switch 43 is closed. Switch 43 acts as a freewheeling diode to provide a path for the

transformer 30. Switch 43 also allows an e?icient path for

freewheeling inductor current when power is being delivered from transformer 30 to AC loads 64 or utility grid 66. With out switch 43, a limited boost function can be had by simul

taneously closing switches 41 and 42, causing transformer windings 33 and 34 to be short-circuited, and opening all bridge 20 switches. This works well for two-port converters but limits the transformer availability for converters with three or more ports because the transformer is unable to sink or source power at any port when windings 33 and 34 are

inductor current. In FIG. 3C, bridge pair 21, 23 are opened and bridge pair 22, 24 is closed, at the same time switch 43 is opened and switch 42 is closed. Current still ?ows through 45

shorted. Also, anytime bridge 20 is not in conduction, the operation of one port becomes dependent on the operation of other ports and the value of this power conversion approach is severely compromised. The inclusion and function of switch 43 in the AC port is novel and part of this invention. It should be noted that if power is ?owing into the AC port,

50

on and off at a rate typically greater than 20 kHZ and with a

duty cycle established by a control circuit to regulate the PV voltage and/or power. When switch 93 is closed, diode 71 is back-biased and current ?ows through boost inductor 56 and returns through either transformer winding 37 and unidirec tional switch 91 or through transformer winding 38 and uni directional switch 92. When PV energy is available, switches 91 and 92 always operate at 50% duty cycle and in tandem

the load in the same intended direction even though the ?ux in the transformer has reversed. In FIG. 3D, switch 42 is

opened, interrupting the current ?ow from the battery and at the same time switch 43 is closed, again providing a path for the inductor current. The sequence is then repeated 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3A, etc. The ratio of switch 41 and 42 “on” times to the switching period controls the amount of energy trans

ferred and is effectively the PWM duty cycle controlled by

inductor 51 acts as a boost inductor, if power is ?owing out of the AC port, inductor 51 acts as a ?lter component in

conjunction with capacitor 52. The renewable energy port, at terminals 84 and 85, provides the ability for the converter to track the maximum power point of photovoltaic (PV) array 83 under various ambient conditions. The basic function of the port is that of a buck regulator. Energy from PV array 83 is stored in capacitor 55. Unidirectional switch 93 is turned

battery to supply household AC loads. In this mode, AC voltage is regulated across the load. Regulation methodolo gies are known and typically use voltage and current feedback, reference values and error ampli?ers to implement a fast inner current control loop and a slower outer AC volt age regulation loop. FIG. 3 illustrates the sequence of a com

AC port. The inclusion of switch 43 allows the AC port to act as a boost circuit in, conjunction with inductor 51, when

delivering energy from utility grid 66 to high-frequency

cally greater than 20 kHZ and with a duty cycle established by a control circuit to regulate the port voltage and/or power. When switch 93 is closed, current ?ows from capacitor 55 to charge inductor 56. When switch 93 is opened, the current ?owing in inductor 56 is conducted through diode 71 and either transformer winding 37 and unidirectional switch 91 or transformer winding 38 and unidirectional switch 92, whichever path is active at the time. Switches 91 and 92 operate at 50% duty cycle and in tandem with switch pairs 22, 24 and 21, 23 respectively, but may also be switched off when switch 93 is on. The three-switch boost port topology described is novel and is part of this invention. FIG. 3 illus trates one method of synchronizing the battery port and AC

the regulator. The selection of switch 41 verses 42 controls 55

the polarity of the voltage delivered to the load. The altema tion of switch pairs 21, 23 and 22, 24 at high frequencies enable the use of a high frequency transformer. FIG. 4 illus trates one method of synchronizing the battery port and AC port switching elements to convert power from the AC utility

60

grid to charge the storage battery. In this mode, AC current is sourced from the utility grid at unity power factor. The amplitude of the sine wave current out of the utility is pro portional to the instantaneous battery charge current com

manded by the system controller’s charge algorithm. Regu 65

lation methodologies are known and typically use voltage and current feedback, reference values and error ampli?ers to implement a current control loop with a sinusoidal current

reference that is synchronous with the AC line voltage. FIG.

US RE41,965 E 5

6

4 illustrates the sequence of a complete high frequency switching cycle at point in time where a small portion of a positive current half-sine is being sourced from the utility grid. In FIG. 4A, switch 43 is closed and the inductor

application discussed, the IGBT devices handle the high peak currents more cost effectively than the MOSFET devices. High peak currents are shunted from the MOSFETS by the IGBTs. At lower currents, the current is shunted from the IGBTs and parasitic MOSFET diodes by a MOSFET “on” resistance that represents a lower voltage drop than the

charges from the instantaneous utility line voltage. Bridge pair 21, 23 is closed but the states of the bridge pairs are

semiconductor “on” voltage. Additionally, if separate drivers

irrelevant because switches 41 and 42 are both open. In FIG.

are used for the IGBTs and the MOSFETs, the MOSFET turnoff can be delayed with respect to the IGBT turnoff to

4B, switch 43 is opened and switch 41 is simultaneously closed. The inductor current ?ows into the transformer. In

take advantage of the faster MOSFET switching speeds.

FIG. 4C, bridge pair 21, 23 are opened and bridge pair 22, 24

This bi-directional hybrid switch is novel and is part of this invention. The invention claimed is:

is closed, at the same time switch 41 is opened and switch 43

is closed, charging the inductor. In FIG. 4D, switch 43 is opened and switch 42 is simultaneously closed and current is again delivered to the transformer. The sequence is then repeated 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4A, etc. The ratio of switch 43

1. A power converter apparatus comprising three or more ports, a transformer and a control circuit where one end of each port is connected to a distinct winding on a common

“on” time to switch 41 and 42 “on” times controls the energy transferred. The transformer turns ratio is such that the bat

transformer core and where the remaining end of each port is

tery cannot be charged from the utility grid under normal

comprises an arrangement of capacitive or inductive energy storage elements and semiconductor switches where indi

connected to a load or power source and where each port

conditions without the boost circuit. The selection of switch 41 verses 42 is selected based on the instantaneous AC line

20

polarity. In this battery charging mode, switch 43 provides a boost regulator function and switch pairs 21, 23 and 22, 24 operate as synchronous recti?ers. FIG. 5 illustrates two AC ports con?gured for interface to a split-phase utility or to deliver power to split-phase loads. FIG. 6 illustrates one method for con?guring a switch element with the required

by said control circuit in a synchronous manner with semi conductor switches in other ports and where said power con verter apparatus is further de?ned, as having one port dedi cated to a storage battery, designated for reference herein as 25

the battery port, having characteristics different from all other ports, speci?cally, semiconductor switches in the bat tery port operate in a free-running mode and provide fre quency and phase references that are followed by synchro

30

battery port transformer winding is that of a low impedance

characteristics for use as switches 41, 42 and 43 as refer

enced in FIG. 1. Terminals 11 and 12 are the switch poles. The two terminals are interchangeable with respect to any polarity reference. MOSFETs 7 and 8 are connected in a

nous switches in all remaining ports and the interface at the

common source con?guration so that voltage can be blocked

in either direction and current ?ow can be controlled in either direction. Gate driver 4 drives MOSFETS 7 and 8 through resistors 5 and 6 respectively. MOSFETs 7 and 8 are switched simultaneously. The Vcc 2 to Vss 3 power supply

vidual semiconductor switches are commanded on and off

AC voltage source or sink, whereas the interface at the trans

former windings of all other ports is that of a high imped ance AC current source or sink and where these two distinct

port types, battery and non-battery, enable energy transfer 35

into or out of all non-battery ports simultaneously and in an

and the logic drive signal 1 are electrically isolated from the

autonomous manner in terms of energy transfer and where

other switch elements in a typical power converter. A num ber of MOSFET devices may be paralleled so that the con

the net energy into or out of all non-battery ports charges or

duction voltage drop of the MOSFET is always lower than the conduction voltage of the MOSFET parasitic diode. As such, current never ?ows through the MOSFET parasitic

discharges the storage battery, respectively, via the battery port. 40

diodes. The con?guration shown in FIG. 6 is known. FIG. 7 illustrates a second method for con?guring a switch element with the required characteristics for use as switches 41, 42 and 43 in FIG. 1. The method is essentially the same as

shown in FIG. 6 except that Insulated Gate Bipolar Transis tors (IGBTs) are used in place of FETs. This logical exten sion is obvious and therefore considered known by default. FIG. 8 illustrates a hybrid switch that incorporates the best features of both the MOSFET and IGBT bi-directional switches and is the preferred method for con?guring a

?rst and second series MOSFET devices connected in parallel with ?rst and second series IGBT devices 45

50

switch element with the required characteristics for use as switches 41, 42 and 43 in FIG. 1. Terminals 13 and 14 are the 55

Voltage can be blocked in either direction and current ?ow can be controlled in either direction. Gate driver 4 drives all

and to second terminals for connection to an electrical 60

power storage device; and a third switching circuit coupled to the third winding and to third terminals for connection to an AC power source or load,

trically isolated. In higher voltage applications, the hybrid

semiconductor junction “on” characteristic. In the AC port

?rst terminals for connection to a DC power source;

a buck regulator coupled to the?rst winding and having a diode, inductor and a switch; a second switching circuit coupled to the second winding

nected in parallel with MOSFETs 11 and 12 respectively.

switch illustrated in FIG. 8 operates with lower losses over a wider range of currents than either the MOSFET only or the IGBT only bi-directional switch. MOSFET devices exhibit a resistive “on” characteristic while IGBT devices exhibit a

second series MOSFE T devices, and through a second node between the ?rst and second series IGB T devices. 3. A power conversion system comprising: a transformer comprising a ?rst winding, a second

winding, and a third winding;

nected in a common emitter con?guration and each are con

semiconductor devices through gate resistors 5*8. The Vcc 2 to Vss 3 power supply and the logic drive signal 1 are elec

between the ?rst and second switch poles; a gate driver for driving the ?rst and second series MOS FE T devices through a ?rst node between the ?rst and

a?rst switching circuit coupled to the?rst winding and to

switch poles. The two terminals are interchangeable with respect to any polarity reference. IGBTs 9 and 10 are con

2. The power conversion system ofclaim 1, wherein the third switching circuit is a hybrid switch having ?rst and second switch poles and comprises:

65

a boost circuit coupled to the third winding and having an inductor and a switch; and

a control circuitfor controlling the?rst, second and third switching circuits such that at least some of the time,

US RE41,965 E 8

7

13. Thepower conversion system ofclaim 12, wherein the

the ?rst, second, and third switching circuits are all

active, with switching of the ?rst, second and third switching circuits being synchronized with respect to

?rst, second and third semiconductor switches are bidirec tional.

each other. 4. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, wherein the control circuit is con?gured to switch the third switching

14. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, comprising one ofa photovoltaic array, a DC generator and afuel cell

coupled to the ?rst terminals. 15. Thepower conversion system ofclaim 3, comprising a battery coupled to the second terminals. 16. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, wherein the

circuit so as to produce a line-frequency power waveform.

5. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, wherein the

?rst switching circuit is con?gured to perform boost regula tion.

third terminals are coupled to a utility grid. 1 7. A power conversion system comprising: a transformer comprising a ?rst winding, a second

6. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, wherein the

?rst switching circuit comprises: a ?rst semiconductor switch coupled to one of the ?rst terminals and to one end ofthe?rst winding;

winding, and a third winding;

a?rst switching circuit coupled to the?rst winding and to

a second semiconductor switch coupled to the one of the

?rst terminals for connection to a DC power source;

?rst terminals and to another end ofthe?rst winding; and a third semiconductor switch coupled to the one ofthe?rst terminals, and coupled through a diode to a center tap

a second switching circuit coupled to the second winding and to second terminals for connection to an electrical

power storage device; and a third switching circuit coupled to the third winding and

ofthe?rst winding. 7. The power conversion system ofclaim 6, wherein the ?rst switching circuit comprises an inductor coupled to

to third terminals for connection to an AC power source or load; a boost circuit having an inductor and a switch; and

another one ofthe?rst terminals and to the diode so as to

conduct current from the ?rst terminal through the diode. 8. The power conversion system of claim 6, wherein the

a control circuitfor controlling the?rst, second and third switching circuits such that at least some of the time, the ?rst, second, and third switching circuits are all

?rst, second and third semiconductor switches are unidirec tional semiconductor switches.

active, with switching of the ?rst, second and third switching circuits being synchronized with respect to

9. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, wherein the

second switching circuit comprises ?rst, second, third and fourth semiconductor switches arranged in an H-bridge

con?guration.

each other, wherein the ?rst switching circuit com 30

prises:

10. The power conversion system of claim 9, wherein the ?rst, second, third and fourth semiconductor switches are

a ?rst semiconductor switch coupled to one of the ?rst terminals and to one end ofthe?rst winding;

unidirectional semiconductor switches. 11. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, wherein the

a second semiconductor switch coupled to the one of the

third switching circuit is con?gured to perform boost regula

and a third semiconductor switch coupled to another one of

?rst terminals and to another end ofthe?rst winding;

tion.

12. The power conversion system ofclaim 3, wherein the

the ?rst terminals, and coupled through an inductor to a center tap of the ?rst winding. 18. Thepower conversion system ofclaim 1 7, wherein the ?rst switching circuit comprises a diode coupled to the one

third switching circuit comprises: a ?rst semiconductor switch coupled to one of the third terminals and to one end ofthe third winding; a second semiconductor switch coupled to the one of the

of the ?rst terminals and to the inductor so as to conduct

third terminals and to another end ofthe third winding; and a third semiconductor switch coupled on one side thereof to another one ofthe third terminals and to a center tap

of the third winding, and coupled on another side thereof to the one of the third terminals through an inductor.

45

current?owing through the inductor and through one ofsaid ?rst and second semiconductor switches. 19. Thepower conversion system ofclaim 1 7, wherein the ?rst, second and third semiconductor switches are unidirec tional semiconductor switches.

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO.

I RE41,965 E

APPLICATION NO.

: 12/205743 : November 30, 2010 : Richard T. West

DATED INVENTOR(S)

Page 1 ofl

It is certified that error appears in the above-identi?ed patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby corrected as shown below:

Column 1, line 9, above the heading, “BACKGROUND OF INVENTION” insert --More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of Patent No. 7,102,251. The

reissue applications are application numbers 12/205,743 (the present application) and 12/857,250. Application number 12/857,250 is a divisional of reissue application number 12/205,743 (the present application), which is a reissue of Patent No. 7,102,251.--.

Signed and Sealed this First Day of May, 2012

David J. Kappos Director 0fthe United States Patent and Trademark O?ice

3 STORAGE BATIERY

Sep 5, 2008 - storage components typically use a battery-centric topology. This is because the battery provides a stable voltage and ... from a utility grid at unity power factor, and a renewable energy port that sources energy into the .... of the AC port, inductor 51 acts as a ?lter component in conjunction with capacitor 52.

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