`Cemi ojaxi ~ pablo fernandesi 7 wlis, meqsika

dedamiwisa da cis didebul fonze deda, mama da bavSvebi siamovnebiT seirnoben qalaqgareT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva garemosac SeuZ­ lia bavSvis formireba, ojaxis zegavlenas siZlieriTa da siRrmiT veraferi Seedreba. ibeWdeba oslos (norvegia), bavSvTa Axelovnebis saerTaSoriso mu­zeumis nebarTviT.

Tavi

14 evoluciuri fesvebi ojaxis funqciebi ojaxi, _ socialuri sistema

ojaxi

`ar maxsovs Cven ojaxs didi erToba da siaxlove hqonodes, rodesac bavSvi viyavi,~ _ msjelobs 19 wlis hana sadilis dros deida evasTan da Zia CarlzTan saubrisas. Cveni mSoblebi erTmaneTs yvelafers ver eubnebodnen da erTmaneTTan gulaxdilebi ar iyvnen. TiTqmis arasdros vsadilobdiT erTad da arc erTad davdiodiT. me skaut gogonebTan viyavi da sazafxulo banakebSi visvenebdi. momwonda es saqmianoba da kargi megobrebic SeviZine, magram isini ver mivsebdnen ojaxuri siTbos danakliss.~ rodesac hana 9 wlis iyo, misi mSoblebi ganqorwindnen da is dedasTan erTad qveynis sxva kuTxeSi gadavida sacxovreblad. Tavidan mama TiTq­ mis yovel Tve naxulobda, mihyavda kafeSi, kinosa da gasarTob parkSi, yvelafers yidulobda misTvis, rasac ki oisurvebda. Sin ki, rodesac hana ewinaaRmdegeboda dedamisis wesebs da moTxovnebs, is lanZRavda hanas mamas da `disneilendis mamikos~ eZaxda, romelic garTobiT iyo dakavebuli da aranair pasuxismgeblobas ar iRebda hanas aRzrdaze. imis gamo, rom amgvari kamaTi xSirad meordeboda, vizitebic Sewyda da hana mamas iSviaTad xvdeboda. Tavis rCenis mizniT hanas deda – ganaTlebiT buRalteri, damatebiT samuSao saaTebs iRebda da axla ukve saRamoobiT da dasvenebis dRee­ bSic ki muSaobda. hana sadilad yvelian makarons imzadebda da marto miirTmevda, saSinao davalebas ar amzadebda, saaTobiT televizorTan ijda an ubralod ocnebobda. mas uWirda koncentracia, rac mis niS­ nebzec aisaxa. ufros klasebSi biWebTan SemTxveviTi da uwesrigo urT­ ierTobebis gamo mas depresia ganuviTarda da Tavi uaryofilad igrZ­ no. umizno da gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi myofi hana darwmunebuli iyo, rom mas arafris gakeTeba ar SeeZlo. 16 wlis hanam marTvis ufleba aiRo da mezobel qalaqSi mcxovreb biZia CarlzTan da deida emasTan daiwyo stumrad siaruli. isini dros uTmobdnen hanas, usmendnen, amxnevebdnen, exmarebodnen drois ga­ nawilebaSi, swavlis da urTierTobebis sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi. ojaxis siTbosa da siaxloves danatrebuli hana imaveTi pasuxobda maT da dei­ dasTan da biZasTan sul ufro da ufro met dros atarebda. ori wlis Semdeg hanam skola daamTavra da universitetSi Cabareba gadawyvita. motivaciisa da TviTSefasebis Secvla man Tavisi biZisa da deidis ga­ wonasworebuli, Tbili damokidebulebisa da xelmZRvanelobis Sedegad miiCnia. ojaxi aris bavSvis pirveli da yvelaze grZelvadiani ganviTare­ vis konteqsti. sxva arsebebTan SedarebiT adamianis Svilebi nela viTardebian, wlobiT saWiroeben xelSewyobasa da swavlebas, sanam TavianTi fizikuri da socialuri garemos marTvas SeZleben da da­

* pirdapiri zegavlena * arapirdapiri zegavlena * adaptacia cvlilebasTan * ojaxis sistema konteqstis farglebSi * kvlevidan praqtikisaken: mSoblobaze gadasvla socializacia ojaxis farglebSi * bavSvis aRzrdis stili * ris gamo aris avtoritetuli stili efeqturi? * bavSvis aRzrdis misadageba mis ganviTa­ rebasTan * socialur-ekonomikuri da eTnikuri variaciebi bavSvis aRzrdaSi * biologia da garemo: mSoblebi marTlac mniSvnelovan rols asruleben? * kul­ turis gavlena: afroamerikuli vrceli ojaxi ojaxis cxovrebis stili da tranziciebi * dididan patara ojaxamde * ojaxi, sa­ dac dediserTaa * mSvilebelTa ojaxebi. mamaTmavalTa da lesboselTa ojaxebi * martoxela dauqorwinebeli mSoblis ojaxi * ganqorwineba * Sereuli ojaxebi * dedis dasaqmebuloba da ori marCe­ nalis ojaxi * bavSvze zrunva * TviTz­ runva. mowyvladi ojaxebi: bavSvisadmi cudi mopyroba * sakiTxis moculoba da gansazRvrebebi * bavSvze Zaladobis mizezebi* bavSvze Zaladobis Sedegebi * bavSvisadmi cudad mopyrobis Tavidan acileba * social­ uri sakiTxebi: seqsualuri Zaladoba bavSvze.

742 moukideblebi gaxdebian. TandaTanobiTi svla simwifisken adamianis socialuri orga­ nizebis yvela sferos aCnevs kvals: ojaxi wamyvania, mSoblebi umniSvnelovanes rols Svilis cxovrebaSi. bavSvebs, romelTac akliaT damakmayofilebeli, mxardaWeriT savse ojaxuri cxovreba, misken iswrafvian da zogierTi maTgani hanasaviT sxva naTesavebSi an sxva ufros adamianSi poulobs imas, rasac eZebs. rasakvirvelia, sxva garemoc awrTobs bavSvebs, magram ojaxs zegavlenis siZlier­ iTAda masStabiT veraferi Seedreba. is mijaWvuloba, romelic bavSvebs uyalibdebaT mSoblebisa da da-Zmis mimarT, Cveulebriv, mTeli cxovreba grZeldeba da isini saurT­ ierTobo modelad gamoiyenebian ubansa da skolaSi. pirveli socialuri konfliqti bavSvebs sakuTar ojaxSi mosdiT. mSoblebis mier SemoRebuli disciplina, kamaTi daZmasTan, daTmobis, TanamSromlobis da sxvebis qcevaze zegavlenis moxdenis asaTvise­ blad kargi gakveTilia. da bolos, ojaxSi bavSvi swavlobs laparaks, iZens unar-Cvevebs da eziareba sakuTari kulturis socialur da zneobriv faseulobebs. ojaxze msjelobas viwyebT im mizezebis SeswavliT, risi meSveobiTac socialurma erTeulma arseboba daiwyo da aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuna Tavi. Semdeg aRvwerT dRevandel Sexedulebas ojaxze, rogorc socialur sistemaze, romelic bavS­ vze uamrav interaqtiur zegavlenas axdens. amis Semdeg yuradRebiT vakvirdebiT ojaxs, rogorc sazogadoebis masocializebel mTavar institucias, romelic bavSvis aRzrdis sxvadasxva stils qmnis, iTvaliswinebs zegavlenis mqone bevr faqtors da bavSvis ganvi­ Tarebaze am zegavlenis Sedegebs. agreTve ganvixilavT uaxles socialur cvlilebebs, romlebmac migviyvana ojaxis stilis nairferovnebamde. da bolos, raki vaRiarebT, rom Tanamedrove ojaxi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia marcxis mimarT mSobelisa da bavSvis urTierTobaSi, romelic ganixileba rogorc usafrTxo da emociurad myari – daskv­ na bavSvsze Zaladobis warmoSobis mizezebisa da misi Sedegebis ganxilvis meSveobiT gamogvaqvs.

evoluciuri fesvebi ojaxi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Cveulebrivi formiT – anu mTeli kacisa da qa­ lis Tanacxovrebis valdebuleba, gamokvebon, TavSesafari miscen da mouaron Svilebs, sanam isini mowifulobas miaRweven _ warmoiSva aTiaTasobiT wlis win Cvens monadire winaprebs Soris. bevri sxva arseba cxovrobs socialur jgufebSi, magram isini iSviaTad qmnian ojaxis msgavs erTeuls. Citebisa da ZuZumwovrebis mxolod 3% qmnis ojaxs (Emlen 1995), maimunebsa da maimunis msgavsebSic ki, romlebic adamianTan yvelaze axlos arian, ojaxi ar arsebobs. anTropologebs sjeraT, rom bipedalizmi – vertikalurad or fexze siarulis unari – mniSvnelovani evoluciuri nabiji iyo, ramac ojaxis erTeulis Camoyalibebamde migviyvana. imdenad ram­ denadac xelebi Tavisufali iyo nivTebis da sagnebis satareblad, Cveni winaprebisTvis ufro advili iyo TanamSromloba da Tana­ monawileoba, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebis uzrunvelsayofad. mamakacebi, Cveulebriv, gadaadgildebodnen nanadirevis ZiebaSi, ojaxis struqtura, romelSic qali da mamakaci sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni da TavianT axalgazrdebze zrunaven maT mowifulobamde, aTi aTasobiT wlis win warmoiSva, radgan is Tavis gadar­ Cenas uwyobda xels. marcxena wyvili, romelsac oTxi Svili hyavs, sabavSvo wignis maRaziis mepatronea misuris Statis qalaq kanzasSi. marjvena wyvils, romelic indoneziaSi kunZul balize cxovrobs, xuTi bavSvi hyavs. ankesisa da patara navis meSveobiT mama Tevzs iWers, deda ki bazarSi yidis. © Uwe Ommer/ Families/ Taschen edition

743 qalebi ki agrovebdnen xils da sxva mcenareul sakvebs, im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu nadiro­ ba warumatebeli aRmoCndeboda. adamianis ojaxis modeli, sadac qali da kaci iRebdnen gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Svilebze, imitom warmoiSva, rom is gadarCe­ nis Sanss zrdida. is uzrunvelyofda SedarebiT myar balanss mamakaci monadireebisa da qali Semgroveblebis socialuri jgufis SigniT da amiT qmnida yvelaze ufro saimedo dacvas SimSilobisas mwiri nanadirevis pirobebSi (Lankaster & Whitten, 1980). xangrZlivi urTierToba qalsa da mamakacs Soris zrdida mamakacis rwmenasac, ima­ Si, rom Cvili marTlac misi STamomavali iyo – da badebda ndobas, romelic mas sWird­ eboda imisTvis, raTa uzrunveleyo bavSvi sakvebiT, TavSesafriT da wvlili Seetana mis aRzrdaSi ( Bjorklund, Yunger & Pellegrini, 2002). STamomavlis xangrZlivi damokidebuleba zrdasrul adamianze niSnavda am adamianis reproduqciul warmatebas- anu bavSvebis sicocxles sqesobriv momwifebamde da SviliSvilebis dabadebas – amas ki mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi mSoblebis zrunva esaWiroeboda. amgvarad, imisTvis, rom bavSvis gadarCe­ nis Sansi gazrdiliyo da mravali STamomavlis aRzrda gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli, mamebi monawileobas iRebdnen bavSvis aRzrdaSi (Geary, 2000). adamianis mamebi ufro met dros uTmoben mamobas vidre sxva mamri ZuZumwovris didi umravlesoba (Clutton-Brock, 1991). sisxliT naTesavTaAjgufebi izrdeboda sxva naTesavebTan kavSiris SenarCunebis xar­ jze, ufro xSirad eseni iyvnen ara marto bebia-babua, aramed deida, biZa, biZaSvilebi, deidaSvilebi da ase Semdeg. amgvari vrceli naTesauri qseli an klani iyo garanti sxva adamianebTan sakvebisa da sxva resursebisaTvis warmatebuli Sejibrisa, agreTve STamo­ mavlebis dacvisa da aRzrdisa. klanis SigniT ufrosebi esxmarebodnen bavSvebsa da sxva axalgazrda naTesavebs megobris SerCevasa da bavSvze zrunvaSi da amiT maTi genetikuri memkvidreobis gagrZelebis albaTobas zrdidnen ( Geary & Flinn, 2001). imis gamo, rom eko­ nomikuri da socialuri movaleobebi ojaxis wevrebs Soris, mniSvnelovani iyo Tavis ga­ darCenisTvis, xangrZlivi valdebulebisTvis xelis Sesawyobad warmoiSva Zlieri emo­ ciuri kavSirebi mSoblebs, bavSvebsa da sxva naTesavebs Soris (Nesse, 1990; Williams, 1997).

ojaxis funqciebi garda imisa, rom xels uwyobda misi wevrebis gadarCenas, sazogadoebisTvis sasicocx­ lo funqcia Cveni evoluciuri winaprebis ojaxis iyo: reproduqcia _ gardacvlili wevrebis Canacvleba; ekonomikuri momsaxureba _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Seqmna da ganawileba; socialuri wesrigi _ konfliqtis Semcirebisa da wesrigis dasacavi procedurebis ganawileba; socializacia _ axalgazrdebis wvrTna, raTa isini sazogadoebis kompetenturi da qmediTi wevrebi gaxdnen; emociuri mxardaWera _ sxvebis daxmareba emociuri krizisis daZlevasa da yovel adamianSi movaleobisa da miznis gancdis CamoyalibebaSi. adamianis adreul istoriaSi, ojaxi SesaZloa yvela am funqcias asrulebda, magram, imis gamo, rom sazogadoeba ganviTarda, ojaxis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovna damZimda saimisod, rom adamians martos uzrunveleyo is an misTvis Tavi gaerTmia. Sesabamisad, garkveuli funqciebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelsayofad ganviTarda sxva institucie­ bi da ojaxebi ufro did socialur struqturebs daukavSirda, magaliTad,, politikuri da iuridiuli instituciebi iRebdnen pasuxisgeblobas socialuri wesrigis uzrunve­ lyofaze. skolebi damyarebuli iyo ojaxis socializaciis funqciaze. religiuri in­ stituciebi iTavsebdnen rogorc bavSvis aRzrdis, ise misi emociuri xelSewyobis fun­ qciebs imiT, rom ojaxs sTavazobdnen maTi wevrebisTvis ganaTlebasa rwmenas, romelic maT mizanswrafulobas amaRlebda. ( Parke & Kellam, 1004). miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxis zogierTi wevri dResac erTad asrulebs ekonomikur funqcias( rogorc ojaxuri meurneoba da biznesi), es funqcia daekisra im instituc­

744 iebs, romlebic uamrav samsaxurs qmnian. Tanamedrove ojaxi moixmars da iyenebs gac­ ilebiT ufro met produqts, saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, vidre warmoqmnis. Sesabamisad, adre bavSvs wvlili Sehqonda ojaxis ekonomikur keTildReobaSi, dRes ki is Tavad aris ojaxis ekonomikuri pasuxismegblobis obieqti. minimaluri gaTvliT amJamad mSoblebi SeerTebul StatebSi xarjaven daaxloebiT 185,000$, kanadaSi ki 168,000$, raTaA bavSvi aR­ zardon da miiyvanon 18 wlis asakamde. bevri ojaxi kidev damatebiT xarjsac gaiRebs umaRlesi ganaTlebisTvis da Semdgomi finansuri daxmarebisTvis zrdasrulobis peri­ odSi – es is realobaa, romelmac industriul saxelmwifoebSi Sobadobis procentis Semcireba gamoiwvia ( Chils Care Advocacy Assiciation of Canada, 2004; U.S.Department of Agriculture, 2004a). miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi funqcia gadanawilebulia sxva instituciebze, iseTi sami ZiriTadi funqcia, rogorebicaa: reproduqcia, socializacia da emociuri xelSew­ yoba, ojaxis ZiriTad prerogativad rCeba. mkvlevarebi, romelTac ainteresebs, rogor asruleben am funqciebs ojaxebi, iReben socialuri sistemis perspeqtivas da ojaxs ga­ nixilaven interaqciuli urTierTobebis rTul kompleqsad, romelzec zegavlenas ax­ dens ufro farTo socialuri konteqsti.

ojaxi _ socialuri sistema socialuri sistemebis perspeqtivis zegavlena ojaxis funqcionirebaze dadastur­ da mkvlevarTa ZalisxmeviT, ojaxis wevrebs Soris urTierTqmedebis kompleqsuri mod­ els kerZod,AaReweriTa da axsniT. rogorc naxavT, amas bevri saerTo aqvs pirvel TavSi aRweril bronfenbreneris ekologiuri sistemebis TeoriasTan. ojaxuri sistemebis Teoretikosebi aRiareben, rom mSoblebi meqanikurad ki ar AaZleven formas Svilebs, aramed arsebobs ormxrivi zegavlena _ ojaxis wevrebi ormxriv zegavlenas axdenen erT­ maneTze, ris Sesaxebac wina TavebSi visaubreT. TviTon cneba `ojaxis sistema~ gulisx­ mobs ur­TierTdamokidebulis qsels(Parke & Buriel,1998; Lerner et al.,2002). amgvari siste­ mebis zegavlena moqmedebs rogorc pirdapir, ise arapirdapir.

pirdapiri zegavlena amaswinaT, supermarketis salaros rom Cavuare, Semdegi ori epizodis Semswre gavx­ di. am epizodebSi mSoblebi da Svilebi pirdapir zegavlenas axdendnen erTmaneTze: xuTi wlis deni xarbad uyurebda tkbileulis macTunebel rigebs, im dros, dedamisi produqtebs urikidan daxlze awyobda. G`gexvewebi, dediko, minda, raa!~_ exveweboda deni dedas. saReWi rezinis didi paketiT xelSi _ `dolari ar gaqvs? mxolod erTi?~ `ara, dRes ara~ _ iyo dedamisis pasuxi. `gaixsene, Cven xom Cveni fafa aviReT. ai, risTvis mWirdeba erTi dolari~. dedam nazad gamoarTva denis xelidan saReWi rezini da xelSi burRuliani yuTi Caudo. `ai, modi gadavixadoT~ _ Tqva man da xelSi aiyvana deni, ise rom mas daxli daenaxa. sanam dedamiss nayidi produqtebi salarosken mihqonda, sami wlis megi sayidlebis urikaSi ijda. moulodnelad megi mobrunda, Caavlo xeli bananebis Sekvras da maTi xleCva daiwyo. `gaCerdi meg!~_ iyvira dedam da bananebi xelidan gamostaca. magram rogorc ki yu­ radReba sakredito baraTze gadaitana, megi iqve Taroze myof Sokoladis filas miswvda.. ` meg, ramdenjer unda giTxra, amas nu akeTeb, xels nu kideb!~. dedam megis patara, Sekruli muWidan tkbileuli gamoarTvada xelze daartya. megis saxe si­ brazisgan wamouwiTlda da Rriali morTo.

745 am gamokvlevebis Sedegebi miesadageba ojaxis sistemaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebs. sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis ojaxebis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom rode­ sac mSoblebi mkacrebi, magram Tbilebi arian ( rogorc denis deda), bavSvebi Txovnas usruleben. rodesac bavSvebi TanamSromloben mSoblebTan, maTi mSoblebi savaraudoT Tbilebi da faqizebi arian Semdegad da piriqiT, rodesac mSoblebi disciplinas uxeSo­ biTa da mouTmenlobiT amyareben (megis dedasaviT), bavSvebi winaaRmdegobas uweven da meamboxeni xdebian. imis gamo, rom bavSvebis cudi yofaqceva mSoblebisTvis stresulia, isini ufro xSirad mimarTaven sasjels, rac, Tavis mxriv, bavSvSi ufro met uwesobas aR­ vivebs (Stormshak et al.,2000; Whiteside-Mansell et al.,2003). am magaliTebSi erTi ojaxis wevr­ is qceva imdagvar urTierTqmedebas warmoSobs meore wevrSi, romelic bavSvis keTil­ dReobas xels uwyobs an anadgurebs mas.

arapirdapiri zegavlena bavSvis qcevaze ojaxis urTierTobebis zegavlena kidev ufro rTuli Cans, Tuki dav­ fiqrdebiT imaze, rom or nebismier wevrs Soris urTierTqmedebaze gavlenas garemoSi myofi sxva wevrebic axdenen. gaixseneT pirveli Tavidan _ bronfenbreneri amgvar ara­ pirdapir zegavlenas mesame mxaris efeqts uwodebs. mklvevarebis gacxovelebuli in­ teresi gamoiwvia iman, rogor cvlis bavSvis pirdapir gamocdilebas ojaxSi arsebuli mravalgvari urTierTobebi _ dedisa mamasTan, mSoblebisa SvilebTan, bebiis an babuis mSoblebTan. marTlac, rogorc Semdeg gverdze moTavsebuli gamokvlevisa da praqti­ kis sqema gviCvenebs, bavSvis dabadebas SeiZleba hqondes mesame mxaris gavlena mSoblebis urTierTqmedebaze, ramac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba zegavlena iqonios bavSvis ganviTare­ basa da keTildReobaze. mesame mxare SeiZleba aRmoCndes ganviTarebis mxardamWeri an, piriqiT, ganviTare­ ba daRupos. magaliTad,, rodesac mSoblebis col-qmruli urTierToba Tbili da yu­ radRebiania, dedebi da mamebi aqeben da amxneveben Svilebs da iSviaTad lanZRaven da sdeben maT Sars. piriqiT, rodesac qorwineba daZabuli da mtrulia, mSoblebi gacilebiT naklebad pa­ suxismgebelnia TavianTi bavSvis moTxovnebisadmi da xSirad akritikeben maT, gamoxat­ aven brazs da sjian maT ( Cox, Paley & Harter, 2001; McHale et al., 2002). bavSvebs, romlebic mudmivad TavianTi mSoblebis braziani, gadauWreli konfliqtebis momswre arian, emociur daculobasa da emociur TviTregulaciasTan dakavSirebuli uamravi problema aqvT. es Seicavs orives: rogorc internalizebul sirTuleebs (gan­ sakuTrebiT gogonebSi), iseTs, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis dadanaSauleba, wuxili, nerv­ iuloba, SiSi da mSoblebis urTierTobebis aRdgenis mcdeloba, ise eqsternalizebul sirTuleebs ( gansakuTrebiT biWebSi), rac vlindeba muqaris gancdasa da sul ufro da ufro metad aSkara da daufarav agresiaSi.(Davis & Lindsay, 2004; Hart et al., 1998). ufro metic, im gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, romelic Catarebulia iseT mravalerovan qveynebSi, rogorebicaa bangladeSi, CineTi, bosnia da SeerTebuli Statebi, mSoblebis konfliqti mudmivad arRvevs da angrevs karg mSoblobas mzardi kritikis, mozardebis damcirebis, maTi saqmianobis da arsebobisadmi yuradRebis Semcirebis gamo. amgvari mSob­lebis yolis gamocdileba axalgazrdebs problemebs umatebs (Bradford et al., 2003). maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebTan kamaTi Zabavs bavSvebis Seguebadobas, ojaxis sxva wevrebs SeuZliaT warmatebuli interaqciis aRdgena. bebia da babua swored is adamian­ ebi arian, romlebic am SemTxvevisTvis gamodgebian. rogorc cnobilia, maT SeuZliaT xeli Seuwyon bavSvis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva kuTxiT – rogorc pirdapir _ Tbili reaq­ ciiTa da mzrunveli daxmarebiT, ise arapirdapir _ imiT, rom mSoblebs bavSvis aRzrdis rCevebs miscemen, aRzrdis modelebs miawvdian da finansur daxmarebasac gauweven (Drew, Richard & Smith, 1998). rasakvirvelia, iseve rogorc es nebismieri arapirdapiri zegav­ lenisas xdeba, bebia-babumac uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinon _ rodesac bebia-babuasa da mSoblebs Soris konfliqturi urTierToba arsebobs, bavSvebi SeiZleba dazaraldnen.

746

kvlevidan praqtikisaken mSoblis rolze gadasvla ojaxSi bavSvis Sesvlis pirveli kvi­ rebi savsea didi cvlilebebiT – es aris mudmivi zrunva. col-qmars erTamne­ TisTvis naklebi dro rCeba. amas Tan finansuri pa­ suxismgeblobac emateba. Cveulebriv es moTxovnebi qmrisa da colis rolebs ufro met tradiciulo­ bas akisrebs, im wyvilebsac ki, romlebic genderul Tanasworobas mkacrad icaven da miCveulebi arian saSinao saqmis erTmaneTSi gadanawilebas. rogorc wesi, dedebi met dros atareben CvilTan, mama ki ufro metad maTi uzrunvelmyoflzea fokusirebu­ li (Cowan & Cowan, 2000; Salmeal-Ara et al., 2000). bevri axalgazrda mSoblisTvis Cvilis gaCena col-qmrul urTierTobas SesamCnevad ar Zabavs. is qorwineba, romelic sasiamovnoa da erTgule­ bazea dafuZnebuli, aseTive rCeba da sruli bed­ nierebiT uSvilo wyvilebs mogvagonebs (Feeney et al., 2001; Miller, 2000). problemuri qorwinebebi ki, Cvi­ lis dabadebis Semdeg Cveulebriv kidev ufro dis­ tresuli xdeba. axaldaqorwinebulTa SeswavlaSi, romelTac eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad arTmevdnen intervius, qmris siyvaruli, erTiano­ bis gamoxatuleba (colisnairi faseulobebisa da miznebis qona) da colis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kursSi yofna gansazRvravs myar an mzard col-qmrul kmayofile­ bas bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg. da, piriqiT, qmris nega­ tivizmi da wyvilTa ukontrolo konfliqti dedis ukmayofilebaze mianiSnebs. Sromis ganawilebaze imedgacruebuli molodinic axdens zegavlenas (Shapiro,Gottman & Carrere, 2000). axalgazrda mSoblebis keTildReobaze. bevri Tanabrad marCenali wyvilisTvis, rac ufro did­ ia gansxvaveba qalisa da kacis mzrunvelobiT pa­ suxismgeblobaSi, miT ufro didia col-qmruli cxovrebis gamo ukmayofileba bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT qalisTvis, rac uaryofiTi Sedegi mohyveba mSoblisa da bavSvis urTierTobaSi.

piriqiT, ganawilebuli zrunvis amocanebi ganapiro­ bebs orive mSoblis ufro did sensitiurobas bavS­ vis mimarT (Feldman, 2002). garkveuli gamonaklisi arsebobs dabali xelfasis mqone momuSave qalebisT­ vis, romlebic ganamtkiceben tradiciul genderul rolebs. Tu maTi qmrebi Tavis Tavze iReben bavSvis movlis pasuxismgeblobas dedebi ufro daTrgu­ nulebi arian da nerviuloben, radgan Tavs imedga­ cruebulad grZnoben imis gamo, rom ar SeuZliaT an ver isruleben survils, TviTon izrunon bavSvze (Goldberg & Perry-Jenjins, 2003). bavSvis gaCenis gadavadeba 30 an 40 wlamde aadvi­ lebs mSoblis rolze gadasvlas. mocda wyvils sa­ Sualebas aZlevs dagegmos samsaxurebrivi miznebis miRweva, profesiuli interesis dakmayofileba, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis SeZena da bavSvebis dagegmvis dagegmva, im droisaTvis rodesac isini mzad iqnebian mSoblis rolis Sesasruleblad. ( Taniguchi, 1999). amgvar pirobebSi kacebi ufro meti enTuziazmiT ekidebian mamobas da ufro metad surT monawile­ obis miReba. qalebi ki, romelTaAkariera kargad vi­ Tardeba, ufro da ufro metad waaxaliseben qmars, rom gaiziaros saSinao saqme da bavSvis movla (Coltrane, 1990). meore bavSvis dabadeba, rogorc wesi, moiTxovs mamebis ufro met da aqtiur CarTulobas – imiT, rom zrunaven pirvel bavSvze, rodesac deda Zalebis aR­ dgenis procesSia da ixliCeba orive bavSvis _ ro­ gorc Cvilis, ise ufrosi bavSvis movlis survils Soris. amis Sedegad, SeTanxmebulad moqmedi ojaxe­ bi, romelTac meore axaldabadebuli bavSvi hyavT, Cveulebriv uars amboben pirveli bavSvis dros ar­ sebuli pasuxismgeblobebis igmavenairad ganawile­ baze. gamokvlevis mixedviT, romelic akvirdeboda mSoblebs fexmZimobis bolo periodidan da meore bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg _ erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, mamebi sul ufro da ufro metad acnobiereben Tavi­

cvlilebebTan adaptacia bronfenbreneris Teoriidan kvlav gavixsenoT qronosistemebi ( ix. gv. 29, Tavi I). ojaxis farglebSi Zalebis urTierTqmedeba dinamikuri da mudmivad cvalebadia, radgan TiToeuli wevri cdilobs moergos sxva wevrebis ganviTarebas. magaliTad,, maSin, rodesac bavSvebi iZenen axal unar-Cvevebs, mSoblebi cdiloben mo­ ergon stils, romliTac urTierToba aqvT TavianT ufro kompetentur axalgazrdebT­ an. Tundac erTi magaliTi rom gaixsenoT, gadafurcleT wigni IV Tavis 142 gverdze da gadaxedeT, rogor iwvevs Cvilis cocvis ostatoba TamaSsa da siyvarulis gamoxatvaSi mSoblebis ufro aqtiur CarTvas, iseve rogorc bavSvis qmedebis SezRudvaSi. am cvli­ lebebs bavSvis aRzrdaSi axali miRwevebisTvis gahyavs gza da ojaxuri urTierTobebis gadasinjvisken mivyavarT. Tqveni azriT, kidev rogori magaliTebiT SeiZleba warmovaCi­ noT wina TavebSi ganxiluli idea?

747

anT sasicocxlo rols yoveldRiuri ojaxuri urT­ ierTobebis dadebiTad ganviTarebaSi. erTma mamam aRniSna:~Cemi colisTvis erTi bavSvic sakmarisi aR­ moCnda deda rom gamxdariyo, me ki amisTvis ori dam­ Wirda.~ ( Stewart, 1990, p.142). kacis survili da mzaoba mamobisTvis anu mamis ro­ lisTvis, mniSvnelovnebiT mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli dedis SemgueblobasTan. meore bavSvis gaCenis Sem­ deg ojaxis, megobrebisa da meuRlis mxardaWera da gamxneveba gadamwyvetia mamis keTilganwyobisaTvis. arsebobs mSoblis rolis gamaadvilebeli spe­ cialuri intervencia. imaTTvis, vinc maincda mainc didi problemebis winaSe ar dgas, yvelaze efeqtu­ ria jgufebi wyvilebisTvis, romelTac mrCeveli warmarTavs ( Cowan & Cowan, 1995). erTi programis mixedviT, pirveli 6 Tvis ganma­ vlobaSi bavSvis momlodine wyvilebi ikribebodnen kviraSi erTxel, ojaxis Sesaxeb, TavianT ocnebebs da bavSvis molodiniT gaciskrovnebul urTierTo­ bebSi cvlilebebze salaparakod. programis das­ rulebidan Tvrameti Tvis Semdeg mamebi TavianT Tavs miiCnevdnen ufro meti CarTulobis mqoned, vidre is mamebi, romelTac msgavsi intervenciis programa ar hqondaT gavlili. albaT mamebis mzrun­ velobiT savse daxmarebis Sedegad monawile dedebi inarCunebdnen TavianTi bavSvis gaCenamde arsebul kmayofilebas ojaxiT da samuSao rolebiT. bavSvis dabadebidan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela monawile wyvilis ojaxi iyo mTliani, jansaRi da iseTive bedn­ ieri, rogorc maSin, sanam mSoblebi gaxdebodnen, da piriqiT, intervenciis gareSe darCenili wyvilebis 15 procenti ganqorwinda (Cowan & Cowan, 1997). maRali riskis qveS myofi mSoblebisTvis, vinc ebrZvis siRaribes an cdilobs Tavi gaarTvas un­ arSezRuduli bavSvis aRzrdas, intervencia ufro intensiuri unda iyos. programebs, romelSic ga­ mocdili Suamavali dadis ojaxSi, aZlierebs so­ cialur mxardaWeras da mSobeli _ bavSvis urT­ ierTobas – Sedegad mosdevs mSoblisa da Cvilis gamosworebuli urTierToba da sasargebloa bavS­ vis kognituri da socialuri ganviTarebisTvis in­

tervenciidan 5 wlis Tavzec ki (Meisels, Dichtelmiler, & Liaw, 1993). uxvad anazRaurebuli Svebuleba, rac xelmis­ awvdomia industriuli qveynebisTvis, magram ara SeerTebuli StatebisTvis, gadamwyvetia mSoblis rolze gadasvlis gasaadvileblad (ix. Tavi 3, gver­ di 112). finansuri wnexis gamo bevri deda, romelic araanazRaurebad Svebulebas iRebs, gacilebiT ufro naklebs Rebulobs, vidre maT amis garantias aZlevs aSS-is federaluri kanoni. axalgazrda mam­ ebi ki iReben an Zalian cotas, an saerTod arafers (Han & Waldfagel, 2003). mcocavi samuSao saaTebi agreTve didi xelSewyobaa warmoadgens. rodesac arsebobs Sromis Sesaferisi politika da wyvili cdilobs, rom erTmaneTs daexmaros, SesaZlebe­ lia stresis marTva, romelic bavSvis dabadebiTaa gamowveuli. ojaxurii urTierToba yalibdeba ram­ denime Tvis Semdeg da Cvilebis umetesoba ifurC­ qneba, mSoblebisTvis didi kmayofileba moaqvT da am periodisTvis msxverplis gaReba gamarTlebuli xdeba.

saavadmyofodan saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg axalbeda mSoblebi amSvideben TavianT bavSvs banaobis dros. Tbili, sasiamovno qorwinebisas, erToblivi zrunva xels uwyobs col-qmrul kmayofilebas da dakavSire­ bulia Cvilis mimarT mSoblebis sensitiurobasTan Michael Newman/PhotoEdit

mSoblebis ganviTareba zegavlenas axdens bavSvebze. mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom umniS­ vnelo zrda mSoblisa da bavSvis konfliqtisa, romelsac aRiniSneba adreul mozardo­ baSi, ar aris mxolod Tineijerebis damoukideblobisaken swrafviT gamowveuli. es is droa, rodesac mSoblebis umetesobam ukve saSualo asaks miaRwia da acnobierebs, rom maTi Svilebi male saxls datoveben da damoukidebel cxovrebas daiwyeben. es aiZulebs maT, gadaxedon TavianT valdebulebas ( Steinberg & Silk, 2002). Sesabamisad, maSin, roca mo­ zardi iswrafvis meti avtonomiisken, mSoblebi iswrafvian ufro meti erTianobisken. es uwonasworoba warmoSobs uTanxmoebas, romelsac mSobeli da Tineijeri TandaTanobiT agvarebs imiT, rom ergeba cvlilebebs ( Collins, 1997). marTlac, ojaxis garda arc erT socialur erTeuls ar sWirdeba morgeba Tavisi wevrebis esoden did cvlilebebTan.

748 ojaxis sistema konteqstSi socialuri sistemebis perspeqtiva, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ojaxs mis garSemo myofi socialuri konteqstis gavlenis qveS myofad ganixilavs. maSin, roca bronfenbreneris modelis mezosistema da eqzosistema naTels xdis, rom mezoblobasa da ufro farTo sazogadoebas Soris kavSiri iseT formalur organizacebTan, rogoricaa skola, samsax­ uri, rekreaciuli centri, bavSvis movlis centri da religiuri instituciebi, agreTve naTesavebis, megobrebisa da mezoblebis araformaluri socialuri qselis msgavsad, zegavlenas axdens bavSvisa da mSoblis urTierTobaze. zogierTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebi iSviaTad iRe­ ben vauCers sazogadoebrivi dasaxlebidan iseT samezoblo ubanSi gadasasvlelad, romelic simdidriT Zalian gansxvavebulia. Rarib raionSi darCenil megobrebTan da TanatolebTan SedarebiT, bavSvebi da axalgazrdebi, vinc naklebad Rarib raionebSi ga­ davida, Tvisebrivad ukeTesi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobiTa da saskolo miRwe­ vebiT gamoirCevian (Goering,2003;Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2003). arastabiluri Sidaqalaqis kvartlebi dangreuli saxlebiT, mouwesrigebeli skole­ biT, parkebiT, saTamaSo moednebiTa da sazogadoebrivi centrebis naklebobiT iseTi stresorebia, romelTa Semcireba da gabaTileba mSoblebis siTbos, CarTulobasa da yu­ radRebas SeuZlia, mSoblebis uxeSoba da araTanmimdevruloba ki piriqiT _ aZlierebs maT. cudi MmSoblebi da gapartaxebul raionSi cxovreba gansakuTrebiT zrdis bavSvebis arasasurveli yofaqcevasa da axalgazrdebis asocialuri qcevis procents. (Brody et al.,2003;Kohen et al.,2002) da, piriqiT, socialuri konteqstiT garsSemortymuli Zlieri ojaxuri kavSirebi – gviCvenebs, rom kontaqti megobrebTan da naTesavebTan, axalgaz­ rdobis organizebul saqmianobasTan, eklesiaSi, sinagogasa an meCeTSi regularuli sia­ ruli – amcirebs axalgazrdebis adaptaciis problemebs (Garbarino & Kostelny.,1993; Magnuson & Dunkan, 2002). rogor amcirebs kavSiri ojaxsa da sazogadoebas Soris stress da rogor exmareba bavSvis ganviTarebas? SeiZleba veZeboT pasuxi socialuri daxmarebis uzrunvelyofaSi, romelmac SeiZleba moitanos Semdegi sargebloba: mSoblebis interpersonaluri mimRebloba. mezobeli an naTesavi, romelic usmens da cdilobs Seamsubuqos mSoblis dardi, zrdis mis TviTSefasebas.

mSoblebisTvis faseuli informaciisa da momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba. me­ gobari, romelic urCevs, sad iSovos samsaxuri an saxli, an adamiani, romelic mouvlis bavSvebs maSin, roca mSobeli sxva saWiro saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli, exmareba mravali, iseTisa, maT Soris rogoricaa meuRlis, Semomtanis mzrunvelis rolis SesrulebaSi. bavSvis aRzrdis kontroli da rolis modele­ bi. megobrebi, naTesavebi da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebi waaxaliseben da bavSvebTan urTierTobis efeqtur stils aCveneben da araefeqtur qcevas gadagafiqrebineben. pirdapiri daxmareba bavSvis aRzrdaSi. radgan bavSvebi da mozardebi monawileoben TavianTi mSoblebis socialur qselSi da axalgazrdobaze

socialuri sistemis perspeqtivis mixedviT, sazoga­ doebis kavSirebi arsebiTia ojaxis kargi funqcionirebi­ sTvis. mSoblebi da Svilebi monawileoben ZuZus kiboTi daavadebulTaTvis Tanxis moZiebaSi da amgvarad isinic qmnian socialuri daxmarebis qsels. Jeff Greeberg/The image Works

749 orientirebul sazogadoebriv saqmoanobaSi, sxva ufrosebs SeuZliaT gavlenis moxdena bavSvebze siTbos gamoCeniT, waxalisebiTa da kompetenturi pirdapiri modelebis farTo speqtris CvenebiT. amgvarad, ojaxisa da samezoblos kavSirebi amcirebs uxeiro mSoblobis zegavlenas (Silk et al., 2004). nebismier ufross, ro­ melic xedavs, rom bavSvi acdens skolas an asocialurad iqceva, SeuZlia Careva. kanadis qalaq ontarios `ukeTesi dasawyisisa~ da `ukeTesi momavlis~ proeqti sax­ elmwifos mier dafinansebuli sapilote programebis seriaa, romelic mimarTulia ub­ nis siRaribis saSineli Sedegebis Tavidan acilebisken. yvelaze wramatebuli amgvari mcdeloba iyenebs adgilobriv skolas, rogorc bazas da bavSvebs sTavazobs skolaSi, skolamdel da skolis Semdeg saqmianobas, iseve, rogorc programebs saskolo arda­ degebisa da dasvenebebis dros. socialuri muSaki regularulad stumrobs TiToeuli bavSvis mSobelsac, awvdis informacias sazogadoebis resursebis Sesaxeb da xels uw­ yobs maT CarTulobas bavSvis saskolo da ubnis cxovrebaSi ( Peters, Petrunka, & Arnold, 2003). oTxi wlis Semdeg gakeTebulma Sefasebam warmoaCina farTo speqtris sargebeli – ubnis kmayofileba, ojaxis funqcionireba, efeqturi mSobloba da bavSvebis mier werakiTxvis Seswavla emociuri da qceviTi problemebis SemcirebasTan erTad. arc erT mkvlevars ar SeeZlo erTbaSad Seeswavla socialuri sistemis perspeqtivis yvela aspeqtis zegavlena ojaxze. am TavSi ganvixilavT magaliTebs, rogor erTdeba misi uerTdakavSirebuli nawilebi da ra zegavlenas axdens ganviTarebaze.

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs gaimeoreT gamoiyeneT

daakavSireT

imsjeleT

ratom iyo Cveni evoluciis istoriaSi ojaxi adapturi, sayidlebze mimavali xedav mamas, romelic ubrazdeba Tavis patara biWs. gamoiyene socialuri sistemebis perspeqtiva, CamoTvale mamis qcevisTvis misasadagebeli imdeni faqtori, ramdenic SegiZlia. rogor axdens romelic 10 TavSi ganxiluli (ixile gv.417) misabaZi, maRali xarisxis modeli ojaxis funqcionirebaze socialuri sistemebis umTavresi Tvisebis ilustrirebas? moiyvane magaliTebi Tqveni ojaxisa da garemomcveli sazogadoebis kavSire­ bze. rogor moqmedebs Tqvens ganviTarebasa da keTildReobaze es kavSirebi?

socializacia ojaxis farglebSi bavSvis ganviTarebaSi ojaxis funqciebidan umTavres adgils ikavebs social­ izacia. mSoblebi seriozulad iwyeben Svilebis socializacias ori wlidan, rodesac axalfexadgmul bavSvs pirvelad uCndeba imis unari, rom maTi miTiTebebi Seasrulos (ixile Tavi 12). bavSvebis zrdasTan erTad mSoblebi TandaTanobiT aZliereben social­ izaciis wnexs, Tumca isini didad gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu rogor asruleben am amocanas. wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rogor SeuZlia mSoblebs bavSvis kompetenturobis Camoyalibeba mSobeli-Svilis urTierTobebis SeqmniT, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba siyvarulsa da TanamSormlobaze, SemdgomSi modelad gamodgeba da daaCqarebs mowiful qcevas logi­ kis, saRi azrisa da induqciuri disciplinis gamoyenebiT, agreTve, bavSvis waxalisebiT da xelmZRvanelobiT, raTa man sakuTari unar-Cvevebi daxvewos. Tuki yvela am elements SevaerTebT, efeqtur mSoblobas miviRebT.

750 bavSvis aRzrdis sxvadasxva stili bavSvis aRzrdis stili aris mSobelTa qcevis kombinacia, rasac bevr iseT situaciaSi vxvdebiT, romelic bavSvis aRzrdisTvis mdgrad klimats qmnis. niSandobliv kvlevaTa mTel seriaSi diana baumrindma bavSvis aRzrdaze informacia imaze dakvirvebiT Seagro­ va, rogori urTierToba aqvs mSoblebs TavianT skolamdel bavSvebTan (Baumrind,1971., Baumrind & Black, 1967). am da sxvaTa gamokvlevbze dayrdnobiT gamoiyo sami Tviseba, ro­ melic efeqtur stils naklebefeqturi stilisagan ganasxvavebs. cxrili 14.1 bavSvis aRzrdis stilis Taviseburebebi bavSvis aRzrdis stiliA

miRebadoba da CarTuloba

kontroli

avtonomiurobis garantia

avtoritetuli

Tbili, pauxismgebeli yuradRebiani, momTmeni mgrZnobiare bavSvis gas­ aWirisadmi

swor moTxovnebs uyenebs simwifes mudmivad waaxal­ isebs da uxsnis

uflebas aZlevs bavSvs gadawy­ ve tileba TviTon miiRos misi mzaobis Sesabamisad. waaxalisebs bavSvs, rom man ga­moxatos survilebi fiqrebi gancdebi. maSinac ki, rodesac mSobeli bavSvs ar eTanxmeba, is mainc cdilobs SeTanxmebamde misv­ las.

avtoritaruli

civia da uarmyofeli xSirad amcirebs bavSvs

bevr moTxovnas iZulebiT uyenebs. iyenebs Zalas da sjis.awesebs fsiqo lo­ giur kontrols. arTmevs siyvaruls da indivi­du­ alobas.

bavSvis magivrad iRebs gadaw­ yvetilebebs. iSviaTad usmens bavSvis azrs.

damTmobi

Tbilia, magram anebivrebs da uyuradReboa

aranair moTxovnas ar uyenebs

nebas aZlevs bavSvs miiRos gadawyvetileba maSinac ki, Tu is amisTvis mzad ar aris.

CaurTveloba

emociurad ganridebuli da ukandaxeulia

Zalian nakleb an saerTod aranair moTxovnas ar uye­ nebs avSvs

indiferentuli bavSvis gada­ wyvetilebisa da azrisadmi

bavSvis mimRebloba da mis cxovrebaSi CarTuloba bavSvTan emociuri kontaqtis damyarebis mizniT. bavSvis kontroli misi momwifebuli qcevis Camosayalibeblad. avtonomiis garantireba sakuTar TavSi darwmulebulobis wasaxaliseblad (Barder&Olsen, 1997; Gray & Steinberg, 1999; Hart, Newell, & Olsen, 2002). 14.1 aCvenebs, rogor gansxvavdeba erTmaneTsgan bavSvis aRzrdis sxvadasxva stili. modiT, TiToeuli stili cal-calke ganvixiloT:

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bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili avtoritetuli stili bavSvis aR­ zrdis yvelaze warmatebuli stilia da Seicavs ma­Ral mimReblobas, CarTulobas, adap­ taciuri kontrolis teqnikasa da Sesabamisi avtonomiis garantias. avtoritetuli mSoblebi Tbili, yuradRebiani da sensitiuri arian bavSvis problemisadmi. isini amyare­

751 ben mSoblisa da bavSvis saxaliso, sasiamovno, emociurad TviTkmar urTierTobas, romelic bavSvTan siaxloves aviTarebs. amave dros avtoritetuli mSoblebi axorcieleben mtkice, azrian, samarTlian kontrols sakuTari Svilis qcevaze: isini daJinebiT moiTxoven Ses­ aferis mowifulobas, asabuTeben TavianT molodins, iyeneben discip­ linur Sexvedrebs, rogoricaa swavlebis momentebi, raTa ganaviTaron bavSvis TviTregulacia da Tvalyuri adevnon mis adgilsamyofelsa da saqmianobas. da bolos, avtoritetuli mSoblebi CarTulni arian mudmivi,Sesaferisi avtonomiis garantirebaSi da bavSvs uflebas aZ­ leven, TviTon miiRos gadawyevtileba im sferoSi, romelSic is, maTi TvalsazrisiT, mzad aris. avtoritetuli mSoblebi pirvel adgils an­ iWeben komunikacias da xels uwyoben bavSvs, rom man Tavisi gancdebi, fiqrebi da survilebi gamoxatos. maSin, rodesac mSobeli da bavSvi ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs, avtoritetuli mSoblebi bavSvs gaerTianebu­ li gadawyveitelis miRebis procesSi rTaven. maTi survili da mzaoba, moergon bavSvis perpeqtivas, zrdis imis albaTobas, rom bavSvi mous­ mens maT maSin, rodesac daTmoba sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania (Kuczynski & Lollis, 2002; Russel, Mize, & Bissaker, 2004). bavSvobisa da mozardobis ganmavlobaSi, avtoritetuli mSoblo­ba dakavSirebulia kompetenturobis bevr aspeqtTan. es moicavs coc­ xal ganwyobilebas, xalisian TviTkontrols, amocanis Sesrulebi­ sken swrafvasa da TanamSromlobas skolamdel wlebSi da ufros asakSi, maRal TviTSefasebas, pasuxismgeblobas mSoblebis Sexedu­ lebis mimarT, socialur da moralur mowifulobasa da warmate­ bas skolaSi (Amato & Fowler,2002; Herman et al.,1997;Aunola, Stattin, & Nurmi,2000;Luster & Mcadoo,1996;Mackey,Arnold, & Pratt,2001;Steinberg, Darling, & Fletcher, 1995).

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mama iyenebs avtoritetul stils, radgan Tavis Svils nebas aZlevs, TviTon SearCios tansac­ meli, romelsac is saojaxo wveule­ baze Caicvams. mama aris adekvaturi avtonomiis garanti da stimuls aZlevs bavSvs, rom man Tavisi azrebi da fiqrebi gamoxatos. Myrleen Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit

bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritaruli stili mSoblebi, romlebic bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritarul stils mimarTaven, xasiaTdebian dabali mimReblobiT da naklebi CarTu­ lobiT, xSirad axorcieleben iZulebiT kontrols da avtonomiis garantias naklebad iZlevian. avtoritari mSoblebi civebi da uarmyofelebi arian, xSirad amcireben bavSvs, dascinian da Trgunaven. kontrolis SesanarCuneblad yvirian, mbrZanebloben, akritike­ ben da imuqrebian. maTi damokidebulebaa _ `me rom vambob, gaakeTe!~ Tu bavSvi ar emor­ Cileba, maSin avtoritaruli mSoblebi sasjels da iZulebas mimarTaven. isini sakuTari Svilis magivrad iReben gadawyvetilebas da elian, rom bavSvi mis sityvebs yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe miiRebs, da Tu amas ar akeTebs, mas sjis an aiZulebs rom daeTanxmos. avtoritaruli mSoblebis bavSvebi mSfoTvare da ubedurebi arian, maT aqvT dabali TviTSefaseba da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena, mtrul reaqcias iZlevian frustra­ ciisas. rodesac Tavisas ver aRweven, mSoblebis msgavsad iZulebis xerxs mimarTaven. gansakuTrebiT biWebi avlenen brazsa da daumorCileblobis maRal dones. Tumca go­ gonebic gamomwvevad iqcevian, magram isini mainc ufro damokidebulebi arian, akliaT kvlevisadmi interesi da iTrgunebian sarisko amocanebiT (Hart et al., 2004; Niz et al., 1999); Thompson, Hollis, & Richards, 2003). bavSvebi, romlebmac avtoritaruli stili sakuTar Tavze gamocades, rogorc wesi, cudad swavloben skolaSi. magram maTi mSoblebis zrun­ vis gamo, romlebic akontroleben maT qcevas, mainc ukeTesi miRwevebi aqvT da bevrad ufro nakleb asocialur qmedebas sCadian, vidre aramomTxovni mSoblebis Svilebi. am stilis mSobelTaAor tips qvemoT ganvixilavT. miaqcieT yuradReba, avtoritaruli stili mSoblebis sasrgeblod aris mimarTuli; is Trgunavs bavSvebis TviTgamoxatulebas da damoukideblobas. faqtebis simravle miuTiTebs imaze, rom avtoritari mSoblebis kontrolis forma did rola asrulebs maTi bavSvebis adaptaciaSi. dauSvebel pirdapir kontrolTan erTad (` gaakeTe is, ra­ sac vambob!~) avtoritari mSoblebi Cabmulebi arian ufro faqiz kontrolSi, rasac

752 koerciul praqtikasTan erTad, avtoritari mSoblebi xSirad fsiqologiur kon­ trols axorcieleben, rodesac xelyofen bavSvis individualurobas da simpaTiebs, misi azrebisa da gadawyvetilebebis daTrgunviT da siyvarulze uaris TqmiT, Tuki bavSvi ar emorCileba. sapasuxod bavSvebs uyalibdebaT SfoTva da gulCaTxrobiloba an xdebian urCebi da agresiulebi, aqvT dabali TviTSefaseba da ar arian sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulni. David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit

fsiqologiuri kontroli ewodeba. es aris qceva, romelic bavSvebis ma­ nipulirebas axdens verbaluri gamonaTqvamebiT, individualurobiTa da mSoblebisadmi mijaWvulobiT (Barber, 1996). imis gamo, rom aseT mSoblebs survili aqvT, yvelaferi bavSvis magivrad gadawyviton, xSirad amaxin­ jeben da Trgunaven mis ideebs, gadawyvetilebas, megobrebis SerCevas. rodesac mSoblebi ar arian kmayofili, Svils siyvaruls akleben da maTi siyvaruli da grZnoba damokidebuli xdeba imaze, ramdenad emorCileba bavSvi maT survils. isini gan­ sakuTrebiT bevrs moelian Svilebisgan, daJinebiT moiTxoven, rom bavSvi pasuxobdes ab­ solutur, srulyofil standarts da ara im standarts, romelic bavSvis niWsa da unars ergeba. fsiqologiuri kontrolis obieqti _ bavSvi moklebulia individualurobas. aseT bavSvebi avlenen rogorc mSfoTvare da damTmob reaqcias, ise daumorCilebel da agresiul qcevas, rac mSoblebis avtoritarizmis bralia. (Barber & Harmon, 2002; Silk et al., 2003).

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bavSvis aRzrdis rbili stili bavSvis aRzrdis rbili stili Tbili da mis­ aRebia.damTmobi mSoblebi arian zedmetad gamanebivrebelni da uyuradreboni, vidre CarTulebi bavSvis cxovrebaSi. damTmobi mSoblebi naklebad akontroleben Svilebs. imis magivrad, rom maT TandaTanobiT miscen damoukidebloba, nebas aZleven maT, rom damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetileba im asakSi, rodesac jer amisTvis mzad ar arian. bavSvebs SeuZliaT miirTvan da dawvnen maSin, rodesac maT surT, uyuron televizors imden xans, ramdenic undaT. maT ar uxdebaT kargi manerebis Seswavla da saSinao saqmis gakeTeba, magaliTad, saxlis dalageba. zogierT mSobels marTlac sjera, rom aseTi mid­ goma saukeTesoa, zogierTs ki ar sjera, rom SeZlebs Svilis qcevaze zegavlenis moxde­ nas. damTmobi mSoblebis Svilebi arian impulsurebi, gaugonarni da meamboxeni. im bavS­ vebTan SedarebiT, romelTacAmSoblebi ufro mkacrad akontroleben, metismetad mom­ Txovnebi da ufrosebze damokidebulnia, radgan nakleb Seupovrobas iCenen amocanebis Sesrulebisas da skolaSi uares Sedegebs aCveneben. aseTi qceva gansakuTrebiT TvalsaC­ inoa biWebSi. mozardebisadmi mSoblebis mimtevebloba dakavSirebulia cud TviTkon­ trolTan. Tavisuflad gazrdili Tineijerebi akademiuri moswrebiT ver daikvexnian, ufro gamomwvevni arian xelmZRvanelobis mimarT da asocialur qcevas avlenen, vidre is Tineijerebi, visi mSoblebic naTlad gamoxataven TavianT molodins bavSvis mimarT. (Barber&Olsen, 1997; Baumrind , 1991, 1997; Kurdek & fine, 1994; Lamborn et al., 1991).

bavSvis aRzrdaSi Caurevloba bavSvis aRzrdaSi Caurevloba niSnavs dabal mimReblobas da CarTulobas, agreTve mcire kontrols da avtonomiis sakiTxSi zogad indiferentulobas. CaurTveli mSoblebi SeiZleba emociurad gaucxoebuli da depresiulebi iyvnen da imdenad daiTrgunon uamravi cxovrebiseuli stresis gamo, rom bavSvisTvis dro da energia ver gamonaxon (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). amis gamo SeiZleba reagireba moaxdinon bavSvis myisier moTxovnaze advilad misawvdomi obieqtebis misamarTiT. magram mSob­ lobis nebismieri strategia, romelic Soreul miznebs moicavs, iseTs, rogoricaa sa­ Sinao davalebis da socialuri qcevis Sesaxeb wesebis dadgena da amoqmedeba, iseve, rogorc bavSvis Tvalsazrisis mosmena, xelmZRvaneloba Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTe­ blad da bavSvis adgilsamyofelisa da saqmianobis monitoringi, susti da naCqarevia.

753 misi ukiduresi formiT CaurTveli mSoblobis stili aris bavSvTan cudad mopyrobis forma, romelsac ugulebelyofa hqvia. es ufro metad axasiaTebs depresiul mSoblebs, romlebmac cxovrebaSi ganicades bevri stresi, rogoricaa col-qmruli konfliqti, Za­ lian mwiri an aranairi socialuri mxardaWera da siRaribe. gansakuTrebiT, rodesac es adre iwyeba, ugulebelyofa faqtobrivrad ganviTarebis yvela aspeqts angrevs mijaWvu­ lobis, kogniciis, TamaSis emociuri da socialuri unar-Cvevebis CaTvliT ( ix. Tavi 10, gverdi 397). maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebis uTanxmoeba naklebad eqstremaluria, bavS­ vebi da mozardebi avlenen bevr problemas – cud emociur TviTregulacias, sirTulee­ bs akademiur moswrebaSi da xSirad asocialurad iqcevian. (Aunola, Stattin & Nurmi, 2000; Baumrind, 1991; Kurdek & Fine, 1994; Lamborn et al., 1991).

ratom aris avtoritetuli stili efeqturi? 14. 2 cxrili ajamebs TiToeuli bavSvis aRzrdis stilTa Sedegs. iseve, rogorc nebi­ smieri sxva korelaciuri monapovris SemTxvevaSi, urTierToba aRzrdis avtoritetul stilsa da bavSvis kompetenturobasTan, Riaa sainterpretaciod. SesaZloa, kargad adap­ tirebuli bavSvis mSoblebi iyeneben momTxovn taqtikas, radganac maT patarebs aqvs TanamSromluri, damjeri dispoziciebi da ara imitom, rom mtkice kontroli efeqturi mSoblobis arsebiTi Semadgenelia. bavSvis Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovania, radgan maT SeuZliaT xeli Seuwyos mSobels, gamoiyenos avtoritetuli stili. gaixseneT wina Tavebidan, rom temperamentiT uSiSa­ ri, impulsuri bavSvebi da emociurad negatiuri, rTuli bavSvebi ufro xSirad xdebian iZulebiTi, araTanmimdevruli disciplinis gamoyenebis mizezi. imave dros, damatebiTi siTbo da mtkice kontroli warmatebis sawindaria amgvari bavSvebis cudi stilis modi­ fikaciisTvis (Hart et al., 1998; Olson et al., 2000). mSiSara, gulCaTxrobili bavSvebis mSo­ blebma unda daTrgunon TavianTi survili zedmetad daicvan isini da TviTon moagvaron bavSvbis socialuri problemebi – es gamocdileba, rogorc me-10 TavSi davinaxeT mor­ cxvi bavSvis sirTuleebs kidev ufro amZimebs. samagierod gulCaTxrobili bavSvebisT­ vis sasargebloa damatebiTi waxaliseba, raTa sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi gaxdnen da damoukidebloba gamoavlinon (Rubin, Burgess, &Coplan, 2002). longitudinuri gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli sti­ li aviTarebs simwifesa da morgebadobas gansxvavebuli temperamentis bavSvebSi. ro­ gorc moyvanili faqtebi gviCvenebs, zogierTi bavSvi Tavisi dispoziciis gamo saWiroe­ bs garkveuli avtoritetuli Tvisebis ufro ` met dozas~, vidre sxvebi (Hart, Newell, & Olson, 2004, p. 764). droTa ganmavlobaSi, urTierToba mSoblobasa da bavSvis Tvisebebs Soris xdeba mzardad ormimarTulebiani, radgan TiToeuli monawile axdens sxvisi qmedebis modifikacias da warsul urTierTqmedebaze dafuZnebiT sxva adamianebis qce­ vis molodins qmnis (Kuczynski, 2003). ganvixiloT mozardTaAsaqcielze mSoblebis monitoringis Sedegis longitudinal­ uri gamokvleva, romelic bavSvs 14-18 wlamde akvirdeboda. rac ufro meti icoda mSo­ belma Tavisi bavSvis adgilsamyofelis da saqmianobis Sesaxeb, miT ufro naklebad sCa­ diodnen Tineijerebi danaSaulebriv qmedebas da rac ufro naklebi iyo danaSauli, miT ufro metad izrdeboda mSoblebis informirebuloba Svilis yoveldRiuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb.(Laird et al., 2003). ra xsnis amgvar ormimarTulebian asociacias, romlis drosac mSoblebis monitor­ ingi aviTarebs axalgazrdebis pasuxismgeblur qcevas, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, mSob­ lebis informirebamde mivyavarT? mSoblebi, romelnic Zalisxmevas ar iSureben, rom mozardTa cxovrebas daakvirdnen, SemdegSi warmatebuli mSoblebi arian da Tineijerebs nakleb Sanss utoveben da nakleb mizezs aZleven danaSaulSi CasarTavad. rodesac mSoblebi proeqciul nabijebs dgamen da bavSvis asocialur qcevaSi erevian, isini safuZvels imzadeben mSobeli-bavSvis ufro pozitiuri urTierTobisaTvis. amgvari urTierTobisas Tineijerebi ufro meti mzao­ biT awvdian maT informacias. da piriqiT, rodesac monitoringi naklebia da danaSauli

754 matulobs, mSobeli-bavSvis urTierToba SeiZleba ufrodaufro uaryofiTi gaxdes. Sedegad mSoblebi SesaZloa ganTavisufldnen mSoblis rolisgan, imisTvis rom Tavidan aicilon mSobeli-Svilis urTierToba da amcireben kontaqts baSvTan, romelic ukve aRar moswonT. cxrili

14.2

bavSvis aRzrdis sxvadasxva stilis kavSiri ganviTarebasa da morgebadobasTan Sedegi

bavSvis aRzrdis stili

bavSvoba

mozardoba

avtoritetuli

xalisiani, maRali TviTSe­ faseba, TviTkontroli, mizans­ wrafuloba da TanamSromloba maRali TviTSefaseba

socialuri da zneobrivi sim­ wife da akademiuri moswreba

avtoritaruli

mSfoTvare, ukandaxeuli, cudi xasiaTis, mtruli, roca frust­ rirebulia, cudi akademiuri moswreba

naklebad morgebuli, vidre avtoritetuli stiliT aRzrdi­ lebi, Tumca zogjer ukeTesi akademiuri moswrebiT, naklebad asocialuri qceviT, vidre damTmobi an CaurTveli stiliT aRzrdili Tanatolebi

damTmobi

impulsuri, aradamjeri, meam­ boxe. momTxovni, damokidebuli ufrosebze. naklebad gamZle da cudi akademiuri moswrebis mqone

susti TviTkontroli da cudi akademiuri moswreba; daumor­ Cilebeli, asocialuri qcevisa

mijaWvulobis deficiti kog­ niciaSi, TamaSsa da socialur unar-CvevebSi.

cudi emociuri TviTregulacia, dabali akademiuri TviTSe­ faseba da saskolo warmateba. asocialu­ri qceva

CaurTveli

bevri bavSvi da mozardi, siyvaruls, Sesaferis kontrolsa da TviT-determinacii­ sadmi pativiscemas, rac bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetul stils moicavs, miiCnevs mSoblis mier kargad dagegmil mcdelobad, aimaRlos kompetenturoba. Sedegad Znelad aRsaz­ rdeli da daumorCilebeli bavSvebic ki avtoritetulobas TandaTanobiT, mzardi Tanam­ SromlobiTa da simwifiT pasuxoben. es zrdis mSoblis siamovnebas da bavSvis mowonebas, bavSvis aRzrdiT mSoblis TviTkmayofilebas da albaTobas, rom isini gaagrZeleben av­ toritetuli stilis gamoyenebas. rom SevajamoT, bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli sti­ li mSoblis zegavlenisaTvis dadebiT emociur konteqsts Semdegnairad amkvidrebs: bavSvebi ufro metad emorCilebian internizebul kontrols, romelic patiosa­ ni da azriania da ara iZulebiTi; Tbili, damTmobi mSoblebi, romlebic usafrTxod grZnoben Tavs im standarteb­ Si, romelsac Svilebs sTavazoben, awvdian maT, rogorc zrunvis, iseve TviTmak­ ontrolirebeli qcevis models. SesaZloa, swored am mizezis gamo aqvT amgvari mSoblebis Svilebs ganviTarebuli emociuri TviTregulacia, iseve, rogorc emo­ ciuri da socialuri kompetenturoba; mSoblebi, romlebic siTbos aerTianeben, racionalur da azrian kontrolTan, gacilebiT ukeTes stimuls aZleven Svilebs, radgan aqezeben maT, rom ibrZolon sakuTari molodinebis Sesasruleblad da warumatebloba karg gakveTilad CaT­

755 valon. es gacilebiT ukeTesad muSaobs, rodesac mas Tbili da mzrunveli mSobeli iyenebs ( ixile Tavi 12). avtoritetuli mSoblebi momTxovnebi arian da im xarisxiT aZleven bavSvebs av­ tonomias, rac Sesaferisia maTi unarisTvis, pasuxismegloba aiRon TavianT qce­ vaze. Tu mSoblebi agrZnobineben bavSvs, rom is kompetenturi individia, romelic saqmes warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs, amiT SvilebSi sasurvel TviT-Sefasebas da kogni­ tur da socialur simwifes ganviTarebas uwyoben xels (ixile Tavi 11) ; avtoritetuli stilis sasargeblod is metyvelebs, rom mSoblebis mimReblobis, CarTulobisa da racionaluri kontrolis garda, is bavSvebs ojaxuri stresisa da siRaribis uaryofiTi Sedegebisagan TavdacvaSi exmareba ( Beyers et al., 2003; Pettit, Bates, & Dodge, 1997). da mainc, zogierTi Teoretikosi kvlavac darwmunebulia, rom mSoblis rols nak­ lebi zegavlena aqvs bavSvebis ganviTarebaze. isini acxadeben, rom radgan bavSvebsa da mSoblebs erTidaigive genebi aqvT, mSoblebi bavSvebTan iyeneben genetikurad ganpiro­ bebul aRzrdis stils, romelic bavSvis Tandayolil midrekilebas mxolod aZlierebs. rogorc 568-e gverdze ganTavsebuli `garemo da biologia~ gviCvenebs, am mosazrebas ar adasturebs mravali gamokvleva, romelic Tavis mxriv imis demonstrirebas axdens, rom bavSvis kompetenturobasi mSoblis roli gadamwyvetia.

adaptirebulobis kavSiri bavSvis ganviTarebasTan radgan avtoritetuli mSoblebi ganuwyvetliv ergebian bavSvebis mzard kompeten­ turobas, maTi gamocdilebac bavSvis asakis matebasTan erTad icvleba. kontrolis Tan­ daTanobiTi Semcireba bavSvis qcevaze da avtonomiis zrda xels uwyobs ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas.

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mSobloba bavSvobis Sua periodSi: koregulacia bavSvobis Sua periodSi drois xangrZlivoba, romelsac bavSvi mSobelTan atarebs, sagrZnoblad icvleba. bavS­ vis mzardi damoukidebloba niSnavs, rom mSoblebs saqme aqvT ukve sxva problemebTan. rogorc erTma dedam aRniSna,~ me Tavs vimtvrevdi imaze, ra odenobis saSinao saqme damevalebina da ramdeni jibis fuli mimeca, dadebiT gavlenas axdendnen Tu ara maTze megobrebi da rogor mogvegvarebina skolis problemebi. Semdeg Cndeba problema, ro­ gor miadevno Tvali maT, rodesac saxlidan arian gasuli an saxlSi imyofebian, magram ar var Sin, rom Tvalyuri vadevno imas, ra xdeba. ` miuxedavad imisa, rom mSobeli axal sazrunavs awydeba, bavSvis aRzrda ufro advi­ li xdeba imaTTvis, vinc aRzrdis avtoritetul stils amkvidrebs adreuli asakidanve. logika da saRi azri ufro efeqturia saskolo asakis bavSvebTan, radganac maT logi­ kuri azrovnebis didi unari aqvT da imis gamoc, rom meti pativscema uCndebaT mSo­ blebis codnisa da gamocdilebis mimarT (Collins, Madsen, & Susman & Stillman, 2002). rode­ sac bavSvebi daamtkiceben, rom maT yoveldRiuri saqmianobisa da pasuxismgeblobisTvis Tavis garTmeva SeuZliaT, warmatebul mSoblebs Tavisi pasuxismgebloba TandaTanobiT bavSvze gadaaqvT. es ar niSnavs, rom maT srul Tavisuflebas aZleven _ isini,, ubralod, koregulacias mimarTaven. es aris zedamxedvelobis forma, rodesac mSoblebi iyeneben zogad dakvirvebas da bavSvebs uflebas aZleven, TviTon iyvnen yovelwuTieri gadaw­ yvetilebis mimRebni. koregulacia warmoiSoba TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobiT bavSvsa da mSobels Soris da dafuZnebulia Tanabar sargebelze, ormxriv pativiscemaze. mSo­ blebma unda uxelmZRvanelon da monitoringi moaxdinon distanciidan da gaagebinon Tavisi molodinebi, rodesac isini SvilebTan arian. bavSvebma ki mSoblebi saqmis kursSi unda Caayenon sad arian, ras saqmianoben da ra saxis problemebi aqvT, ise, rom mSoblebs saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Careva SeeZloT ( Maccoby, 1984). koregulacia bavSvs icavs iqa­ mde, sanam is siymawvilisTvis emzadeba anu im droisTvis, rodesac TviTon miiRebs bevr mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas.

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biologia da garemo marTlac ase mniSvnelovania mSoblis roli? ramdenime farTod gaSuqebuli gamokvlevis Se­ degebi adasturebs, rom mSoblebis roli metad mcirea bavSvis ganviTarebisTvis da maTi zegavlena daCrdilulia geneti­kiT da Tanatolebis kultur­ iT (Harris, 1998, 2002). es gancxadebebi dafuZnebulia imaze, rom erTi da imave ojaxSi aRzrdili bavSvebi zogjer naklebad hgvanan erTmaneTs, rogorc tem­ peramentiT, ise pirovnuli TvisebebiT. ( ixile Tavi 10, gverdi 416 da ganixile). es aris monacemi, rom­ lis interpretacia gulisxmobs, rom mSobloba mxolod reaqciaa bavSvebis genetikur dispozici­ aze da ar cvlis maT raime saxarbielo gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gasakviri, amboben am Teoriis momxreebi, rom mSobeli umniSvnelo rols asru­ lebs. uamravi gamokvleva aRwers mSoblebis sust an zomier zegavlenas bavSvis ganviTarebaze. amasTan adasturebs isic, rom bavSvebi da mozardebi ufro metad gvagoneben megobrebs, vidre TavianT da-Zmas. amgvarad, megobrebis zegavlena gacilebiT ufro didia, vidre mSoblebisa. am mtkicebulebebis usafuZvloba damtkicebu­ lia araerTi gamokvleviT, romelTa Sedegebis mi­ xedviT, mSoblebi, da aramarto isini, Rrma zegav­ lenas axdenen bavSvebis ganviTarebaze (Berk, 2005; Collins et al., 2000’ Hart, Newell, & Olsen, 2003; Maccoby, 2000a; Steinberg, 2001). modiT, ufro detalurad Se­ viswavloT es monacemebi: erT-erTi kargad dagegmili gamokvleva aC­ venebs, rom urTierTkavSiri mSoblobasa da bavSvis ganviTarebas Soris zogjer arsebi­ Tia. magaliTad,, erT masStabur gamokvlevaSi korelacia mSoblebis avtoritetul stilsa da mozardebis socialur pasuxismgeblo­ bas Soris dedebisaTvis iyo 76, mamebisaTvis ki 49 (Hetherington et al., 1999). analogiurad, rodesac mSoblebi CarTuli arian saerTo problemis mogvarebaSi, romelic maT mozard Svilebs exeba, amyareben mtkice da Tanamim­ devrul kontrols da axdenen bavSvis saqcie­ lis monitorings. gamokvleva uCvenebs Zlier uaryofiT urTierTkavSirs asocialur qce­

vasTan (Patterson & Forgatch, 1995). mSoblobas sxvadasxva bavSvze svadasxvagvari zegavlena aqvs. mSoblobasa da bavSvebis gan­ viTarebas Soris arcTu ise mWidro kavSiri sulac ar niSnavs, rom mSoblebis zegavlena sustia. piriqiT, bavSvis aRzrdis zogierTi sti­li sxvadasxva bavSvze sxvadasxva zegavle­ nas axdens. monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom bevri mSobeli sxvadasxvanairad reagirebs gansxvavebuli temperamentis bavSvebze. ma­ gram urTierToba ar aris reaqciuli. am da wina TavebSi davinaxeT, rom mSoblebs SeuZ­ liaT Secvalon impulsuri, rTuli, morcxvi da gulCaTxrobili bavSvebis qceva. rogorc eleonora makkobi askvnis ( 2000a), `azri, rom iseTi xangrZlivi urTierTobis ganmavloba­ Si, rogoricaa bavSvisa da mSoblis urTier­ Toba, bavSvi moaxdens zegavlenas mSobelze, mSobeli ki vera, absurdulia.~ (gverdi 18). xangrZlivi gamokvlevis mixedviT, mSoblebi zegavlenas axdenen bavSvis ganviTarebaze. uamravi longitudinuri gamokvleva adas­ turebs, rom mSoblebis zegavlena bavSvis gan­ viTarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtze maSinac Cans, rodesac bavSvis adreul Taviseburebebs vswavlobT. (ixile magaliTad,, Bronstein et al., 1006, Carlson, 1998; Laird et al., 2003; Pettit, Bates, & Dodge, 1997). es gamokvlevebi gulisxmobs, rom mSoblebis zegavlena Rrma da xangrZlivia. mSoblebis Careva adasturebs, rom rodesac bavSvis aRzrda swordeba, bavSvis ganviTa­ rebac Sesabamisad icleba. es yvelaze ufro Zlieri sabuTia imisa, rom mSoblebis stili intervenciis gamocdilebidan modis. erT gamokvlevis dros saskolo asakis vaJebis axlad ganqorwinebuli martoxela dedebi SemTxveviT Caeweren mSoblebis erTwlian treiningsa da mxardaWeris kursze. Tu maT SevadarebT sxva dedebs, romlebic inter­ vencias ar gadioden, am dedebma garkveuli droiT Seamcires ZaldatanebiTi discipli­ na. intervenciis Sedegebis ganxilvisas aR­

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moCnda, rom maT vaJebs qcevis naklebi prob­ lema hqondaT (Forgatch & DeGarma, 1999). meore msgavs gamokvlevaSi saskolo asakis bavSvebi, romelTa ganqorwinebuli mSoble­ bi eswrebodnen mSoblis unar-Cvevebis 11 kvirian kurss, aramarto myisier morgebado­ bas avlendnen, aramed es bavSvebi 6 wlis Sem­ degac ukeTesad muSaobdnen, vidre is axal­ gazrdebi, romelTa dedebic ar eswrebodnen msgavs kursebs (Wolchik et al., 2003). ufro met­ ic, me-12 Tavidan gavixsenoT, rom mSoblobis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisken mimarTuli sa­ treiningo programebi arRvevs mSobeli-bavS­ vis mtruli damokidebulebis cikls da amiT amcirebs bavSvebis agresiul qcevas ( ixile gverdi 512.). mSoblebi zegavlenas axdenen Svilebis ur­ Ti­erTobaze amxanagebTan. bavSvebi da mozar­ debi TavianT megobrebs hgvanan, radganac axa­l­­gazrdebi megobrebs sakuTar TavTan msgav­sebis mixedviT irCeven. magram ukve skolamdeli asakidan mSoblebi Svilebs mi­ marTa­ven garkveuli tipis Tanatolebisken maTi socialuri aqtivobis marTvis gziT da rogorc me-15 Tavidan SevityobT, bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili zegavlenas axdens faseulobebsa da midreklebebze. es bavSvebs megobrobis situaciazec gadaaqvT da Sesabamisad maT mier megobrebis SerCev­ azec, TanatolebTan urTierTobasa da saqmi­ anobazec (Furman et al, 2002, Laird et al., 2003; Pettit et al., 2001; Zhou et al.,2002). mSoblebis zegavlena martivad ar Sefasdeba. bevri adamiani ixsenebs mSoblebTanAdakavSi­ rebul im dasamaxsovrebel momentebs, ramac maTze waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdina (Maccoby, 2000a).

mokled rom vTaqvaT, mSoblobis zegavlena kom­ binirebulia iseT sxva faqtorebTan, rogoricaa memkvidruloba, megobrebi da sxv. marTlac, Ti­To­ euli am faqtoris rols sxvebisagan zustad ver ga­ movyofT, radgan buneba da aRzrda ganviTarebasTa­ naa gadaxlarTuli. mniSvnelovnebis TvalsazrisiT ra unda gaake­ Ton mSoblebma dRes imisTvis, rom bavSvebisTvis saukeTeso gamosavali moiZebnon? Craig Hart (1999) gvTavazobas oTx rekomendacias: SeaswavleT zneobrivi faseulobebi, raTaA­ daexmaroT bavSvebs brZnuli arCevanis ga­ keTebaSi maTi genetikuri midrekilebebisa da megobrebis zewolis miuxedavad; moargeT mSoblis roli imas, rom daexmaroT bavSvebs gadalaxon arasasurveli ganwyo­ bebi anu dispoziciebi. iZulebiTi impulsur bavSvTan racinaluri simtkicis magivrad kontrolis gamoyeneba an gulCaTxrobil yma­ w­vilebTan zedmeti dacva waxalisebis nacv­ lad, auaresebs cudad adaptirebul qcevas. ganaviTareT bavSvebSi dadebiTi unar-Cvevebi mdidari da gansxvavebuli gamocdilebis meS­ veobiT – akademiuri, socialuri, sportuli, mxatvrobis, musikaluri da sulieri gziT; CarTeT bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritaruli stil­Si iseTi stili, romelic bavSvebisa da mozardebisTvis mudmivad dadebiT Sedegs gamoiRebs.

mravali gamokvleva adasturebs, rom mSoblebi did zegavlenas axdenen bavSvis ganviTarebaze. deda-Svili bunebis muzeums stumrobs, sadac isini siamovnebas iReben zRvis binadrebze dakvirvebiT. rodesac Tbili, mosiyvarule mSoblebi Svils mdidari da sxvadasxvagvari gamocdilebiT uzrunvelyofen, amiT bavSvis dadebiT unar-Cvevebs aRviveben. Michael Newman/PhotoEdit

758 imis miuxedavad, rom saskolo asakis bavSvebi xSirad ufro met damoukideblobas iTxoven, maT TviTonac Zalian kargad ician, raoden saWiroa mSoblebis mxardaWera. erT gamokvlevaSi mexuTe da meeqvse klaselebma mSoblebi aRweres, rogorc yvelaze gavle­ niani adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi (Furman & Buhrmester, 1992). isini xSirad mimarTavdnen TavianT mSoblebs siTbosa da rCevis misaRebad, sakuTari Rirebulebis asamaRleblad da yoveldRiuri problemebis mosagvareblad.

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mozardTa mSobloba: aRzrdis avtonomia mozardobaSi avtonomiisTvis brZola anu sakuTari Tavis, rogorc calke mdgomi TviTmarTvadi individis gancda, gamorCeuli amocana xdeba. avtonomias aqvs ori sasicocxlo aspeqti: (1) emociuri kom­ ponenti anu sakuTar Tavze dayrdnoba da sakuTari Tavis imedi ufro metad, vidre mSo­ blebis mxardaWerisa da xelmZRvanelobisa da(2) qcevis komponenti _ gadawyvetilebis miReba sakuTari mosazrebisa da sxvaTaAwinadadebis frTxilad SefasebiT, raTa kargad gaazrebul, dasabuTebul qcevaTa rigamde mivides (Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986). avto­ nomia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli mozardebis mier identurobis moTxovnilebasTan. axalgazrdebi, vinc warmatebiT axerxebs piradad maTTvis mniSvnelovan faseulobebisa da cxovrebiseuli miznebis erTmaneTTan Serwymas, avtonomiurebi arian. maT mSoblebze bavSvur damokidebulebas ufro momwifebuli da pasuxismgeblobiT savse urTierTo­ba arCies. avtonomias safuZvlad edeba mozardis SigniT momxdari sxvadasxva cvlileba. me-5 TavSi davinaxeT, rom pubertati xdeba mSoblebisgan fsiqologiuri distanciis warmo­ qmnis safuZveli. Semdeg, rodesac axalgazrdebi ufro momwifebulebi xdebian mSoble­ bi maT met damoukideblobas aZleven da met pasuxismgeblobasac akisreben. kognitur ganviTarebasac avtonomiisken mivyavarT. abstraqtuli azrovneba Tineijerebs saku­ Tari problemebis mogvarebisa da sakuTari qmedebebis Sedegebis ufro efeqturad gan­ Wvretis saSualebas aZlevs. socialuri urTierTobebis ukeTesad gaazrebis unars ki mozardebi sakuTari mSoblebis deidealizaciisken mihyavs, romelTac isini axla ukve ubralod, adamianebad ganixilaven. aqedan gamom dinare, ise aRar iswrafvian mSoblebis avtoritetisken, rogorc adreul asakSi. Tbili, mxardamWeri mSobeli-mozardis kavSiri, romelic axalgazrdebs sakuTari ideebisa da socialuri rolebis gamkvlevis saSualebas aZlevs, xels uwyobs mozard­ ebis avtonomiurobas da maRali TviTdajerebulobis, samuSaos orientaciis, akademi­ uri kompetenturobisa da saxarbielo TviT-Sefasebis winapirobaa. (Slicker & Thornberry, 2002; Varzonyi, Hibbert, & Snider, 2003). da piriqiT, mSoblebi, romlebic iZulebis xerxs iy­ eneben an maT fsiqologiur kontrols uweseben, xels uSlian avtono­ miurobis ganviTarebas. aseTi taqtika zrdis intensiur, emociurad negatiur urTierTobas mSobelsa da Tineijers Soris (Kim et al., 2001). isini ganwirulnia dabali TviTSefasebisa da asociluri qcevisTvi­s _ im SedegebisTvis, romelic srulwlovanebaSic grZeldeba ( Aquilino & Supple, 2001; Barber & Harmon, 2002). mdgradi, warmatebuli mSobloba garkveul riskTanaa dakavSirebu­ li da mSoblebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom TineijerebTan cxovreba stre­ sulia me-12 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom interesi arCevanis gakeTebaSi pirad sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT mozardobaSi Zlierdeba. da mainc, mSoble­ bi da Tineijerebi, gansakuTrebiT umcrosi asakisa, mkveTrad gansx­ vavdebian ymawvilebisgan pasuxismgeblobiTa da iseTi privilegiiT, rogoricaa tansacmlis kontroli, saskolo kursebis da megobrebTan Sexvedrebis regulireba ( Smetana, 2002). mSoblebi, rogorc wesi, ambo­ radgan deda da misi vaJi erTad afasoeben sauzmes skolisTvis, isini koregu­ laciaSi arian CarTulni. deda akvirdeba, da Svils gadawyvetilebis miRebis nebas aZlevs. bavSvobis Sua periodSi zedamxedvelobis es gardamavali forma mozardobis periodisTvis momzadebas exmareba. Bill Aron/PhotoEdit

759 mozardebis avtonomiuroba ukeTesad miiRweva keTilganwyobili mSoblis konteqstSi. ma­ Sin, rodesac deda iRebs wina samejliso fotos, qaliSvili gulTbilad iRimeba da misi qceva aCvenebs erTad yofnis gawonasworebul balanssa da damoukideblobas. Ronnie Kaufman/Corbis

ben, rom axalgazrda adamiani jer ar aris mzad amgvari damoukideblobisT­ vis, Tineijeri ki fiqrobs, rom es didi xnis win unda momxdariyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom mozardebi xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian mtkice (da ara zedmetad mkacr) yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kontrols mSoblis mxridan, monitoringi myarad gansWvrets sasurvel morgebadobas. garda imisa, rom es delinkventurobis Tavidan aSorebis sawindaria, mSoblebis mxridan Semowmeba dakavSirebulia dadebiT SedegTan – es aris sqesobrivi aqtivobis Semcireba, skolis niSnebis gamosworeba da fsiqologiuri keTildReoba (Crouter & Head, 2002; Jacobson & Crockett, 2000). gaixseneT agreTve is, rom ojaxi aris sistema, romelic unda moergos mis wevrebSi momxdar cvlilebebs. mozardebis mSobelTa umetesoba saSualo asak­ Sia da isinic icvlebian. im dros, rodesac Tineijerebi usazRvro momavlis da mravalmxrivi arCevanis winaSe dganan, mSoblebi unda Seeguon TavianTi SesaZleblobebis Semcirebis faqts. zewola, romelsac yvela Taoba aqvs ga­ mocdili, erTi meoresTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis (Holmbeck, 1996). mSoblebs xSirad ar esmiT, ratom urCevniaT mozardebs TanatolebTan urTierToba ojaxur saqmi­ anobas. Tineijerebi ki ver afaseben, rom mSoblebs undaT ojaxuri siaxlove, imdenad xSirad, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, radgan mozardi _ mSoblis urTierTobis metad mniSvnelovani periodi male damTavrdeba. mozardobis periodSi bavSvi mSoblis urTierTobis xarisxia fsiqikuri sijansaRis erTaderTi da yvelaze myari winaswarmetyveli ( Steinberg & Silk, 2002).kargad funqcioni­ rebad ojaxebSi axalgazrdebi mijaWvulebi rCebian mSoblebTan da ekiTxebian rCevas, Tumca amas ufro didi Tavisuflebis konteqstSi akeTeben (Steinberg, 2001). msubuqi kon­ fliqti, romelic, rogorc wesi, warmoiqmneba xolme, mozardis pirovnebisa da avtono­ miurobis Camoyalibebas xels uwyobs imiT, rom ojaxis wevrebs exmareba uTanxmoebis gamoxatvasa da daTmenaSi. konfliqti agreTve atyobinebs mozardis mSobels, rom icv­ leba moTxovnebi da molodinebi, rac signalia imisa, rom mozardi-mSoblis urTierTo­ bas Segueba sWirdeba. gvian mozardobaSi mSoblebisa da bavSvebis umetesoba aRwevs am momwifebul ormx­ riv urTierTobas da mSobeli-bavSvis dadebiTi urTierTqmedeba izrdeba. mcire dro, rasac dasavleli Tineijerebi Tavis ojaxTan atareben, RviZilis saaTebis 30 % mexuTe klasSi da 14 % meTormete klasSi _ ar aris konfliqtTan kavSirSi (Larson, 1996). ami­ si brali umeteswilad TineijerebisTvis xelmisawvdomi arastruqturirebuli didi droa, rogorc CrdiloeT amerikaSi, ise dasavleT evropaSi – saSualod, daaxloebiT maTi RviZilis drois naxevari (Larson, 2001). axalgazrdebi am Tavisufal saaTebs avseben im aqtivobiT, romelic maT saxlidan gaiyvans, iseTiT, rogoricaa naxevar ganakveTze muSaoba, Tavisufali drois gatarebis mzardi arCevani, nebayoflobiTi Ziebani da megobrebTan erTad gatarebuli dro. da mainc, ojaxSi gatarebuli drois amgvari Semcireba sayovelTao ar aris. erTi gamokv­ levis mixedviT qalaqis dabali da saSualo ses-is mqone afrikul- amerikuli ojaxebis axalgazrdebis mier ojaxTan gatarebuli dro ar mcirdeba bavSvobidan mozardobam­ de. es tipuri koleqtivisturi Rirebulebebis mqone kulturebis modelia (Larson et al., 2001).

760 bavSvis aRzrdis socialur-ekonomikuri da eTikuri variaciebi gamokvlevebi erTi meoris miyolebiT adasturebs, rom aRzrdis avtoritetuli sti­ li ganapirobebs bavSvebisa da mozardebis dadebiT ganviTarebas, maSinac ki Tu gansx­ vavebuli ses done, gansxvavebuli eTnikuri warmomavloba, erovneba da ojaxis struqtu­ ra aqvT. es exeba rogorc erTi mSoblis, ise orive mSoblisa da nacvali mSoblis ojaxebs (Crouter & Head,2002: Slicker & Thornberry,2002: Vazaonyi, Hibbert, & Snider, 2003). amave dros ses da eTnikuri gansxvaveba mSoblis funqciis Sesrulebisas garkveul rols asrulebs.

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socialur-ekonomikuri statusi gaixseneT, rom ses is indeqsia, romelic gana­ Tlebis wlebs, prestiJsa da ostatobas aerTianebs da adamianis samsaxurisa da Semosav­ lisTvisaa saWiro _ es urTierTkavSirSi myofi faqtorebia, radgan ganaTleba zegavle­ nas axdens karieris SesaZleblobasa da Semosavalze. rodesac sesi maRla iwevs an dabla Camodis, mSoblebi da bavSvebi dgebian Seclili viTarebis winaSe, romelic ojaxis fun­ qcionirebaze axdens zegavlenas da mis yvela komponentSic sesi monawileobs. mkvleva­ rebma jer unda amoxsnan es specifikuri gavlena. mSoblebis ganaTleba da Semosavali arsebiTad zemoqmedebs dasaqmebulobaze, romelic marTalia ufro nakleb, magram mainc mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs (Duncan & Magnusson, 2003). ses dakavSirebulia bavSvis aRzrdis faseulobebTan da molodinebTan anu eqspeqta­ ciebTan. rodesac gvekiTxebian pirovnul Taviseburebebze, rac maT TavianTi bavSvebi­ sTvis undaT, dabali ses-is mqone mSoblebi xazs usvamen garegan Taviseburebebs da maxa­ siaTeblebs, iseTs, rogoricaa damjeroba, zrdiloba, mowesrigebuloba da sisufTave. da piriqiT maRali ses-is mqone mSoblebi xazs usvamen fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs, iseTs rogoricaa cnobismoyvareobas, bednierebas, mizanswrafulobas, kognitur da so­ cialur momwifebulobas. (Duncan & Magnusson, 2003: Hoff, Laursen, & Tardiff, 2002: Tudge et al., 2000). damatebiT, mamebi, romlebic maRali ses-is mqone ojaxebidan arian, ufro Car­ Tulnia bavSvis aRzrdaSi da saxlisa da saSinao pasuxismgeblobaSi. dabali ses-is mqone mamebi nawilobriv genderuli stereotipidan wamosuli rwmenis gamo da nawilobriv ekonomikuri saWiroebis gamo, ufro metad uzrunvelmyoflis rolze arian fokusire­ bulebi (Rank, 2000). es gansxvavebebi ojaxur urTierTobebze aisaxeba. mSoblebi, romelTa ses ufro maRa­ lia, ufro xSirad esaubrebian, ukiTxaven an sxvanairad axdenen Svilebisa da skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis waxalisebas (ixile Tavi 9, gverdi 372). rodesac bavSvebi izrdebian, maRa­ li ses-is mqone mSoblebi iyeneben met siTbos, axsnasa da induqciur disciplinas, iseve, rogorc sityvier Seqebas da Svilebis ganviTarebis maRal miznebs usaxaven. brZanebebi (`ase unda moiqce, imitom, rom me geubnebi~), kritika da fizikuri sasjeli ufro damaxa­ siaTebelia dabali ses-is mqone ojaxebisTvis ( Bradley & Corwyn, 2003). ganaTleba arsebiT rols asrulebs bavSvis aRzrdis am sxvadasxva stilSi. ufro maRali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone mSoblebis interesi verbaluri stimu­ laciis micemisa Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis daxvewisa, ganpirobebulia skolisa da swav­ lebis wlebiT, romelTaA ganmavlobaSic maT abstraqtul da subieqtur ideebze fiqri iswavles (Uribe, LeVine, & LeVine, 1994). ufro didi ekonomikuri usafrTxoebac maRali ses-is mqone mSoblebs aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom ufro meti dro, energia da material­ uri resursebi miuZRvnan TavianTi Svilebis fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis daxvewas. stresis maRali done, romelic ekonomikuri daucvelobiT aris gamowveuli, fizikuri sasjelis mniSvnelovnebis rwmenis garda, dabali ses-is mqone mSoblebs mkacri disci­ plinis gamoyenebisken ubiZgebs (Pinderhughes et al., 2000). ufro metic, bevri dabali ses-is mqone mSobeli ususurobasa da zegavlenis nakle­ bobas ganicdis saxlis gareT arsebul urTierTobebSi, magaliTad, samsaxurSi uxdebaT sxvisi wesebisadmi damorCileba, imaTi, visac Zalaufleba da avtoriteti aqvs. rodesac saxlSi brundebian, maTi mSobeli-Svilis urTierToba TiTqosda imeorebs am gamoc­ dilebas, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom axla isini arian avtoritetis rolSi. maRali

761 ses-is mqone mSoblebi ki piriqiT, metad akontroleben TavianT cxovrebas. samsaxurSi damoukidebel gadawyvetilebas iReben da sxvebs TavianTi azris sisworeSi arwmuneben. saxlSi ki savaraudod am saxis Cvevas unergaven Svilebs (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994).

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simdidre kargi ganaTlebisa da materialuri simdidris miuxedavad, mdidari mSoblebi, visac sjera, rom Svils yovelgvari upiratesoba unda misces _ Zalian xSirad ver axerxeben mSoblis rolis ise Sesrulebas, rom aman janmrTeli ganviTareba uzrun­ velyos. ramdenime gamokvlevaSi mecnierebi mozardobis wlebamde akvirdebodnen im ax­ algazrdebs, romlebic maRali ses-is mqone ubnebSi izrdebodnen (Lither & Latendresse, 2005a). meSvide klasisTvis bevrs hqonda seriozuli problema, romelic sSualo skolaSi gauaresda. magaliTad,, isini ufro metad da xSirad iyvnen Cabmulebi narkotikebis mox­ marebaSi da hqondaT SfoTvisa da depresiis ufro maRali done, vidre Sida qalaqis daba­ li ses-is mqone axalgazrdebs (Luther & Becker, 2002). ufro metic, mdidar, magram ara Sida qalaqis TineijerebSi korelacia aRiniSna sigaretis, alkoholis, Zlieri narkotikebi­ sa da marixuanas moxmarebasa da SfoTvasa da depresias Soris, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom es mdidari axalgazrda adamianebi, TviTmkurnalobisTvis iRebdnen narkotikebs – es is gamocdilebaa, romelic mudmivi arasasurveli qcevis winapirobaa. meTerTmete kla­ sisTvis 20% moixmarda narkotiks da imavdroulad emociuri, akademiuri da qceviTi problemebi hqonda ( Luther & Sexton, 2004). ratom aqvs problema da ratom aris Sewuxebuli amdeni mdidari axalgazrda? gamokv­ leva gviCvenebs, rom maT mSoblebi ori arasasurveli pirobis winaSe ayeneben:

zomaze metis miRwevis presi. mozardebi, romelTaAmSoblebi maT miRwevebs metad afaseben, vidre maT Tvisebebs, ufro xSirad gamoxataven SfoTvas, depresias da moixmaren narkotikis es axalgazrda xalxi miRwevis marcxs xSirad pirad marcxas aRiqvams. ufrosebisgan izolacia. cudad adaptirebuli axalgazrdebi aRniSnaven, rogorc iSviaT urTierTobasa da mwir zedamxedvelobas skolis Semdeg, aseve nakleb emo­ ciur siaxloves mSoblebis mxridan, vidre maTi ufro ukeTesad morgebuli da Seg­ uebuli oreulebi. profesiulad da socialurad dakavebuli mSoblebis msgavsad bevr Tineijers gadatvirTuli ganrigi aqvs da Zalian dakavebulia, magram daSo­ rebulia ojaxs (Luther & Becker, 2002).mTlianobaSi, mdidari mSoblebi, fizikurad da emociurad TiTqmis iseve araxelmisawvdomebi arian SvilebisTvis, rogorc Sida qalaqSi mcxovrebi mSoblebi, romelTac finansuri sirTuleebi aqvT.

depresia

cudi niSnebi skolaSi

saSualo

gasaSualoebuli done

regularulad mSoblebTan erTad sadilobis urTierTkavSiri axalgazrdebis adaptaciis problemebTan. meeqvseklaselebTan SedarebiT, romlebic xSirad sadiloben Tavi­ anT mSoblebTan da isini, vinc amas ar akeTebs avlenen SfoTvas, depresias, delinkventurobas, narkotikebs moixmaren da skolaSi cudi niSnebi aqvT, maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblobis bevri aspeqtia Semowmebuli. am gamokvlevaSi ojaxis erToblivi xSiri kveba icavs Sida-qalaqis axalgazrdebs delinkventurobisgan da narkotikis moxmarebisgan da skolaSi swavlis problemebisgan. (Adapted from Luther & Latendresse,2005 b.)

da narkotikebi SfoTva da

dabali

sqema 14.1

adaptaciis problemebis

maRali

sainteresoa, rom orivesTvis, rogorc mdidari, ise Sida qalaqSi mcxovrebi axal­ gazrdebisTvis dRis Cveulebrivi ganrigi, rogoricaa mSoblebTan erTad sadili, ufro aadvilebs adaptacias vidre mSoblobis bevri sxva aspeqti (ixile 14.1 cxrili mona­ cemi). (Luther & Latendresse,2005b). saWiroa intervencia, romelic mdidar mSoblebs gaacnobierebinebs metoqeo­ 1 brivi, gadatvirTuli cxovrebis stilis fass da imas, 2 rom aucilebelia Tundac minima­luri CarTuloba Svilis delinkventuroba cxovrebaSi.

1. sadili mSoblebTan erTad

2. sadili mSoblebis gareSe

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siRaribe rodesac ojaxi siRaribeSi iZireba, maSin mSoblis rolis warmate­ biT Sesruleba da bavSvis ganviTareba seriozuli safrTxis winaSe dgeba. ganvixiloT zinia maes SemTxveva, romelic traqtonSi – samxreT=dasavleTi amerikis patara qalaqis SavkanianTa Sekrul TemSi gaizarda (Heath, 1990). traqtonis Tavs damtydari umuSevroba gaxda misi moqalaqeebis wasvlis mizezi. 16 wlis zinia maec gadavida atlantaSi. ori wlis Semdeg zinia mae ukve gogonas da tyupi biWebis deda iyo da komunalur TavSesafa­ rSi cxovrobda. zinia maes yoveli dRe erTmaneTs hgavda. is uyurebda televizors da megobrebTan telefoniT saubrobda. bavSvebi mxolod erTxel ikvebebodnen (es iyo sauzme), sxva dros ki, maSin Wamdnen, rodesac an SiodaT, an mowyenilebi iyvnen. maTi saTamaSo sivrce sas­ tumro oTaxis taxtiTa da iatakze daGebuli leibiT ifargleboda. saTamaSoebad isini SenobaSi mitovebul sabnis naglejebs, kovzebs, saWmlis yuTebs, patara rezinis burTs, ramdenime plastmasis manqanasA rolikebs iyenebdnen. sityvebi, romelic maT zinia maes­ gan yvelaze xSirad esmodaT iyo _ `daviRale~. is dardobda imaze, sad eSova bavSvEBis Ddam­ tovebeli, raTa samrecxaoSi an maRaziaSi gasuliyo da imaze, ra unda gaekeTebina, Tuki ipovida tyupebis mamas, romelic mas fuls aRar ugzavnida. zinia mae daTanxmda Tavisi ojaxuri urTierTobebis dafiqsirebas. ojaxidan da Temis kavSirebidan mokveTilma, daTrgunulma da finansuri sirTuleebiT Tavzardacemulma da ususurma grZnobiT, man aRmoaCina, rom ar SeuZlia Tavisi bavSvebis urTierTobaSi CarTva. 500 saaTiani Caweris ganmavlobaSi man SvilebTan saubari mxolod 18-jer wamoiwyo. mudmivi stresorebi, romelic siRaribes Tan sdevs, TandaTanobiT asustebs ojaxis sistemas. Rarib ojaxebs aqvT Zalian bevri yoveldRiuri gaugebroba _ gadasaxdeli an­ gariSi, gafuWebuli manqana, socialuri daxmarebis dakargva, saxlidan moparuli nivTe­ bi _ es is mcire CamonaTvalia imisa, rac SeiZleba ojaxs hqondes. rodesac yoveldRiuri krizisi iwyeba, mSoblebi depresiulebi, gaRizianebulebi da ganadgurebulebi xdebi­ an, izrdeba agresiuli urTieTobebi, rasac bavSvis ganviTareba ewireba (Evans, 2004). uaryofiTi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT mZimea erTi mSoblis ojaxSi, romelic iZulebulia icxovros cud sabinao pirobebSi, saxifaTo ubanSi an usaxlkarod _ es aris is pirobebi, romelic yoveldRiur arsebobas kidev ufro arTulebs da amcirebs socialur xelSew­ yobas, rac ekonomikuri siZneleebis daZlevaSi exmareba (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2003). stresisa da konfliqtis garda, mSoblebis Semcirebuli CarTuloba da saSineli sa­ Sinao da swavlis pirobebi ( iseTi, rogoricaa zinia maesi) Rrma zegavlenas axdens Rari­ bi bavSvebis kognitur ganviTarebasa da emociur keTildReobaze (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wina TavebSi siRaribe, romelic adre iwyeba da mudmivad grZeldeba, gamanadgurebel zegavlenas axdens bavSvis fizikur da fsiqikur janmr­ Telobaze, gonierebasa da akademiur miRwevebze.

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eTnikuroba miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritetuli mSobloba Zalian sasargeb­ loa, eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenel mSoblebs xSirad aqvT garkveuli rwmena bavSvis aRzrdis Taobaze da praqtika, romelic maT kulturul faseulobebsa da ojaxis konteqsts Seesabameba. modiT, ramdenime ganvixiloT magaliTi: dasavlel mSoblebTan SedarebiT, Cineli mSoblebi TavianT mSob­ lobas aRweren, rogorc naklebad Tbilsa da ufro makontrole­bels. Cineli mSoblebi Tavs ikaveben Seqebiagan, radgan sjeraT, rom es bavS­ vebs TviTkmayofilebas uRvivebs da maTSi miRwevis motivacias Trgu­

es ojaxi, romelic Tavis rCenas cdilobs, iZulebulia manqanaSi icxovros. bevri ojaxisTvis siRaribidan Tavis daRweva Soreuli mizania uamravi dabrkole­ biT, romelic xSirad janmrTelobis problemas, depresias, da gadaqancvas moicavs. Michael Newman/PhotoEdit

763 navs (Chen, 2001: Chao, 1994). maRali kontroli asaxavs mkacri disciplinis konfucianur rwmenas, ufrosebis pativiscemasa da socialurad sasurvel qcevas, rasac yuradRebi­ ani mSoblebi aswavlian. miuxedavaT imisa, rom Cineli mSoblebi, iseve, rogorc Crdil­ oamerikelebi, iyeneben induqcias da sxva logikaze orientirebul disciplinas, ufro metad mimarTaven cudi yofaqcevisTvis bavSvis Sercxvenis meTods (ixile Tavi 10), uars eubnebian siyvarulze da iyeneben fizikur sasjels ( Wu et al., 2002). rodesac es meTo­ di gadaWarbebulia, mas mohyveba avtoritetuli stili, romelic did fsiqologiur da iZulebiT kontrols gulisxmobs. Cinel bavSvebSi SeimCneva iseTive uaryofiTi Sedegi, rogoric Crdiloamerikel bavSvebSi: es aris SfoTva, depresia da agresiuli qceva (Bradford et al., 2003: Olsen et al., 2002: Nelson et al., 2005: Yang et al., 2003). wynari okeanis kunZulze mcxovreb espanur da aziur ojaxebSi mtkice daJineba mSo­ blebis avtoritetis pativiscemisadmi, Sewyvilebulia mSoblobis did siTbosTan _ esaa kombinacia, romelic kompetenturobasa da ojaxis erTgulebis Zlier grZnobas aviTa­ rebs (Harrison et al., 1994). erT kvlevaSi meqsikel-amerikeli dedebi, romlebic siRaribeSi cxovroben da Tavis kulturul tradiciebs mtkiced icaven, ufro metad aerTianebdnen siTbos mkacr da iZulebiT kontrolTan, vidre meqsikel- amerikeli dedebi, romlebic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kulturasTan asimilrdnen. es kontrolis Tbili kom­ binacia emsaxureba dacviT funqcias: is bavSvebsa da mozardebSi asocirebulia qcevis problemebis SemcirebasTan ( Hill, Bush,& Roosa, 2003) im MmaRali Rirebulebis erTgule­ bi, romelsac aniWeben mSoblis funqcias, espanur-amerikeli mamebi ufro met dros at­ areben skolis asakis SvilebTan da amowmeben maT, vidre amerikelebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom erT dros espaneli mamebi ganixilebodnen, rogorc iZulebiTi, droebiTi mamebi, laTinuri warmoSobis mamebi ufro metad aRmzrdelebi arian, vidre mkacri avtoritet­ uli figurebi warsulSi ( Jambunathan, Burts, & Pierce, 2000: Toth & Xu, 1999). miuxedavad imisa, rom didi sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs afroamerikul ojaxebSi, Savkani­ ani dedebi, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebi, martoxelbi da naklebad ganaTlebulni _ xSirad myisier morCilebas moelian ( Kelley,Power, & Wimbush, 1992). magram meqsikelamerikelebze Catarebuli axali gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, rodesac afroamerikuli ojaxebi cxovroben cud, kriminalebiT savse ubnebSi da Zalian patara socialuri daxmareba aqvT, mkacrma kontrolma SeiZleba aRkveTos asocialuri CarTuloba. sxva gamokvleva varaudobs, rom Savkaniani mSoblebi iyeneben mkacr kontrols sxva ufro didi mizezebis gamo – raTa ganaviTaron TviTdarwmunebuloba, TviTregulacia da faq­ izi yuradReba riskiT savse garamocvaSi, romelic bavSvebs danaSaulis msxverplad gax­ domisgan icavs (Brody & Flor, 1998). amgvari Tvalsazrisis mimdevar, dabali ses-is mqone afroamerikel mSoblebs, romle­ bic ufro makontrolebel strategias iyeneben, kogniturad da socialurad ufro kom­ petenturi bavSvebi hyavT (Brody, Stoneman, & Flor, 1995, 1996). gaixseneT agreTve, rom bavS­ vebis fizikuri dasja asocirebulia asocialuri qcevis SemcirebasTan afroamerikel mozardebs Soris, kavkasiel-amerikel mozardebSi ki amgvari qcevis momatebasTan ( ixile gverdi 482, Tavi 12). afroamerike­ li mSoblebis umetesoba iyenebs mkacr, magram ara uazro disciplinas, zomierad mimarTaven fizikur sasjels. isini, rogorc wesi, amas siTbo­ sa da saR azrTan aerTeben – es aris mSoblobis gamocdileba, romelic eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad karg adaptaciaze metyvelebs (Bluestone & Tamis-LeMonda, 1999).

Cineli mSoblebi zedmiwevniT akontroleben Svilebs, radgan sjeraT mkacri disciplinis, ufrosebis pativiscemisa da socialurad sasurveli qcevisa. isini Crdiloamerikeli mSoblebTan SedarebiTisini ufro metad arcxvenen bavSvebs cudi yofaqcevisTvis, siyvaruls akleben da fizikurad sjian. magram Cineli bavS­ vebi, romelTaAmSoblebic komerciul da fsiqologiurad makontrolebel praq­ tikas iyeneben, Cveulebriv zedmetad mSfoTvare, depresiulebi da agresiulebi arian. Jeff Greenberg/The Image Works

764

kulturis gavlena afroamerikuli gafarToebuli ojaxi afroamerikul gafarTovebul ojaxs SeiZleba Tvali mivadevnoT ume­ tesi Savkaniani amerikelis afrikuli memkvidreobidan. bevr afrikul sazoga­ doebaSi, axlad daqorwinebuli wyvilebi ar qmnian calke ojaxs. amis magivrad, isini cxovroben did, mravalricxovan ojaxSi, romelic mis wevrebs yove­ dRiuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi exmareba. mono­ bis periodSi aRmocenebuli naTesauri kavSirebisF­ farTo qselis SenarCunebis es tradicia gadavida CrdiloeT amerikaSi. aqedan dawyebuli, is dacviTi faris funqcias asrulebs siRaribis damangreveli daRisagan da rasobrivi cudi ganwyobis winaaRmdeg afroamerikuli ojaxis cxovrebis mimarT. dRes, ufri met Savkanians, vidre TeTrkanian zrdasruls sakuTari Svilebis garda, hyavs naTesavebi, romle­ bic erTi da imave saxlSi cxovroben. afroamerike­ li mSoblebi ufro axlos cxovroben TavianT na­ TesavebTan da xSirad rogorc ojaxis wevrebs, ise eqcevian megobrebsa da mezoblebs, naxuloben ufro met naTesavs kviris ganmavlobaSi da Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovnad naTesavebs mi­ iCneven (Kane, 2000). imiTi, rom isini emociuri mxardaWeriT uzrun­ velyofen da inawileben Semosavals da arsebul resursebs, afroamerikuli didi ojaxis wevrebi exmarebian erTmaneTs da martoxela mSoblebsac siRaribiT gamowveuli stresis daZlevaSi. mraval­ ricxovani ojaxis wevrebi xSirad exmarebian erT­ maneTs bavSvis aRzrdaSi, mozardobis asakSi myofi dedebi ufro xSirad amTavreben skolas, Souloben samuSaos da ufro naklebad imyofebian socialur daxmarebaze, vidre calke mcxovrebi mSoblebi – es is faqtorebia, romlebic bavSvebis keTildReo­ bisTvis sasargebloa (Gordon, Chase-Lansdale, & Brooks-Gunn, 2004: Trent & Harlan, 1994). martoxela

dedebisTvis, romlebic Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen, maTi bavSvebis dabadebis dros, didi ojaxis cxovre­ ba asocirebulia ufro pozotiur deda-bavSvis urTierTobasTan skolamdel wlebSi. meore mxriv, axlo naTesavebis daxmarebiT damoukidebeli ojax­ is Seqmna dakavSirebulia bavSvis aRzrdis gamos­ worebul sistemasTan. es RonisZieba SesaZleblobas aZlevs ufro mowiful Tineijer dedas, gamoiyenos mSoblis ufro qmediTi unar-Cvevebi, romelic man ganiviTara (Chase-Lansdale, Brooks-Gunn, & Zamsky, 1994). ojaxebSi, romlebic bavSvebs naTesavebis dax­ marebiT zrdian, Sesabamisad izrdeba warmatebuli mSoblobis albaTobac, romelic dakavSirebulia mozardebis TviTdarwmunebulobasTan, emociur keTildReobasa da Semcirebul delinkventurobas­ Tan (Taylor & Roberts, 1995). da bolos, didi ojaxi mnivnelovan rols asru­ lebs afroamerikuli kulturis gadacemasa da Se­ narCunebaSi. birTvul ojaxTan SedarebiT, didi ojaxis RonisZiebebi xazs usvams TanamSromlo­ bas, moralur da religiur faseulobebs. ufrosi Savkanianianebi, magaliTad, babuebi da bebiebi, didi babua-bebia, bavSvebis ganaTlebas TavianTi afrikuli memkvidreobis safuZvelze Zalian mniS­ vnelovnad miiCneven (Mosley-Howard & Evans, 2000: Taylor, 2000). amgvari zegavlena aZlierebs ojaxur kavSirebs, icavs bavSvebis ganviTarebas da zrdis didi ojaxis cxovrebis stilis Semdegi TaobisTvis gadacemis Sanss.

Zleri kavSirebi bevr afroamerikel bavSvs exmareba mravalsaxovani ojaxis wevrebTan, romelsac martoxela mSoblebi siRaribeSi zrdian. es ojaxi Seikriba, rom aRniSnos Tavisi uxucesi wevris oTxmocdamex­ uTe dabadebis dRe. Michael Schwartz/The Image Works

ojaxis struqtura da bavSvis aRzrdis Cvevebi bevri eTnikuri umciresobisTvis aris stresisa da dezorganizaciis buferi, romelic siRaribiTaa gamowveuli. rogorc zemoT mocemuli kulturuli gansxvavebebis ganxilvisas davinaxeT, rom gafarToebu­ li ojaxi, romelSic erTi an meti ufrosi naTesavi cxovrobs, mSobeli-bavSvis ojaxis birTvisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa eTnikuri umciresobis ojaxisTvis, ramac bevr ojaxs, Zlieri ekonomikuri deprivaciis, da cudi ganwyobis miuxedavad, bavSvebis warmatebiT aRzrda SeaZlebina. gafarTovebuli ojaxis kavSirebi iZleva sxva RirsSesa­ niSnav magaliTsac, rogor unda moxdes kulturuli tradiciebis mobilizeba, raTa bavSvebis ganviTareba didi cxovrebiseuli stresis pirobaSi daculi iyos.

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hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs gaimeoreT

gamoiyeneT

daakavSireT

imsjeleT

axseni, ratom arian avtoritetuli mSoblebi dakavSirebuli bavSvebisa da mo­ zardebis sasurvel akademiur da socialur SedegTan. avtoritetuli mSob­ lis koncepcia saWiroa warmatebuli mSoblobis gagebasTan sxvadasva kul­ turaSi? pasuxi daasabuTe! moamzade mokle mimoxilva mSobel-maswavleblis organizaciisTvis, imis gaT­ valiswinebiT, rom mSoblebi bevrs niSnaven bavSvis cxovrebaSi. yoveli pun­ qti daasabuTe gamokvlevis SedegiT. axseni, rogor aZlierebs pirovnebis ganviTarebas avtonomiurobis xelmSem­ wyobi faqtorebi (pirovnebaze mSoblobis zegavlenis moxdenis magaliTebis gansaxilvelad ixile me-11 Tavis 460-462 gverdebi). rogor moaxdendi Seni mSoblebis mier gamoyenebul bavSvis aRzrdis stilis klasifikacias? ra faqtorebs SeeZlo gavlenis moxdena maT mier bavSvis aRz­ rdis SerCeul midgomaze?

ojaxis cxovrebis stili da tranziciebi industriul qveynebSi ojaxebi ufro mravalferovani gaxda. dRes gacilebiT nak­ lebi Sobadobaa erT ojaxze, ufro meti zrdasruli adamiania, visac unda iSvilos bavS­ vi, ufro meti lesboseli da homoseqsualuri wyvilia, romlebic Riad acxadeben Tavi­ anTi orientaciis Sesaxeb, kidev ufro metia qorwinebaSi arasdros myofi mSobeli. bolo dros ojaxis cxovrebaSi momxdarma cvlilebam –ganqorwinebis, xelaxla daqorwinebuli mSoblebisa da mosamsaxure dedebis mniSvnelovanma matebam – Secvala da axali forma misca ojaxis sistemas. momdevno TavebSi vimsjelebT ojaxSi arsebul cvlilebebze da yuradRebas gavamax­ vilebT imaze, rogor zegavlenas axdens es cvlileba TiToeuli ojaxis urTierTobasa da bavSvebis ganviTarebaze. rodesac ganixilavT ojaxis mraval formas, dafiqrdiT da gaixseneT socialuri sistemebis perspeqtiva. miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor aris isev damokidebuli bavSvis keTildReoba ojaxis urTierTobaTa xarisxze, romelic na­ Tesavebisa da Temis mxardaWeriT, kavSirebiTa da ufro farTo kulturis politikiT suldgmulobs.

dididan patara ojaxebamde 1960 wels Crdiloamerikul wyvilze 3.1 bavSvi modioda, amJamad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1.8-ia da kanadaSi _ 1.6, avstraliasa da did britaneTSi _ 1.7, SvedeTSi _ 1.6, iaponiaSi _1,4, germaniaSi ki _ 1,3 (U.S. Census Bureau,2004b: United Nations,2004b). Sobadobis ufro efeqtur kontrolTan erTad amgvari Semcirebis ZiriTadi mizezi aris is, rom bevri qali karieris ekonomikur da personalur sikeTes imkis. ojaxis si­ dide erTi bavSviT ganisazRvreba Tu oriT, damokidebilia qalis gadawyvetilebaze gaanawilos Tavisi energia ojaxsa da samuSaos Soris. bevri wyvili bavSvis yolas im dromde gadaavadebs xolme, sanam profesiulad mZlavri da ekonomikurad ufro daculi ar gaxdeba ( ixile Tavi 3). adamianebs, vinc mSoblobas gadaavadebs, savaraudoT ufro naklebi bavSvebi hyavs. da bolos, saqorwino arastabilurobas Sedegad mosdevs ufro patara ojaxi: dRes ufro meti wyvili ganqorwindeba manamde, vidre maTi bavSvis gaCenis gegmebi momwifdeba.

bavSvebis cudi IQ qulebi

ojaxis sidide

103 101 100 97 95

erTi bavSvi

oTxi bavSvi

ori bavSvi

xuTi bavSvi

sami ojaxi

93 91

89

87

85

2

1

3

4

dabadebis rigi

5

dedebis IQ cudi procentuli maCvenebeli

766

44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22

1

(a)

2

3

4

ojaxis sidide

5

(b)

sqema 14.1

did ojaxebs dabali IQ- s mqone bavSvebi yavT? amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axalgazrdobis erovnuli longi­ tudinuri mimoxilvis Sedegebi am SekiTxvas darwmunebulobiT pasuxobs _ ara. (a) horizontaluri xazebi aCvenebs, rom bavSvebis IQ ar mcirdeba gviani mSibiarobis gamo, rac SeiZleba aRiniSnos, Tu didi ojaxebi Seasusteben bavSvis aRz­ rdis xarisxs. piriqiT, didi ojaxis yvelaze patara bavSvebs ufro maRali qulebi aqvT, vidre maT da-Zmas. yuradReba miaqcieT gansxvavebas xazebs Soris, romlebic aRniSnaven, rac ufro didia ojaxi, miT ufro dabalia yvela da-Zmis IQ(b). kavSiri ojaxis sididesa da bavSvis IQ-s Soris da es SeiZleba aixsnas imiTi, rom dabali IQ-s mqone dedebi bevri bavSvis yolisken arian midrekilni. (rom J.L. Rodgers, H.H.Cleveland,E.van dn Oord,& D.C.Rowe,2000, `Resolving the Debate Over Birth Order,Family Size, and intelligence, `American Psychologist,55, pp.607,609. Copyright by the American Psychiological Association. Reprinted by permission.)

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ojaxis zoma da bavSvis ganviTareba popularuli rCeva momavali mSoblebi­ sadmi xSirad rekomendacias uwevs ojaxis wevrTa SezRudul raodenobas `bavSvis xarisx­ is~ sasargeblod. bevri aseTi mrCeveli acxadebs, rom mSoblebis siyvaruli, yuradReba da saqorwino resursebi sustdeba yovel axal dabadebulTan erTad, rasac Sedegad inteleqturad ufro naklebi unaris mqone bavSvebi mohyveba – gansakuTrebiT es exeba gvian dabadebulebs. marTlia is azri, rom didi ojaxebi dabali inteleqtis koeficien­ tis mqone bavSvebs Soben, Tu dabali inteleqtis koeficientis mqone mSoblebs, memkvi­ dreobiTobisa da garemos an orives Sedegad ufro didi ojaxebi hyavT? aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebma ver SeZles am sakiTxis gadaWra, radgan maT xeli miuwvdebo­ daT mxolod calkeul bavSvebTan, romlebic izrdebodnen sxvadasxva ojaxSi, sadac Se­ dareba pirvelad dabadebul da bolos dabadebul bavSvebTan Sereuli iyo ojaxis sxva maCvenebelTan da maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa ses-i (romelic mcirdeba ojaxis zrdas­ Tan erTad). 1972 wlidan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axalgazrdobis saxelmwifo grZelvadi­ ani programa 14-22 wlamde 3  000-ze meti mozardisa da axalgazrdis reprezentaciul nimuSs swavlobda. 1986 wels pirvel monawileTa Svilebic daematnen am gamokvlevas. radgan orive kohortam gaiara inteleqtis sakvlevi testi, mkvlevarebs hqondaT Sesa­ Zlebloba, ekvliaT inteleqtis koeficientis kavSiri bavSvebis Sobadobis procentTan erTi ojaxis SigniT, imis dasadgenad, erT ojaxSi bevri bavSvis dabadeba xom ar Trgu­ navs bavSvis inteleqtur funqcias. maT agreTve SeeZloT daedginaT korelacia dedis inteleqtis koeficientsa da ojaxis wevrTaAraodenobas Soris, raTa enaxaT, xom ar arian inteleqtis dabali koeficientis mqone mSoblebi midrekilni didi ojaxebis Seqmnisken (rogorc 14.2a cxrilis horizontaluri xazebi gviCvenebs, bavSvebis inteleqtis koefi­ cienti ar mcirdeba gviani Sobadobis gamo – es is aRmoCenaa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba

767 varauds, rom did ojaxebSi inteleqtis dabali koeficientis mqone bavSvebi ibadebi­ an. imave dros gansxvaveba xazebs Soris aCvenebs, rom rac ufro didia ojaxi miT ufro didia am ojaxis bavSvebis inteleqtis koeficienti. da rogorc 14.2b cxrili gviCvenebs, rom kavSiri ojaxis sididesa da bavSvebis inteleqtis koeficients Soris SeiZleba aixs­ nas ufro cudi gonebrivi monacemebis dedebis Zlieri midrekilebiT, Sobon ufro meti bavSvi (Rodgers et al., 2000) axalgazrdebis meore xangrZlivi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad Wkvian, ekonomikurad war­ matebul dedebs da ojaxis sididesa da inteleqtis koeficients Soris korelacia ar aRiniSneba (Guo & VanWey, 1999). miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri kargi mizezi arsebobs ojaxis sididis Sesamcireblad, azri, rom damatebiTi Sobadoba Seamcirebs bavSvebis inteleqtsa da sicocxlis Sanss, ar aris damtkicebuli. amis magivrad inteleqtis dabali koeficientis mqone axalgazrda adamianebs – romelTagan bevri skolidanaa gairicxuli da siRaribeSi cxovrobs, moma­ vlis naklebi imedi aqvs da warumatebelia ojaxis dagegmvaSi – savaraudod didi ojaxi aqvT xolme. amgvari riskfaqtorebis mqone mozardebis intervencia ganaTlebasa da ojaxis dagegmvaSi, kritikuli da gadamwyvetia (ixile Tavi 5, gverdi 213).

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da-ZmasTan erTad aRzrda ojaxis wevrTa mcire raodenobis miuxedavad, Crdi­ lo – amerikeli da evropeli bavSvebis 80%-s sul cota erTi da an Zma mainc hyavs (unn,2004 b). da-Zmis ganviTareba ganicdis mniSvnelovan zegavlenas, rogorc uSualod erTmaneT­ Tan urTierTobis Sedegad, ise arapirdapir, im zegavlenis meSveobiT, rasac damatebiT bavSvi axdens mSoblebis qcevaze. wina TavebSi SeviswavleT debisa da Zmebis yolis Sede­ gebi im efeqtis CaTvliT, rogoricaa adreuli enobrivi ganviTareba, pirovneba, ` me~ da socialuri gageba, genderuli tipologia. modiT, ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdeT daZmis urTierTobis xarisxs.

da-Zmis urToerTobis warmoSoba. dis an Zmis dabadeba rTuli gamocdilebaa skol­ amdeli asakis bavSvebis umetesobisaTvis, romlebic Zalian swrafad acnobiereben, rom maT axla TavianTi mSoblebis siyvarulisa da yuradRebis sxvisTvis ganawilebac moux­ debaT. isini Zalian xSirad momTxovnebi xdebian, celqoben da sxva bevr umwifar qcevas axorcieleben. mijaWvulobiT gamowveuli usafrTxoebac iklebs, gansakuTrebiT ma­ Sin, Tuki isini 2 wlisani arian (sakmarisad didebi arian imisTvis, rom Tavi muqaris qveS da uadgilod igrZnon). deda ki stress ganicdis col-qmruli an fsiqologiuri prob­ lemebis gamo.( Baydar, Greek, & Brooks-Gunn, 1997: Teti et al., 1996). aRSfoTeba da nawyenoba mxolod erTi Taviseburebaa im mdidari emociuri urTier­ Tobisa, romelic da-Zmas Soris iwyebs Camoyalibebas bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg. SeiZleba davinaxoT, ufrosi bavSvi, rogor kocnis, efereba da iZaxis `deda, Sen mas sWirdebi~, rodesac patara tiris. es aris simpaTiisa da zrunvis niSnebi. Cvili erTi wlis rom gax­ deba, bavSvebi Cveulebriv ufro met dros atareben erTmaneTTan, skolamdeli bavSvi exmareba ufro pataras, aZlevs saTamaSoebs, gamoxatavs megobrul grZnobebs, sibraz­ esa da ambivalenturobasTan erTad. ( Dunn & Kendrick, 1982). am asakis bavSvebs amSvidebs TavianTi skolamdeli asakis Zmis an dis yofna maSin, rodesac deda mokle xniTaa wasu­ li. meore wlis ganmavlobaSi axalfexadgmuli bavSvebi baZaven da TamaSSi uerTdebian ufros bavSvebs (Dunn, 1989). maTi sixSirisa da emociuri intensivobis gamo da-Zmis urTierToba unikaluri gare­ moa, romelSic socialuri kompetenturoba viTardeba. meore da meoTxe dabadebas So­ ris axalgazrda da-Zma ufro aqtiur rols iRebs TamaSis dros. Sedegad da-Zma ufro bevrs saubrobs erTmaneTTan. asakiT ufro axlomdgom da-Zmas meti siaxlove aqvs, vidre mSoblebs da ufros bavSvebs. isini xSirad erTiandebian, saubroben gancdebze, abra­ zeben, aRizianeben, atyueben da rodesac konfliqti warmoiSoba, yuradRebas sakuTar survilebsa da saWiroebebs miapyroben. is unar-Cvevebi, romelic da-Zmis urTierTobi­ sas yalibdeba, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs emociebis Cawvdomasa da sxva gonebrivi md­ gomareobas, perspeqtivas, zneobriv momwifebulobasa da kompetenturobaSi sxva bavS­

768 vebTan urTierTobisas. am Sedegebis Sesabamisad da-Zmis dadebiTi kavSirebi winapirobaa sasurveli adaptirebulobisa mtrulad ganwyobili da socialuri sirTuleebis winaSe mdgar bavSvebSic ki. (Stormshak et al., 1996). amis miuxedavaT individualururi gansxvavebebi da-Zmis urTierTobaSi patara daZmis dabadebis Semdeg Zalian male iCens xolme Tavs. me-10 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom tem­ peramenti zegavlenas axdens imaze, ramdenad dadebiTi da ukonfliqto iqneba da-Zmis urTierToba. damatebiT, dedis siTbo orive bavSvis mimarT ganapirobebs da-Zmis dadeb­ iT urTierTobas da skolamdeli bavSvebis mier distresSi myofi pataris daxmarebas ( Volling, 2001: Volling & Belsky, 1992). rasakvirvelia, bavSvis temperamenti da sxva atrib­ utebi SeiZleba mniSvnelobis mqone iyos, rogorc orive bavSvisTvis, ise mSoblebisTvis. magram mSoblebis roli mainc ganmsazRvrelia: dedebi, vinc xSirad eTamaSeba TavianT patarebs da Tavidan iridebs potenciur konfliqtebs imiT, rom saskolo asakis bavSvs uxsnis axalfexadgmuli bavSvis survilebsa da saWiroebebs, amiT xels uwyobs da aviTa­ rebs da-Zmis TanamSromlobas. dapiriqiT, dedis uxeSoba da interesis nakleboba da-Zmis mzardi antagonisturi urTierTobisadmi SeiZleba gadaizardos (Howe,Aquan-Assee & Bukowski,2001). bednieri qorwinebac dakavSirebulia saskolo asakis bavSvebis unarTan, Tavi gaarT­ van eWvianobasa da konfliqts (Volling, McElwain, & Miller, 2002). SesaZloa mSoblebs Soris kargi urTierToba problemis mogvaregis efeqturi modelia. aman SeiZleba xeli Seu­ wyos bednieri ojaxuri garemos Camoyalibebas, romelic eWvianobisTvis nakleb sababs iZleva.

da-Zmis urTierToba saSualo asakSi da mozardobisas. da-Zmis qiSpi matulobs Sua bavSvobis periodSi. radganac bavSvebi monawileoben da CarTuli arian bevr sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi, mSoblebi xSirad adareben da-Zmis Tvisebebs da miRwevebs. bavSvi, romelic mSoblebisgan nakleb siyvaruls, ufro met SeniSvnas da armowonebas an nakleb materi­ alur resurss Rebulobs, savaraudod nawyenia da droTaAganmavlobaSi ufro cudad ergeba garemos (Brody, 2004: Dunn, 2004b). erTi da igive sqesis bavSvebs, romelTa asakic TiTqmis erTnairia, mSoblebi ufro xSirad adareben, rasac Cxubi, antagonizmi da cudi Seguebadoba mohyveba. es efeqti gansakuTrebiT Zlieria maSin, rodesac mSoblebi civebi da uxeSebi arian (Feinberg & Hetherington,2001). daaxloebiT 23,000 kanadeli bavSvis erovnuli reprezentaciuli nomuSebis mimoxilva amJRavnebs, rom diferenciuli mopyroba izrdeboda, rodesac mSoblebi stress ganicdidnen finansuri problemebis, col-qmruli konfliqtis, ramdenime bavSvis aRzrdis wnexis an martoxela mSoblis statusis gamo (Jenkins, Rasbash,&O’Connor,2003). energiagamoclili mSoblebi naklebad frTxilebi da samar­ Tlianebi arian. bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved reagireben, rodesac mamas meore bavS­ vi urCevnia. SesaZloa imitom, rom mamebi nakleb dros atareben bavSvebTan, maT mier upiratesobis miniWeba ufro SesamCnevia rac did risxvas iwvevs (Brody,Stoneman, & McCoy, 1992; Brodyet al., 1992). miuxedavad imisa, rom konfliqti skolis asakSi matulobs da-Zma isev ise eyrdnoba erTmaneTs emociur mxardaWeraSi da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis amocanebSi daxmarebisas. im gamokvlevaSi, romlis drosac da-Zma TavianTi yoveldRiuri saqmoanobis Sesaxeb saR­ amos satelefono interviuebSi ityobineboda, monawileebi aRniSnavdnen, rom ufrosi bavSvebi xSirad exmarobdnen umcros debs da Zmebs saskolo da megobrebTan problemebis mogvarebaSi, da-Zmis wyvilis orive wevri erTamneTs sTavazobda daxmarebas saojaxo saqmeebSic (Tucker,McHale, & Crouter, 2001). Tu mSoblebi distanciurebi arian da ar iCenen interess Svilebis mimarT, da-Zma xSirad erTmaneTiT ivsebs am naklebobas da erTmaneTs ufro exmareba (ank, Patterson,& Reid,1996). mSoblisa da bavSvis urTierTobis msgavsad, mozardobis periodSi da-Zmis urTier­ Tobac ergeba da egueba Semdgom ganviTarebas. rac ufro TviTdarwmunebulebi xdebian umcrosi da – Zmebi, ufrosi debisa da Zmebis sul ufro nakleb SeniSvnaa misaRebi. aqedan gamomdinare, da-Zmis zegavlena mcirdeba Tineijerul wlebSi. da rac ufro metad ari­ an axalgazrdebi megobrebSi da romantiul urTierTobaSi CarTuli, miT ufro nakleb

769 dros da energias xarjaven TavianT da-Zmaze, romlebic im ojaxis wevrebi arian, rom­ lisganac isini avtonomiurobis miRebas cdiloben. amis Sedegad, da-Zmis urTierTobaSi naklebad intensiuri xdeba, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi grZnobebis gamomJRavneba (Hetherington, Henderson, & Reiss,1999: Stocker & Dunn, 1994). TanamSromlobis Semcirebis miuxedavad, da-Zmas Soris mijaWvuloba, mSoblebTan siaxlovis msgavsad, bevr axalgazrdaSi Zlieri rCeba. Tineijeri debi da Zmebi, romle­ bic mWidro kavSirs amyareben adreul bavSvobaSi, visi mSoblebic kvlav gulisxmiere­ bi da CarTulebi arian Svilebis cxovrebaSi, savaraudod ufro mosiyvaruleni da mz­ runvelebi arian (Dunn,Slomkowski,&Beardsall,1994). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom umniSvnelo gasxvaveba da-Zmis aRqmaSi aRar iwvevs eWvianobas, da amis magivrad da-Zmis Tbili urT­ erTobis sawindari xdeba (Feinberg et al., 2003). me-10 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom da-Zma xSirad ibrZvis imisTvis, rom erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen. (ixile gverdi 417). SesaZloa, mo­ zardebi unikalur mSoblur urTierTobebs – imdenad, ramdenadac es sazogadod miRe­ bulia _ afaseben Tavisi individualurobisTvis damaxasiaTebel sasiamovno Tvisebad. ufrosi da-Zma xSirad sTavazobs saWiro rCevas umcros Tineijer debsa da Zmebs, rodesac isini TanatolebTan urTierTobisas, skolis davalebis Sesarulebisas da sa­ momavlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros sirTuleebs awydebian. dadebiTi kavSiri daZmas Soris adreul mozardobaSi dakavSirebulia momavalTan da ufro sasiamovno mego­ brobasTan (Yeh & Lempers,2004). axalgazrdebi, viasc megobrebis SeZena uWirs, zogjer da-Zmas sakompensacio mxardaWerisTvis mimarTaven (Seginer, 1998).

dediserTa bavSvis ojaxebi miuxedavad imisa, rom da-Zmis urTierTobas bevri sargebeli moaqvs, es ar aris ar­ sebiTi janmrTeli ganviTarebisTvis. popularuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, dedis­ erTa bavSvebi sulac ar fuWdebian, piriqiT _ kidev ufro met upiratesobasac ki flo­ ben zogierT aspeqtSi. Crdiloamerikeli dediserTa bavSvebi maRali TviT_SefasebiTa da miRwevis motivaciiT gamoirCevian da amitom ukeTesad swavloben skolaSi da codnis ufro maRal dones aRweven (Falbo,1992). erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom dediserTebi ufro axlo urTierTobaSi arian mSoblebTan, romlebic albaT ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben maT daostatebasa da miRwevebs. ufro metic, dediserTa bavSvebsac araerTi axlobeli da kargi megobari hyavT, rogorc im bavSvebs visac da-Zma hyavs, Tumca isi­ ni TiTqosda megobarTa wreSi arc ise kargad arian miRebulni, radgan ar qoniaT kon­ fliqtis mogvarebisa da efeqturi strategiebis Seswavlis SesaZlebloba da-ZmasTan urTierTobis dros (Kitzmann,Cohen,&Lockwood,2002). sasurveli ganviTareba damaxasiaTebelia dediserTaA bavSvisTvis CineTSi, sadac ur­­banul regionebSi ukve or aTwleulze metia, Warbi mosaxleobis gakontrolebis mizniT rac erTSviliani ojaxebis politika mkacrad xorcieldeba. da-Zmian TanatolebTan SedarebiT, dediserTa Cineli bavSvebi kogni­ turad da akademiuri moswrebiT ukeT ganviTarebulebi arian (Falbo & Poston,1993: Jiao,Ji,&Jing,1996). isini emociuradac ufro daculad grZnoben Tavs, SesaZloa imitomac, rom erTze metbavSvian ojaxze, mTavrobis ukmayofileba daZabulobis Seqmnas uwyobs xels (Yang et al., 1995). Cineli dedebi yvelafers akeTeben imisTvis, rom bavSvebs regulari kontaqti hqondeT biZaSvilebTan da deidaSvilebTan (isi­ ni da-Zmad iTvlebian). SesaZloa, amitom, ar gansxvavdebian Cineli bavSvebi socialuri unar-CvevebiT da megobrebisadmi mimReblobiT TavianTi Tanatolebisgan (Chen,Rubin,&Li,1995;Hart et al., 1998).

miuxedavad imisa, rom da-Zmis konkurencia izrdeba bavSvobis Sua periodSi, isini erTmaneTs uzrunvelyofen emociuri mxardaWeriT da exmarebian rTuli amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Erica Stone).

770 CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi ojaxis sididis SezRudva bazisuri saxelmwifo politikaa. qalaqis raionebSi wyvilebis umetesobas erTY bavSvze meti ar hyavs. Paul Conklin/PhotoEdit

Tumca dediserTa Cineli bavSvebis Semdeg Taobas ar eyoleba pirveli Taobis biZaSvilebi da deidaSvilebi.

mSvilebeli ojaxebi uSvilo ufrosebi, romelTac savaraudod genetikuri moSliloba aR­ eniSnebaT, asakovania an martoxela, magram ojaxi unda da sul ufro da ufro xSirad ahyavT bavSvebs. sxvebi, visac bavSvebi hyavs, magram undaT ojaxis wevrTa raodenobis gazrda, aseve mimarTaven bavSvis ayvanis xerxs. gamSvilebeli saagentoebi cdiloben, rom bavSvs Sesaferisi, maTive eTni­ kuri warmomavlobis an religiis mqone mSoblebi mouZebnon da SeZlebis­ dagvarad cdiloben, mSvilebeli mSoblebis asaki iseTive iyos, rogoric Cevulebrivi biologiuri mSoblebisa iqneboda. radgan janmrTeli bavSvebis raodeno­ bam iklo (warsulTan SedarebiT sul ufro da ufro naklebi gauTxovari dedebi aSvile­ ben bvSvebs), sul ufro met xalxs ahyavs Svilad sxva qveynis, ufrosi an ganviTarebis problemebis mqone bavSvebi. da mainc, naSvileb bavSvebsa da mozardebs, imis miuxedavad, daibadnen Tu ara maTi mS­ vilebeli wyvilis qveyanaSi, ufro meti problemebi aqvT swavlasa da emociur sferoSi, vidre sxva bavSvebs. es is gansxvavebaa, romelic bavSvis asakTan erTad izrdeba (LevyShiff,2001; Miller et al., 2000). ayvanil bavSvebSi meti albaTobaa imisa, rom ufro problemuri bavSvoba eqnebaT. bi­ ologiurma dedam SesaZloa imitom ver mixeda Svils, rom mas hqonda nawilobriv gene­ tikuri problemebi, iseTi, rogoricaa alkoholizmi an mZime depresia. Tu es asea, mas SeeZlo es tendencia Tavisi STamomavlisTvis gadaeca. is SeiZleba stresis qveS iyo, arasrulfasovani kveba an araadekvaturi samedicino daxmareba hqonda orsulobis dros. ufri metic, Cvilobis mere ayvanil bavSvebs ufro metad, vidre maT Tanatolebs, romlebic ar arian gaSvilebuli, SeiZleba ayvanamde hqondeT iseTi istoria, rogoricaa konfliqturi ojaxuri urTierTobebi, mSoblebis siyvarulis nakleboba, ugulebelyo­ fa da Cagvra. da bolos, ayvanili Svilebi naklebad hgvanan maTTan genetikurad daukav­ Sirebel mSvilebel mSoblebs gonierebiTa da pirovnuli TvisebebiT, vidre biologiur mSoblebs _ es is gansxvavebebia, ramac SesaZloa ojaxis harmonias muqara Seuqmnan. am riskis miuxedavad, ufro da ufro meti ayvanili bavSvi izrdeba kargad da isinic ki visac problemebi hqonda, swrafad progresireben (Johnson, 2002; Kim, 2002).SvedeT­ Si Catarebuli longitudinuri gamokvlevebiT Seiswavles gaSvilebis kandidati 600 bavSvi Cvilobidan mozardobamde. zogierTi ayvanili iyo dabadebisTanave, zogierTi bavSvTaAsaxlSi gaizarda, zogi biologiurma dedebma aRzardes, romlebmac Tavidan ki gaaSviles bavSvebi, magram Semdeg gadaifiqres da daibrunes isini. rogorc 14.3 cxrili­ dan Cans, naSvilebi bavSvebi ukeTesad ganviTardnen, vidre bavSvTaAsaxlebSi aRzrdilebi an biologiur dedebTan dabrunebulebi ( Bohman & Sigvardsson, 1990). holandiaSi sxva qveynidan ayvanil bavSvebze Catarda kvleva, romelmac aCvena, rom sensitiuri dedo­ brivi zrunva da CvilobaSi usafrTxo mijaWvuloba winaswarmetyvelebs cnobier kogni­ tur da socialur kompetenturobaze 7 wlis asakSi (Stams,Juffer,&vanijzendoorn,2002). ase rom, rodesac bavSvebi genetikurad ar arian dakavSirebuli TavianT mSoblebTan, maSin mSobeli-bavSvis adreuli, Tbili, sando urTierToba ganviTarebas ganapirobebs. prob­ lemuri ojaxis bavSvebsac ki, romlebic ufros asakSi arian ayvanilni, uviTardebaT ndobisa da siyvarulis gancda TavianTi mSvileblebis mimarT, radgan isini TavianT axal ojaxebSi siyvarulsa da mxardaWeras grZnoben (Sherill & Pinderhughes, 1999). naSvilebi mozardebis cxovreba SesaZloa garTuldes TavianTi fesvebis Sesaxeb daukmayofilebeli cnobismoyvareobis gamo. zogierTs problema imis gamo eqmneba,

771 es naSvilebi afroamerikeli bavSvi eTamaSeba Tavis kavkasiel ufros debs. Camoyalib­deba is iseT pirovnebad, romelSic jansaRad iqneba Serwymuli misi dabadebisa da aR­zrdis foni? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, ra moculobiT gaacnoben mSvileblebi mis afroamerikul memkvidreobas. Jim Pickerell/Stock Boston.LLC

rom SeiZleba verasdros naxon da gaicnon namdvili mSoblebi. sxvebi imaze dardoben, ra unda qnan, namdvili mSoblebi uecrad rom gamoCnd­ nen (Grotevant & Kohper,1999). warmomavlobaze dards Tu ar CavTvliT, naSvilebi bavSvebis umetesoba optimistur da kargi adaptaciis mqone sruwlovnebad yalibdebian. imdenad, randenadac mSvileblebi exmarebi­ an warmomavlobis dadgenaSi, sxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis an kulturis mqone naSvilebi axalgazrdebi yalibdebian iseT pirovnebebad, romlebic maTi warmoma­ vlobisa da aRzrdis janmrTel nazavs moicavs (Brooks & Barth, 1999). naTelia, rom Svilad ayvana damakmayofilebeli alternativaa mSoblebisa da bavS­ vebis umetesobisTvis. kargi Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves bavSvebisa da mSoblebis frTxil dawyvilebas da mSvilebeli ojaxisTvis xelmZRvanelobas, rasac maT socialuri samsa­ xuris maRali donis profesionali gauwevs.

homoseqsualTa da lesboselTa ojaxebi

sqema 14.3

aRzrdis tipis urTierTkavSiri cud morgebadobasTan Svedi mozardebis magaliTze, romlebic Svilad ayvanis kandidatebi iyvnen. sxva or jgufTan SedarebiT ayvanil bavSvebs maswavle­ bli afasebdnen bevrad ufro naklebi problemis mqoned, ar aReniSnebaT SfoTva, agresia, koncentraciis dabali unari, me­ gobrebTan sirTuleebi da dabali saskolo motivacia (Adapted from Bohman & Sigvardsson,1990).

cudi morgebulobis maRali procentulobis qulebi

arsebobs ramdenime milioni amerikeli da aTi aTasobiT kanadeli homoseqsualisti da lesboseli mSobeli. umetesoba wina heteroseqsulauri qorwinebidan, zogierTi bavS­ vis ayvanis meSveobiT da sul ufro mzardi raodenoba _ reproduqtiuli teqnologiebis wyalobiT (Ambert,2003; Patterson,2002). warsulSi kanonebma, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom homoseqsualebi adekvaturi mSoblebi ver iqnebodnen, bavSvze meurveobis uflebis dakargvamde miiyvana isini, vinc heteroseqsualur partniors gaeyara. dResdReobiT, SeerTebuli Statebis zogierTi Stati da kanadelebi eri im Tvalsazriss iziareben, rom seqsualuri orientacia TavisTavad ukve irelevanturia meurveobisTvis. amerikis ram­ denime Stati krZalavs homoseqsualebsa da lesboselebze gaSvilebas (Laird,2003). homoseqsualur ojaxebze Catarebuli gamokvlevebSi umetesad naklebis moxaliseTaA raodenoba. am gamokvlevis Sedegebi uCvenebs, rom mamaTmavali da lesboseli mSoblebi iseve Tavdadebulebi da warmatebulni arian bavSvis aRzrdaSi, rogorc heteroseqsual­ uri mSoblebi. Tavad mSoblebma gaaCines, ayvanilni arian, Tu donoris mier ganayofiere­ bulni, homoseqsuali mSoblebis bavSvebi ar gansxva­ vedebian heteroseqsuali mSoblebis bavSvebisgan arc 18 fsiqikuri sijansaRiT, arc megobrebTan urTierTo­ 16 biTa da sqesTan identifikaciiT (Allen & Burrell,1996; Flaks et al.,1995;Golombok & Tasker,1996). ori miuker­ 14 Zoebeli damatebiTi gamokvlevis moxaliseni, yvela 12 im lesboseli dedis ojaxebis CaTvliT, romelTac 10 bavSvi ganayofierebis klinikaSi CaesaxaT, aRniS­ naven, rom bavSvebi kargad viTardebodnen (Brewaeys 8 6 4 2 0

aRzrdilebi

aRsazrdelTaA jgufi

naSvilebi bavSvTa saxlebSi dabrunebulebi biologiur dedebTan

772 et al.,1997;Chan,Raboy,& Patterson1998). britaneli dedebisgan Sekrebili reprezentaciu­ li nimuSebis mixedviT, maTi 7 wlis Svilebi da lesboseli dedebis ojaxebSi aRzdili bavSvebi adaptaciiTa da sqesobrivi rolisTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT ar gansxvavde­ bodnen heteroseqsualur ojaxebSi aRzrdili bavSvebisgan, ses-is, bavSvebis asakisa da ojaxSi arsebuli bavSvebis raodenobis Semowmebis merec (Golombok et al.,2003). da mainc, homoseqsualur ojaxis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi SezRudulia da kri­ tikosebis azriT is, visi Seswavlac mkvlevarebma ver SeZles, ver ipoves an TviTon maT Tqves uari monawileobaze, SesaZloa gansxvavdebodes imaTgan, vinc monawileoba miiRo gamokvlevaSi. ufro metic, mamaTmavali da lesboseli mSoblebis Svilebi SesaZloa me­ gobrebma gaaRizianon da zogierTi maTi Tanatolis heteroseqsualurma mSoblebma ki Tavi aaridon (Morris,Balsam,&Rothbaum,2001). yvelafris miuxedavad, gamokvleuli bavS­ vebi emociurad da socialurad kargad viTardebodnen da mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis mxardaWeriT SeeZloT garkveuli xasiaTis simtkicis ganviTareba, iseTisa, rogoricaa empaTiis maRali xarisxi da tolerantoba (Ambert,2003; Patterson, 2001). faqtobrivad yvela gamokvleva im daskvnamde mivida, rom homoseqsualuri mSoblebis Svilebi seqsualuri orientaciiT sxva bavSvebisgan ar gansxvavdebian. maTi umravleso­ ba heteroseqsualia (Patterson,2002). magram arsebobs monacemebi, rom homoseqsualurTa ojaxis axalgazrdebi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi orive sqesis partniorTan amyare­ ben urTierTobas, rac SesaZloa imis Sedegia, rom isini iseT ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi arian aRzrdilebi, romelic arakonformulobisa da gansxvavebebisadmi maRali toler­ antobiT gamoirCeva (Bos,van Balen, & van den Boom,2004; Stacey & Biblarz,2001).

dauojaxebeli martoxela mSoblis ojaxi amerikeli bavSvebis daaxlobiT 10 da kanadeli bavSvebis daaxloebiT 5% cxovrobs mSobelTan, romelic arsdros yofila daqorwinebuli da ar hyolia partniori. aseT mSo­ belTa mTeli raodenobis 90% dedebi arian 10% _ mamebi (U.S. Census Bureau,2004b;Vanier Institute of the Family,2004). am bolo periodSi maRali Tanamdebobis 30 wels gadaSorebuli ufro meti qali gaxda mSobeli. magram maTi ricxvi mcirea da Zalian cotaa cnobili imis Sesaxeb, rogor cxovroben maTi Svilebi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi qorwinebaSi armyof did jgufs afroamerikeli axal­ gazrda qalebi Seadgenen. 20 wlis dedebis 60%-ze meti Savkaniania da maT partniori ar hyavT, amave asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi ki 13% Seadgenen (U.S. Census Bureau 2004b). af­ roamerikeli qalebi ufro xSirad amboben uars qorwinebaze da naklebad _ bavSvis ga­ Cenaze, vidre sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgeneli qalebi. qorwinebis gadavadebis mizezi samsaxuris dakargva, umuSevroba da bevri Savkaniani kacis ojaxisTvis mxarSi amodgomisa da Senaxvis uunarobaa. qorwinebaSi arasdros myofi Savkaniani dedebi iyeneben did ojaxs, gansakuTrebiT TavianT sakuTar dedebs, zogjer ki kac naTesavebsac Svilis aRzrdaSi dasaxmare­ blad (Gasden,1999;Jayakody & Kalil,2002). qorwinebaTa daaxloe­ biT erTi mesamedi pirveli bavSvis dabadebidan cxra wlis mere xdeba da ar aris aucilebeli, qmari bavSvis biologiuri mama iyos (Wu,Bumpass,& Musick,2001). amgvari wyvilebi ZiriTadad pirvel qorwinebaSi myofi mSoblebis msgavsad moqmedeben. maTma bavSvebma ar ician, rom mama maminacvalia da mSoblebic arafers ityobinebi­ an bavSvis aRzrdis sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, romelic Cveulebriv aris dakavSirebuli xelaxal qorwinebasTan, romelzec male vim­ sjelebT (Ganong & Coleman, 1994). gamokvleva varaudobs, rom homoseqsuali mSoblebi, iseve erTgulebi da warmatebulebi arian bavSvis aR­zrdaSi, rogorc heteroseqsuali mSoblebi. bavSvebi kargad adaptirebulebi arian da did umravlesobas heteroseqsual­ uri orientacia aqvT Marilyn Humphries/The Image Works

773 martoxela dedebisTvis jer isev Znelia siRaribis gadalaxva. TeTrkanian dedebis daaxloebiT 47%-s da Savkaniani dedebis 59%-s meore bavSvi da qorwinebamde uCndebaT. isini savaraudod nakleb daxmarebas iReben mSoblisa da bavSvisTvis, vidre ganqorwineb­ uli dedebi. Sesabamisad, martoxela dedis Svilebi ekonomikur gasaWirTan asocirebul problemebs avlenen (Lipman et al., 2002). ufro metic, qorwinebaSi arasdros myofi de­ dis Svilebi, romelTac akliaT mamis siTbo da daxmareba, skolaSi uaresad swavloben da ufro met asocialur qmedebas sCadian, vidre dabali ses-is, magram pirvel qorwinebaSi myofi dedebis Svilebi (Coley,1998). magram qorwineba bavSvis biologiur mamasTan bavS­ visTvis mxolod maSinaa sasikeTo, rodesac mama SvilisTvis ekonomikuri da emociuri daxmarebis dasayrdenia. magaliTad, rodesac deda asocialur mamasTan wyvildeba, misi Svili qceviTi problemebis Camoyalibebis gacilebiT ufro didi riskis qveSaa, vidre martos gaezarda bavSvi (Jaffee et al., 2003). gaZlierebuli socialuri daxmareba, ganaTleba da samsaxuri dabali Semosavlis mqone mSoblebisTvis, gauTxovari dedebisa da maTi Svilebis keTildReobas yvelaze me­ tad Seuwyobs xels.

ganqorwineba 1960 da 1985 wlebs Soris ganviTarebul qveynebSi ganqorwinebebis raodenoba mniS­ vnelovnad gaizarda da Semdeg umetes qveynebSi stabiluri gaxda. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebebis yvelaze maRali procentia msoflioSi. kanada meeqvse adgil­ zea (ixile cxrili 14.4). amerikelTa qorwinebis 45% da kanadelTa qorwinebis 30%, romlebic ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba, sanaxevrod bavSvebsac exeba. erTi meoTxedi amerikeli da erTi mexuTedi kanadeli bavSvi cxovrobs erTi mSoblis ojaxSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba dedas­ Tan cxovrobs, orive qveyanaSi mamis ojaxSi mcxovrebTa ricxvma 12%-iT moimata (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan,2002; Statistics Canada,2004b). ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis bavSvebi erTi mSoblis saxlSi saSualod 5 wels atareben. bevri adamiani ganqorwinebas axal ojaxur urTierTobebamde mihyavs. ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi meorejer qorwindeba. maTi Svilebis umravlesoba, garkveul SemTxvevebSi mesame did cvlile­ basac gamoscdis: TavianTi mSoblebis meore qorwinebis dasasruls (Hetherington & KelSeerTebuli Statebi ly,2002). es monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom gan­ axali zelandia qorwineba ar aris erTjeradi SemTxveva mSo­ blebisa da bavSvebis cxovrebaSi, piriqiT didi britaneTi _ es aris tranzicia, romelsac mivyavarT axali cxovrebis stilis nairsaxeobasTan, SvedeTi romelsac Tan sdevs sacxovrebeli piro­ avstralia bebis, Semosavlis, ojaxuir rolebisa da pa­ suxismgeblobebis clileba. 1960 wlidan daw­ kanada yebuli bevrma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom germania safrangeTi sqema 14.4

ganqorwinebis procenti aT industrial qveyanaSi. industriul samyaroSi ganqorwinebis procenti yvelaze maRalia amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi da bevrad aWarbebs sxva qveyanaSi ganqorwinebis pro­ cents. am monacemebiT kanada meeqvsea. (dapted from ustralian Bureau of Statistics,2004;U S. Census Bureau,2004b; United Nations,2001).

iaponia italia

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ganqorwinebis procenti 1,000 ufrosze

774 bavSvebisTvis mSoblebis ganqorwineba metad stresulia, amave dros bevri individual­ ururi gansxvavebac gamoavlina. (Amato & Booth, 2000; Hetherington, 2003). ramdenad kar­ gad viTardebian bavSvebi, damokidebulia bevr faqtorze: meurve mSoblis fsiqologiur janmrTelobaze, bavSvis maxasiaTeblebsa da Taviseburebebze, garemomcveli sazoga­ doebisa da ojaxis socialur daxmarebaze.

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myisieri Sedegebi ojaxuri kon­fliq­ti xSirad ganqorwinebis droisTvis Cnde­ ba, mSoblebi bavSvebisa da sakuTrebis sakiTxebis mogvarebas cdiloben, radgan erTi mSobeli midis saxlidan, damatebiTi dasabuTeba emuqreba mSobelsa da bavSvebs Soris arsebul urTierTobas. dedis xelmZRvanelobis qveS myofi ojaxi male Semosavlis mkve­ Tr Semcirebas ganicdis. amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi mcirewlovani bavS­ vebis ganqorwinebuli dedebis umravlesoba siRaribeSi cxovrobs, isini mamebisgan bavS­ vebisTvis arasrul daxmarebas iReben an saerTod ar iReben mas ( Children’s Defence Fund,2005;Statistics Canada,2004b). maT ekonomiuri mizezebis gamo xSirad uxdebaT saxlis gamocvla, rac mezoblebisa da megobrebis daxmarebas amcirebs. gadasvla qorwinebidan ganqorwinebaze xSirad did materialur stresTan, depre­ siasTan, SfoTvasa da ojaxuri situaciis dezorganizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli (Hope,Power,& Rodgers,1999; Marks & Lambert,1998). da dRis reJimi – saWmeli da daZineba, ojaxis saqme da mSobel-Svilis gaerTianebuli saqmianoba, Cveulebriv ar aris integri­ rebuli. radganac bavSvebi saxlSi naklebad dacul cxovrebaze reaqcias distresiTa da braziT gamoxataven, disciplina SeiZleba ufro mkacri da araTanmimdevruli gaxdes. kontaqti arameurve mamasTan SesaZloa droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirdes (Hetherington & Kelly,2002). mamebi, romlebic mxolod SemTxveviT naxuloben TavianT Svilebs, ufro dam­ Tmoni da Semwynareblebi arian. es xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modis dedis aRzrdis stilT­ an da mis amocanas, marTos bavSvi, dRiTidReEsul ufro da ufro metad arTulebs. rac ufro mets kamaToben mSoblebi da ver axerxebenbavSvebis siTboTi, yuradRe­ biTa da mudmivi xelmZRvanelobiT uzrunvelyofas, miT ufro cudia bavSvebis adap­ tacia. ganqorwinebuli ojaxis bavSvebis daaxloebiT 20 – 25%-s mwvave problemebi aR­ eniSneba, arganqorwinebuli ojaxis SemTxvevaSi ki _10%-s (Green et al., 2003; Martinez & Forgatch,2002;Pruett et al.,2003). bavSvebis reaqcia bavSvebis asakTan, temperamentsa da sqes­ Tan erTad icvleba.

bavSvebis asaki. skolamdelTa da umcrosklaselebis moumwifebeli kognicia arTu­ lebs maT mier mSoblebis ganqorwinebis mizezis gagebas. patara bavSvebi xSirad sakuTar Tavs adanaSauleben da mSoblebis ganqorwinebas iReben, rogorc niSans, rom orive mSo­ belma SeiZleba miatovos isini (Pryor & Rogers, 2001). maT SeiZleba iwuwunon, Camoekidon mSobels da gamoavlinon ganSorebiT gamowveuli SfoTva. ufros bavSvebs ukeTesad SeuZliaT gaigon, rom maTi mSoblebis ganqorwineba gamoi­ wvia Tvalsazrisebis Zlierma gansxvavebam, metoqeobam da erTmaneTze zrunvis nakle­ bobam– es is mosazrebaa, romelmac SeiZleba cotaTi mainc Seamciros maTi tkivili. da mainc, Zalian bevri saskolo asakis mozardi mZafrad reagirebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac ojaxuri konfliqti didia da bavSvebze meTvalyureoba mcirea. isini iseT arasasurvel aqtivobas eswrafvian, rogoricaa skolis gacdena anu `Satalo~, saxlidan gaqceva, adreuli sqesobrivi urTierTobebi da delinkventuroba, cudi akademiuri mo­ swreba ki masobrivia (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 1999; Simopns & Chao, 1996). ufrosi asakis yvela bavSvi amgvarad rodi reagirebs. zogierTisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ojaxis bavSvebisTvis, ganqorwineba SeiZleba ufro momwifebuli qcevis maprovocire­ beli gaxdes. am axalgazrdebma, SesaZloa siamovnebiT aiRon ufro meti tvirTi Tavis Tavze, saSinao saqmeSi, mzrunvelobaSi, patara da-Zmis dacvasa da depresiuli da mSoT­ vare dedis emociur mxardaWeraSi. magram Tuki es moTxovnebi metismetad didia, ufrosi bavSvebi sabolood SesaZloa ganawyendnen da mimarTon zemoT aRweril destruqciuli qcevis models (Hetherington, 1995, 1999).

775 bavSvis temperamenti da sqesi. rodesac temperamentulad rTul bavSvebs stresebiT savse cxovreba da araadekvaturi aRzrda aqvT, maTi problemebi matulobs (Lengua et al.,2000. da, piriqiT, advili bavSvebi naklebad xdebian mSoblebis bra­ zis samizne da ubedobas ufro advilad arTmeven Tavs. es Sedegebi gvexmareba ganqorwinebaze sxvadasxva sqesis bavSvebis reaqciis gagebaSi. gogonebi zogjer internalize­ buli reaqciiT, tiriliT, TviTkritikiTa da gulCaTxrobi­ lobiT pasuxoben. ufro xSirad orive sqesis bavSvebi iCenen momTxovn, yuradRebis mimqcev da gamomwvev qcevas. magram meurve dedis ojaxSi biWebi akademiuri, emociuri da qceviTi mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Semdeg dedaproblemebis warmoqmnis odnav ufro didi riskis qveS iqcev­ bavSvis meurveobis ojaxSi, is bavSvebi, vinc ian. (Amato, 2001 13 Tavidan). iciT, rom biWebi ufro aqtiurebi mamebTan urTierTobas inarCuneben, ukeTesad da daumorCileblebi arian – es is qcevaa, romelic Rrmavdeba viTardebian. biWebi ufro ukeTesad adaptire­ mSoblebis konfliqtisa da araTanmimdevruli disciplinis bulebi arian, rodesac meurve mSobeli mamaa. Paul Barton/Corbis fonze. gamokvleva aaSkaravebs, rom mSoblebis ganqorwine­ bamde didi xniT adre zogierTi bavSvi ( umetesad biWebi) im­ pulsuri da urCi iyo _ amgvari qceva ubiZgebs maTi mSoblebis col-qmruli saojaxo problemebis warmoqmnas – iseve, rogorc SeiZleba Tavadac amiT iyos gamowveuli (ChaseLansdale, Cherlin & Kiernen 1995; Hetherington,1999). aqedan gamomdinare, am kategoriis bavSvebi ganqorwinebis Tanmxlebia aurzaurisa da areulobis periods stresis gadalax­ vis daqveiTebuli unariT xvdebian. SesaZloa imis gamo, rom maTi qceva mouwesrigebelia, ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis bevri vaJi dedebisgan, maswavleblebisa da Tanatolebisgan nakleb emociur mxardaW­ eras Rebulobs. ufro metic, koerciul urTierTobaTaA cikli ficx, urC vaJebsa da maT ganqorwinebul dedebs Soris, aseve da-Zmis urTierTobazec vrceldeba (Hetherington & Kelly,2002). am garemoebaTaAgamo adaptaciac rTuldeba. mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Semdeg msgavsi problemebis mqone bavSvebi uaresad grZnoben Tavs (Hanson,1999).

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Soreuli Sedegebi bavSvebis umravlesobis adaptaciis unari mSoblebis gan­ qorwinebidan ori wlis Semdeg umjobesdeba. da mainc, mTlianobaSi ganqorwinebuli mSob­lebis Svilebisa da mozardebis qulebi akademiur miRwevebSi, TviTSefasebaSi, so­ cialur kompetenturobaSi, emociur da qceviT problemebSi odnav ufro dabalia, vi­ dre imaTi, visi mSoblebic qirwinebaSi imyofebian (Amato,2001). arsebuli sirTuleebi ramdenimesTvis gadadis cud SemgueblobaSi zrdasrulobis dros. bavSvebi romelTac rTuli xasiaTi aqvT da arTulebi aRmoCndnen ojaxur konfliqtSi, ufro savaraudoa, rom skolidan gairicxebian, gaxdebian depresiulebi da mozardobaSi asocialur qcev­ aSi CaerTvebian. ganqorwineba agreTve dakavSirebulia seqsualurobasTan da intimuri kavSirebis CamoyalibebasTan. axalgazrdebs, vinc mSoblebis ganqorwineba gamoscada, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es araerTxel moxda, seqsualuri aqtivobis maRali procenti aqvT da mSoblebi xdebian mozardobis periodSi da zrdasrul asakSi ganqorwindebian xolme (Wolfinger, 2000). ganqorwinebis Semdeg dadebiTi SemgueblobisTvis aucilebeli faqtoria efeqturi aRzrda – kerZod, ramdenad kargad arTmevs Tavs stress meurve mSobeli da rogor icavs bavSvs ojaxuri konfliqtisgan da odenoba, romliTac TiToeuli mSobeli aRzrdisas av­ toritetul stils iyenebs (Leon, 2003; Wolchik et al., 2000). iq, sadac meurve mSobeli dedaa, mamasTan kontaqti agreTve mniSvnelovania. rac ufro metia mSobelTan kontaqti da Tbilia mama-bavSvis urTierToba, miT ufro naklebad avlens ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis bavSvi urCobasa da agresias (Dunn et al., 2004). gogonebs ki mama-bavSvis kargi urTierToba mas naadrevi sqesobrivi aqtivobisa da ubeduri romantikuli epizodebisgan icavs (ClarkeStewart & Hayward, 1996; McLahan, 1999). Mmama _ Svilis kontaqti savaraudod ufro xSiria im ojaxebSi, sadac deda-bavSvis urTierToba pozitiuria, ganqorwinebuli mSoblebi ex­ marebian da erTmaneTs xels uwyoben mSoblis funqciis SesrulebaSi (Dunn, 2004 a).

maRali

sqema 14.5

Im nihillam es re, alibusam eos quis sitio eriae. Itaturit quia ditasitio dolorum es re sitis sin restrum voloreh enihitas utam aped ulpa et quunt idunt. Ditaspe mod maximost, ut hariatem resequid ut arcipitaque voluptus volorei ctiist, explis susamet licimpe exereria nonsedi utem doluptatquam est ??????????????????

saSualo dabali

problemuri yofaqcevis saSualo qulebi

776

ufro metic, ramdenime gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, biWebisTvis ukeTesia, Tu meurve mSobeli mamaa. (Clarke-Stewart & Hayward,1996;McLahan,1999). uf­ ro didi ekonomikuri daculoba da avtoriteti maRali miR./ maRali miR./ dabali miR./ dabali miR./ exmareba mamebs, iyvnen warmatebuli mSoblebi dabali kon. dabali kon. maRali kon. dabali kon. TavianTi vaJebisTvis. meurve mamis yola meti sargebelis momtani SeiZleba iyos, miTumetes mimRebaloba da Tanamimdevruloba Tu aRzrdaSi orive mSobelia CarTuli imi­ tom, rom dedebi ufro aqtiurad monawileoen Svilebis cxovrebaSi, vidre arameurve mamebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebis ganqorwineba bavSvebisTvis mtkivneulia, intaq­ tur, magram konfliqtur ojaxSi yofna uaresia, vidre gadasvla ukonfliqto, magram erTi mSoblis ojaxSi.(Green et al.,2003) dRes bevri mSobeli eyreba erTmaneTs, radgan isini TavianTi urTierTobebiT ukmayofiloni arian. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, naklebi uTanxmoebis mqone ojaxis bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT dabneulebi da ganerviulebule­ bi rCebian. SesaZloa swored am mozardebis uunaroba gaigon ganqorwinebis mizezi da dardi,bednieri ojaxis dakargvis gamo xsnis, Tu ratom gaRrmavda ganqorwinebuli mSo­ blebis SvilebSi Seguebadobis problemebi. (Amato, 2001; Reifman et al., 2001). mSoblebis uTanxmoebis siRrmis miuxedavad, isini, vinc gverdze gadadebs uTanxmoe­ bas da erTmaneTs exmareba mSoblis rolis SesrulebaSi, didad zrdian Sanss, rom maTi Svili kompetenturi, stabiluri da bednieri gaizrdeba. rogorc 14.5 cxrilidan Cans, 8-15 wlis bavSvebs, romlebmac mSoblebis maRali mimRebloba da disciplinis Tanamim­ devruloba gamoscades Semguebalobis ufro dabali done aqvT (Wolchik et al., 2000). mz­ runveli didi ojaxis wevrebi, maswavleblebi da megobrebi agreTve amcireben imis al­ baTobas, rom ganqorwinebas xangrZlivi sirTuleebi mohyveba (Heteherington, 2003; Lussier et al., 2002).

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ganqorwinebis mediacia, gaerTianebuli meurveoba, da bavSvis mxar­da­ imis gacnobierebas, rom ganqorwineba Zalian stresulia mSoblebisa da bavSvebi­ Wera

sTvis, mivyavarT sazogadoebaze dafuZnebul momsaxurebamde, romlis mizania sirTule gadaataninos msgavs ojaxebs. amgvari samsaxuria ganqorwinebis mediacia. ganqorwinebis winaSe mdgari wyvilisa da gamocdili profesionalis SexvedraTa mTeli seria, romelic mimarTulia ojaxuri konfliqtebis Semcirebisken, samarTlebrivi bataliebis, sa­ kuTrebis gayofisa da bavSvis meurveobis CaTvliT. iq, sadac bavSvis meurveoba sadavoa, zogierTi Stati mediacias iTxovs. kanadis kanoni ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb avaldebulebs advokatebs, ganqorwinebis msurvel wyvilebs moawodon informacia mediaciis Sesaxeb da gamoayenebinon is. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, mediacia aZlierebs, daregulirebis process sasamarTlos gareT, TanamSromlobasa da orive mSoblis CarTulobas bavSvis aRzrdaSi, iseve, ro­ gorc mSoblebisa da Svilebis keTildReobis gancdas (Emery, 2001). mSobelTa saganmanaTleblo programebi sayovelTao xdeba, radgan is maTi uTanx­ moebis mogvarebas astimulirebs. ramdenime sesiis ganmavlobaSi, profesionalebi as­ wavlian mSoblebs, ra zegavlenas axdens konfliqti bavSvze da yuradRebas amaxvileben konfliqtis konstruqciul mogvarebasa da ormxriv daxmarebaze bavSvis aRzrdisas. imis gamo, rom ganqorwinebamdeli ganaTleba zegavlenas axdens mSoblebis urTierTo­ baze, is sul ufro savaldebulo xdeba kanadaSi. (Department of Justice Canada,2003, 2004).

777 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bevr sasamarTlos SeuZlia mSoblebs am programis gavla mosTxovos. bavSvis meurveobis sayovelTaod mzardi arCevani gaerTianebuli meurveobaa, ro­ melic ganqorwinebul mSoblebs imis garantias aZlevs, rom maT Tanabari ufleba eqnebaT bavSvis aRzrdis sakiTxSi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. es orive mSobels bavSvis cxovre­ baSi aqtiurad CarTvis stimuls aZlevs. umetesad, bavSvi erT mSobelTan cxovrobs da meore mkacrad fiqsirebuli ganrigiT naxulobs. es ufro tipuria martoxela meurveeobisTvis. sxva SemTxvevebSi mSoblebi inawileben fizikur meurveobas da bavSvebi saxlebs, zogjer ki skolebsa da megobrebs Soris midimodian. amgvari cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT mZimea zogierTi bavSvisTvis. saerTo meurveobis mqone mSoblebi aRniSnaven, rom konfliqti TiTqmis ar arsebobs. sa­ bednierod asea, radgan RonisZiebis warmateba damokidebulia mSoblebis TanamSromlo­ baze. sayofacxovrebo pirobebis miuxedavad maTi Svilebi ukeTesi SemgueblobiT xas­ iaTdebian, vidre dedis meurveobis qveS myofi maTive oreulebi. (Bauserman,2002). da bolos, bevri martoxela mSoblis ojaxi finansuri problemis Semsubuqeba da­ mokidebulia wasuli mSoblisgan miRebul bavSvis daxmarebaze. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yvela Statisa da kanadis provinciebis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs sa­ samarTlo ganaCens daumorCilebelimSoblebisTvis xelfasis dakavebis procedur­ as. Tumca, bavSvis daxmareba Cveulebriv sakmarisi ar aris martoxela mSoblis ojaxis siRaribidan amosasvlelad, amas mxolod tvirTis mniSvnelovnad Semsubuqeba SeuZlia. damatebiTi sargebeli is aris, rom ara meurve mamebi ufro metad inarCuneben kontaqts bavSvebTan, Tu isini bavSvs daxmarebas uxdian (Garfinkel & McLanahan,1995). momdevno gverdze mocemuli `gamoviyenoT is, rac viciT~ ajamebs im gzebs, rogor unda Seeguos bavSvi mSoblebis ganqorwinebas.

Sereuli ojaxebi cxovreba martoxela mSoblis saxlSi xSirad droebiTia. ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis daaxloebiT 60 procenti ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi xelaxla qorwindeba. sxvebi Tanacxovroben an cxovroben TavianT seqsualur partniorTan erTad qorwinebis gar­ eSe. mSoblebi, nacvali mSoblebi da bavSvebi qmnian axal ojaxur struqturas, romelsac Sereuli da aRdgenili ojaxi ewodeba. zogierTi bavSvisTvis ojaxis es gavrcobili qseli pozotiuria da mas ufrosebis ufro didi yuradReba aqvs. magram umravleso­ bas meti problema eqmneba, vidre im bavSvebs, vinc stabilur, pirvel qorwinebaSi myof ojaxebSi izrdebian. nacval mSoblebs xSirad bavSvis aRzrdis gansxvavebuli gamoc­ dileba SemoaqvT da axal wesebs da axal molodinebze gadarTva SesaZloa stresuli iyos. bavSvebi xSirad nacval naTesavebs momxvdurebad aRiqvamen. magram is, ramdenad kargad moergebian isini situacias, damokidebulia ojaxis mTliani funqcioni­ rebis xarisxze (Hetherington & Kelly,2002). es damokide­ bulia imaze, Tu romeli mSobeli ayalibebs axal urT­ ierTobas, agreTve bavSvis asaksa da sqesze da Sereuli ojaxebis urTierTobebis sirTuleze. rogorc davinax­ avT, es yvelaze rTuli periodia ufrosi asakis vaJebisa da gogonebisTvis.

ufrosi biWebi am Sereul ojaxSi SesaZloa dedinacvals sakuTari Tavisuflebisa da im kavSirisadmi muqarad miiCnevd­ nen, romelic maT mamasTan aqvT. ojaxis cxovrebaze ganaTleba da rCevebi SesaZloa mSoblebs da bavSvebs am rTul, axal garemoe­ bebTan morgebaSi daexmaros. Kayte M. Deioma/PhotoEdit

778

codnis gamoyeneba aRwera

strategia daicaviT bavSvebi konfliqtisgan

mSobelTaA intensiuri konfliqtis mowme bavSvebi zaraldebian. bavSvebi ukeTesad arian, Tu erTi mSoblis mtrul saqcielze meore ar reagirebs.

uzrunvelvyoT bavSvebi siaxloviTa da garkveulobiT, xangrZlivad, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia

bavSvebi ukeTesad ergebian ganqorwinebis periods, rodesac maT garkveuli stabiluroba aqvT. magaliTad, igive skola, oTaxi, ZiZa, megobrebi da yoveldRiuri ganrigi.

axseniT ganqorwineba da uTxariT bavSvebs, ras unda moelodnen.

bavSvebs savaraudod maSin uviTar debaT SiSebi, rode­ sac ar arian mzad mSobelebis ganqorwinebisTvis. maT unda uTxran, rom deda da mama erTad aRar icxovreben, romeli mSobeli wava da rodis SeZleben mis naxvas. uke­ Tesia ded-mamam erTad auxsnan ganqorwinebis mizezi. mSoblebma iseTi mizezi unda daasaxelon, romelsac bavSvi gaigebs da Tavs ar daidanaSaulebs.

xazi gausviT ganqorwinebis mudmivobas.

mSoblebis fantazia, kvlav erTad yofnis Taobaze, bavSvebs xels uSlis miiRon cxovrebis realoba. bavS­ vebs unda uTxran, rom ganqorwineba sabolooa da amas aRaraferi Secvlis.

simpaTiiT moeqeciT bavSvis gancdebs

bavSvebs sWirdebaT mxardaWera da maTi grZnobebis gageba, rogoricaa sevda, SiSi, brazi. imisTvis, rom bavSvi Seeguos, maTi tkiviliani emociebi unda miviRoT da ara uarvyoT an Tavidan aviridoT.

avtoritetuli stilis gamoyeneba

uzrunvelyaviT bavSvi siyvaruliT da mimReblobiT iseve, rogorc azriani moTxovnebiT momwifebuli, qce­ vis, mdgradi da racionaluri disciplinis moTxovniT. mSoblebi, romlebic iyeneben avtoritetul stils, amcireben bavSvis dabali Semgueblobis risks ganqor­ winebis Semdeg.

orive mSobelTan mudmivi urTierTobis ganviTareba

rodesac mSoblebi Tavisufldebian yofili meuR­ lis mimarT mtruli, damokidebulebisgan imitom rom bavSvs meore mSobelTan mudmivi urTierToba sWird­ eba, bavSvebi ukeTesad adaptirdebian. bebia-babuebi da didi ojaxis sxva wevrebi exmarebian imiT, rom aravis mxares ar iWeren.

wyaro: Teyber,2001.

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dedisa da maminacvlis ojaxi Sereuli ojaxis yvelaze gavrcelebuli for­ ma deda-maminacvlis ojaxia, rodesac deda bavSvze meurveobas inarCunebs. biWebi amas swrafad eguebian. isini miesalmebian iseTi maminacvlis yolas, romelic Tbilia, Tavs ikavebs Tavisi avtoritetis swrafi damkvidrebisgan da deda-vaJis koerciuli ciklis

779 urTierTobidan ixsnis mas. mcirdeba dedisa da vaJis uTanxmoeba ukeTesi ekonomikuri daculobis, ojaxis saqmeebis kidev erTi ufrosis mier ganawilebis da simartovis das­ rulebis Sedegad. (Visher,Visher,&Pasley,2003). rodesac maminacvali qmaria da ara Tanam­ cxovrebi, maSin is ufro metadaa CarTuli mSoblis funqciis SesrulebaSi (Hofferth &Anderson, 2003). da mainc, gogonebs ufro xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi TavianT meurve dedis xelaxal qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT. maminacvlebi arRveven deda-qaliSvilis axlo kavSirs, rac xSiria martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da gogonebi umeteswilad axal qorwinebaze gabut­ viTa da rezizstentuli qceviT reagireben (Bray,1999). miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom asaki am gamokvlevisTvis metad mniSvnelovania. ufrosi saskolo asakis bavSvebi da mozardebi ufro upasuxismgeblo, gamomwvev da asocialur qcevas avlenen, vidre maTi RviZl mSoblebTan mcxovrebi Tanatolebi (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan,2000). nacvali mSoblebis ojaxebSi mSoblis funqciis Sesruleba, gansa­ kuTrebiT iq, sadac gerebi arian, Zalian Znelia. zogierTi mSobeli ufro Tbili da yu­ radRebiania Tavisi biologiuri Svilis mimarT, vidre gerebis mimarT. ufrosi bavSvebi ufro amCneven da ewinaaRmdegebian usamarTlo mopyrobas. mozardebis TavisuflebisT­ vis maminacvali xSirad safrTxea, miT ufro, Tu isini martoxela dedis mxridan nakleb monitorings ganicdidnen. da mainc, bevr Tineijers kargi urTierToba aqvs orive mamas­ Tan – es is garemoebaa, romelic maT ufro sasurvel ganviTarebasTan aris dakavSire­ buli (White & Gilberth,2001).

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mamisa da dedinacvlis ojaxi arameurve mamebis xelaxali qorwineba xSirad biologiur SvilebTan kontaqtis Semcirebis safuZveli xdeba, radgan mamebi ganudge­ bian xolme TavianT wina ojaxebs (Dunn,2002). rodesac mamebi meurveebi arian, maSin bavS­ vebi, rogorc wesi, uaryofiTad reagireben xelaxal qorwinebaze. rodesac bavSvi mamas­ Tan cxovrobs, Tavidan ufro meti problema aqvs. SesaZloa, biologiuri deda veRar gumklavdes gaugonar bavSvs ( Cveulebriv, biWs) da mama da misi axali moyvanili coli yofaqcevis problemebis mqone mozardis winaSe aRmoCndnen. magaliTad,, mamas eZleva meurveoba imis gamo, rom mas axlo urTierToba aqvs bavSvTan, am kavSirs ki xelaxali qorwineba arRvevs (Buchanan, Maccoby,& Dornbusch,1996). bevri mama Zalian male bavSvis aRzrdis pasuxismgeblobas dedinacvals akisrebs, rac bavSvis aRSfoTebas iwvevs. gogonebs gansakuTrebiT uWirT dedinacvlebTan urTierToba. zogjer ( rogorc esesaa aRvniSneT) es xdeba, radgan mamasTan gogonas urTierToba safrTxis qveS dgeba xe­ laxali qorwinebis gamo. garda amisa, zogjer gogonebs ori dedisadmi erTgulebis kon­ fliqti ewyebaT. magram, rac ufro didxans cxovrobs gogona mama-dedinacvlis ojaxSi, miT ufro ukeTesi urTierToba uyalibdeba dedinacvalTan (Hetjerington & Jodl,1994). droTaAganmavlobaSi momTmeni gogonebis umetesoba egueba meore dedis da sargeblobs misi mxardaWeriT.

Sereuli ojaxebis mxardaWera ojaxuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb arsebulma sagan­ manaTleblo kursebma da konsultaciam SesaZloa Sereuli ojaxis mSoblebsa da bavSvebs axali garemoebebiT gamowveul sirTuleebTan morgeba gauadvilos. efeqturi midgoma dedinacvals axal rolSi TandaTanobiT mosargebad stimuls aZlevs, pirvel rigSi bavS­ vTan megobruli urTierTobis damyarebis gziT. mxolod imis Semdeg, rac dedinacvalsa da gerebs Soris Tbili kavSiri damyardeba, SesaZlebelia ufro aqtiuri mSoblis rolis miReba (Visher, Visher,&Pasley,2003). garda amisa, konsultantebs SeuZlia wyvilebs SesTavazon daxmareba `mSoblebis koaliciis~ CamoyalibebaSi. amis meSveobiT isini TanamSromloben da uzrunveluofen bavSvs mudmivi da Tanamimdevruli aRzrdiT. erTgulebis konfliqtis SezRudva bavSvs saSualebas aZlevs meti pozitivi miiRos nacval mSoblebTan urTierToba da gamraval­ ferovnebuli cxovrebisgan.

780 samwuxarod, bevri bavSvi ar aris bednieri Sereul ojaxSi cxovrebiT, radgan meore qorwinebis aseve ganqorwinebiT damTavrebis procenti kidev ufro maRalia, vidre pirveli qorwinebisa. rac ufro met ganqorwinebaSi monawileobs bavSvi, miT ufro bevri sirTule aqvs (Dunn,2002). mSoblebi, romelTac asocialuri tendencia aReniSnebaT da bavSvis aRzrdis unar-Cvevebs cudad floben, savaraudod ramnemijer qorwindebian. aseT ojaxebs, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi da intensiuri daxmareba sWirdeba.

dedis dasaqmebuloba da ori marCenalis ojaxi dRes, martoxela da gaTxovili dedebis TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba muSaobs da Crdiloamerikeli dedebis TiTqmis 70 procentia dasaqmebuli. es ricxvi 64 procents aRwevs skolamdel da 78 procents Sua bavSvobis asakSi myofi Svilebis dedebisTvis (Statistics Canada,2003e; U.S. Census Bureau,2004 b). me-10 TavSi davinaxeT, rom adreul ganviTarebaze dedis dasaqmebulobis zegavlena damokidebulia bavSvze zrunvis xarisxsa da mSobeli-bavSvis mudmiv urTierTobaze. es daskvna momdevno asakSic qmediTia. garda amisa, dedis samuSaoTi kmayofilebas, part­ nioris mxardaWerasa da bavSvis sqess mniSvneloba aqvs imisTvis, rogor cxovrobs bavSvi.

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dedis samsaxuri da bavSvis ganviTareba im dedebis Svilebi, vinc samsax­ urisgan siamovnebas iRebs da mSoblis rolis erTguli rCeba, gansakuTrebiT kargi SemgueblobiT gamoirCevian – maT aqvT ufro maRali TviTSefaseba, ukeTesi urTier­ Toba ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan, genderis stereotipiT naklebad ganpirobebul Sexedulebebi da kargi niSnebi skolaSi. gogonebi gansakuTrebuli sargebels iReben qalis kompetenturobis imijisgan. ses-is miuxedavad, dasaqmebuli dedis gogonebi qa­ lis rols arCevanis Tavisuflebasa da kmayofilebasTan akavSireben da ufro mizans­ wrafulebi da karieraze orientirebulebi arian (Hoffman,2000). es sikeTe aRzrdis Sedegia. dasaqmebuli dedebi, visTvisac mSoblis roli Rirebulia, savaraudod bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetul stils da koregulacias iyeneben ( ixile gverdi 569). im ojaxis bavSvebi, sadac ori marCenalia ufro met dRis saaTebs uTmoben saSinao davalebis mSoblis meTvalyureobiT Sesrulebas da ufro metad monawileoben saSinao saqmeSi. dedis dasaqmebuloba aiZulebs mamas, Tavis Tavze aiRos meti pasuxismge­ bloba bavSvze zrunvaze. mamebis raodenoba, romlebic mTel dRes saxlSi atareben, jer mcirea, magram ganuxrelad izrdeba (Gottfried,Gottrfired,&Bathurst,2002;Hoffman&Younbla de,1999).mamis kontaqti asocirebulia ufro met gonierebasa da miRwevasTan, momwife­ bul socialur qcevasa da genderuli stereotipis moqnilobasTan. (Gottried,1991;Radin,1994). da mainc, Tu samsaxuri dedis ganrigs mZime moTxovnas uyenebs an stresulia sxva mizezebis gamo, Svilebi araefeqturi aRzrdis ris­ kis qveS imyofebian. xangrZlivi samuSao dRe, muSaoba an uaryofiTi interpersonaluri samuSao adgilis atmosfero amcirebs mSoblebis sensitiurobas da dakavSirebulia bavSvebis cud kognitur ganviTa­ rebasTan skolamdeli asakidan mozardobamde (Brooks-Gunn,Han & Wa ldfogel,2002;Costigan,Cox,&Cauce,2003. Harvey,1999). uaryofiTi Sede­ gebi matulobs, rodesac dabali ses-is mqone dedebi iZulebulnia, bevri dro gaataron dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi, momsaxurebis

miuxedavad imisa, rom dabalansebuli samuSao da ojaxisadmi pasuxismge­ bloba did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, imdenad, ramdenadac samsaxuris mqone es deda pasuxismgebelia mSoblobaze da poulobs bavSvis zrunvis damakmayofilebel RonisZiebebs, mis bavSvs savaraudod maRal TviTSefasebas, ojaxTan da mego­ brebTan dadebiTi urTierTobebi da genderis Sesaxeb moqnili Sexeduleba ganu­ viTardeba. Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit

781 sferoSi an fizikur samuSaoze, romelic faqtobrivad ver uzrunvelyofs maT finans­ uri keTildReobas – es pirobebi dakavSirebulia dedis depresiasTan, frustraciasa da daRlilobasTan, agreTve (Raver,2003). uxeSi da araTanamimdevruli disciplinis gamoy­ enebasTan. piriqiT, nawilobrivad arasruli ganakveTiT dasaqmebuloba da moqnili samuSao gan­ rigi asociirebulia bavSvisa da mozardis karg morgebulobasTan. aseTi grafiki Tavi­ dan agvacilebs. samuSao-ojaxis rolebis konfliqts. da daexmareba mSoblebs bavSvebis problemebis mogvarebaSi (Frederiksen-Goldesen & Sharlach,2000).

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dasaqmebuli mSoblebisa da maTi ojaxebis xelSewyoba im ojaxSi sadac ori marCenalia mamis mzaoba, gainawilos bavSvze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba, exmareba dedas mSoblis rolis warmatebiT SesrulebaSi. Tu mama Zalian mwirad an saerTod ar exmareba ojaxs, maSin dedas ormagi tvirTi awevs saxlSi da samsaxurSi, rasac is daRlilobamde da distresamde mihyavs da bavSvebisTvis cota dro da energia rCeba. dasaqmebul dedebsa da or marCenal mSobels, bavSvis aRzrdaSi samsaxuris da sazoga­ doebis daxmareba sWirdeba. naxevar ganakveTze dasaqmebuloba, moqnili ganrigi, saqmis ganawileba da bavSvebis avadmyofobis anazRaurebuli biuleteni, mSoblebs samuSaos moTxovnebsa da bavSvis aRzrdas Soris lavirebaSi exmareba. mamakacis Tanabari xel­ fasi da dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZlebloba Zalian mniSvnelovania qalebisTvis. radgan amgvari politika aZlierebs maT finansur statussa da moralur mdgomareobas, rac Ta­ vis mxriv dadebiTad moqmedebs dedis gancdebsa da qcevaze, rodesac samuSao dRis bo­ los saxlSi brundeba.

bavSvebze mzrunveloba

vin aqcevs yuradRebas Crdiloamerikel bavSvebs, rodesac deda saxlSi ar aris? procentulobas gansazRvravs garemo, romelSic Cvilebi da skol­ amdeli asakis bavSvebi atareben TavianTi drois umetesobas dedis samuSaoze yofnisas. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi bavSvebis umetesoba bavSvTa mzrunvelobis centrebSi da bavSvTaAsaxlebSia; kanadaSi sapirispiro tendencia SeimCneva _ Zalian bevr bavSvze mzrunvelobis erT tipze mets gamosc­ dis da asakTan erTad Sinauri garemodan mzrunv­ elobis centrSi gadadian – es is faqtebia, romle­ bic mocemul cifrebSi ar aris areklili. (Adapted from Statistics Canada,2005a; Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2003).

Cvilebisa da skolamdeli

cxrili 14.6

asakis bavSvebis procentuli raodenoba

bolo ramdenime dekadis ganmavlobaSi mzrunvelobaSi myofi Crdilo amerikelibavS­ vebis ricxvma 60 procents gadaaWarba, rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi, ise kanadis zo­ gierT provinciaSi. rogorc 14.6 cxrilidan Cans, umetesobaze sabavSvo centrebsa da bavSvis ojaxebSi zrunaven an araoficialurad naTesavi uvlis. asakTan erTad bavSvebi saojaxo mzrunvelobis centrSi gadadian. bevri bavSvi erTdroulad sxvadasxva tipis mzrunvelobas iRebs an xSirad icvlis garemos (Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics,2003; NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, 2004c; Statistics Canada,2005a). ufro maRali Semosavlisa da Zalian dabali Semosavlis mqone mSoblebis Svilebic bavS­ vTaA mzrun­velobis centrSi xvdebian. bevri dabali Semosavlis mqone mSobeli bavSvis movlas saxlis pirobebSi naTesavs andobs, radgan isini ar arian uflebamosilni, mimar­ Ton subsidurebul mzrunvelobis centrs (Howes & James,2002). 60 aSS

aSS kanada kanada

50 40 30 20 10 0

bavSvTA mzrunvelobis centri

naTesavebis zrunva ( Cveulebriv, bebia an mama)

aranaTesavisa ( Cveulebriv, bavSvTaA saxli)

782

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bavSvze zrunvis xarisxi da bavSvis ganviTareba me-8 Tavidan gaixseneT, adreuli intervencia xels uwyobs ekonomikurad daucveli bavSvebis ganviTarebas. ro­ gorc es 1-el da me-10 TavebSia aRniSnuli, Crdiloamerikeli bavSvebis umravlesoba cu­ dad aris movlili. mivubrundeT me-10 Tavis 430-432 gverdebs da vimsjeloT im uaryofiT Sedegebze, romelic mohyveba Cvil da axalfexadgmul bavSvebze arasaTanadod zrunvas da kviris umetes dros bavSvTaA mibarebas mzrunvelebisTis. skolamdeli asakis bavSve­ bic ziandebian, Tuki isini dabali donis mzrunvelobis pirobebSi aRmoCndnebian. isini dabal qulebs iReneb kognituri da socialuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi da maRals _ qceviT problemebSi (Howes & James,2002);Lamb,1998;Peiser-Feinberg et al.,2001;NICHD Eraly Childhood Research Network,2003b). rodesac bavSvi mzrunvelobis ramdenime garemos arastabilobas gamoscdis, misi fsiqologiuri keTildReoba ziandeba. rTuli xasiaTis skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis emociuri problemebi mniSvnelonad uaresdeba.( De Schipper, vanIjzendoorn,&Tavecchio,2004;De Schipper et al., 2004). da piriqiT, bavSvis kargi movla xels uwyobs ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT dabali ses-s mqone (NICHD Early Child Care Network,2002b). erT gamokvlevaSi, romelSic monaw­ ileoba miiRo dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis 2-dan 4 wlamde 200-ze metma bavSvma, rac ufro meti dro hqondaT gatarebuli bavSvTa mzrunvelobis maRali donis centrSi, miT ufri naklebi emociuri da qceviTi problema aReniSnebodaT imis merec, rac ojaxis bev­ ri maxasiaTebeli Semowmda (Vortuba-Drzal,Coley,&Chase-Lansdale,2004). meore gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, romelic ikvlevda 400 Zalian dabali Semosavlis mqone skolamdel bavSvebs, centrze damyarebuli mzrunveloba ufro Zlier iyo asocirebuli kognitur sarge­ belTan, vidre mzrunvelobis sxva RonisZiebebi, SesaZloa imitom, rom bavSvTaAmzrun­ velobis centrebi bavSvebs ufro sistematuri saganmanaTleblo programiT uzrunve­ lyofdnen. imave dros bavSvis yvela saxis movlis ufro maRali standarti moaswavebda zomier gamosworebas kognitur, emociur da socialur ganviTarebaSi (Loeb et al., 2004). rogoria movlis maRali xarisxis maxasiaTeblebi skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis? bavSvTaA centrebisa da saxlebis farTomasStabianma Sesawavlam gamoavlina, rom mniS­ vnelovania Semdegi faqtorebi: jgufis wevrTa raodenoba (bavSvebisAraodenoba erT adgilas), aRmzrdeli-bavSvis damokidebuleba, aRmzrdelis saganmanaTleblo momza­ deba da piradi valdebuleba swavlebisa da bavSvis movlis mimarT. maSin, rodesac es maxasiaTeblebi kargia, ufrosebi ufro metad sityvieradD amxneveben bavSvebs da sensi­ tiurni arian maTi problemis mimarT. Tavis mxriv sxvadasxva eTnikuri da ses-is donis bavSvebi sasikeTod viTardebian – es is Sedegia, romelic skolis adreul wlebSi arse­ bobs (Burchinal et al., 2000; Burchinal & Cryer,2003). zemoT moyvanili `gamoiyene is, rac ici~ ajamebs bavSvis adreuli ganviTarebis maRa­ li xarisxis programebis Taviseburebebs, romelic dafuZnebulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis patara bavSvebis ganaTlebis erovnuli asociaciis mier gamomuSavebul stand­ artebze. samwuxarod, bavSvTa bevri Crdiloamerikuli mzrunveloba standartis qvemo­ Taa, xSirad momsaxure personali dakompleqtebulia uxelfaso TanamSromlebiT, romelTac ar gaaCniaT specialuri ganaTleba, Zalian bevri bavSvi hyavT da (ojaxSi bavSvis mzrunvelobis Sem­ TxvevaSi) ar aqvT licenzia, amitom ar xdeba xarisxis Semowmeba. orivegan, rogorc amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ise kanadaSi, bavSvis movla Zviria da Statebisa da provinciaTa umetesobaSi

am klasgareSe programaSi, romelmac axalgazrdobis inovaciis jildo miiRo, torontoeli maswavlebeli 11 wlis bavSvebTan xelovnebis proeqtze muSaobs. programas ewodeba `saxli SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebisTvis~. is moTavsebulia rijent parkSi da kanadis komunaluri binaTmSeneblobis pirveli da yvelaze didi proeqtia Richard Lautens/ Toronto Star 2004.

783

codnis gamoyeneba ganviTarebisTvis Sesaferisi adreuli sabavSvo programis niSnebi fizikuri garemo

xarisxis niSnebi

fizikuri garemocva

Sida garemo sufTa, garemontebuli da ganiavebulia. sak­ laso oTaxi gayofilia warmosaxviTi TamaSebis_ kargad aRWurvil samoqmedo adgilebad, biologiis, maTematikis, saTamaSo da Tavsatexis, wignebis, xe­ lovnebisa da musikis CaTvliT. SemoRobili gare sivrce aRWurvilia saqanelebiT, sasrialoTi, samTvliani velo­ sipedebiT, qviSiT savse yuTiT.

jgufis sidide

skolamdel da bavSvis aRzrdis centrSi jgufis wevrTa raodenoba 2 aRmzrdelTan ar aRemateba 8-10-s

aRmzrdelisa da bavSvis koeficienti

bavSvTa saxlebSi aRmzrdeli pasuxismgebelia 6 bavSze.

yovedRiuri saqmianoba

umetes dros bavSvebi individualururad an patara jgufebSi muSaoben. isini TviTon irCeven saqmianobas da swavloben maTTvis relevanturi gamocdilebis meSveo­ biT. maswavlebeli exmareba maT, CaerTon, Seeguon sxvebis Taviseburebebs da molodini bavSvis ganviTarebis unars moargon.

ufrosebisa da bavSvebis urTierToba

maswavleblebi dadian jgufebsa da individebs Soris, svamen SekiTxvebs, aZleven rCevebs, sTavazoben ufro rTul iedeebs. maswavleblebi iyeneben pozotiuri xemZ­ Rvanelobis teqnikas, rogoricaa modelireba, waaxal­ iseben mosalodnel qcevas da mimarTaven bavSvebs ufro efeqturi qcevisken.

maswavleblis kvalifikacia

maswavleblebs aqvT kolejis donis specializebuli kvalifikacia bavSvis adreul gnviTarebaSi,bavSvebis ad­ reul ganaTlebasa an monaTesave sferoSi.

mSoblebTan urTierToba.

mSoblebs xels uwyoben, rom daakvirdnen da procesSi CaerTon. maswavleblebi gulaxdilad esaubrebian mSob­ lebs bavSvebis qcevisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

licenzia da akreditacia

bavSvTa mzrunvelobis garemo, centri iqneba Tu saxli, licenzirebulia saxelmwifos an provinciis mier. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi nebyoflo­ biTi akreditacia xdeba bavSvis adreuli ganviTarebis programebis erovnuli akademiis mier www.naeyc.org/accreditation, an bavSvis ojaxuri mzrunvelobis erovnuli asociaciis mier, romelic gansakuTrebiT maRali xarisx­ is programis safuZvelia. www.nafcc.org. kanada muSaobs nebayoflobiTi saakreditacio sistemiT, bavSvTaA mzrun­ velobis kanadis federaciis xelmZRvanelobiT. www. cccf-fcsge.ca.

wyaroebi: Bredekamp & Copple,1997;National Association for the Education of Young Children,1998.

784 or Sviliani martoxela mSoblis Semosavlis 25 procenti sWirdeba (Canada Campaign 2000,2002;Children’sDefense Fund,2004). amis sapirispirod, avstraliasa da dasavleT evropaSi bavSvis movla, romelic pa­ suxobs mkacr standartebs, farTo xelmisawvdomia da aRmzrdelebs igive xelfass ux­ dian, rasac dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebs. ojaxis Semosavlis miuxedavad, daniaSi bavSvis movlis 80 procents saxelmwifo afinansebs, SvedeTSi 90 procents, safrangeTSi 100 procents (Waldfogel.2001). imis gamo, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas ar gaaCniaT bavSvis movlis saxelmwifo polisebi, isini CamorCebian sxva industriul qveynebs bavSvis movlis uzrunvelyofaSi, xarisxsa da gadaxdis SesaZleblobaSi.

sakuTar Tavze zrunva bavSvze mzrunvelobis maRali xarisxi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa mSoblebis simS­ vidisa da bavSvebis keTildReobisTvis. saSualo skolis periodSic ki, saSualod 5-13 wlamde 2.4 milioni bavSvi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da asi aTasobiT bavSvi kanadaSi TviTon uvlis Tavs skolis Semdeg. TviTzrunva dramatulad matulobs asakTan erTad, 5-7 wlis asakSi 3 procentidan da 33 procentamde 11-13 wlis bavSvebSi. is ses-Tan erTa­ dac izrdeba, SesaZloa ufro maRali Semosavlis mqone ubnebis ufro didi daculobis gamo. magram rodesac ufro dabali ses-is mqone mSoblebi TviTzrunvas ualternati­ vobis gamo mimarTaven, maTi bavSvebi ufro met dros Tavis nebaze atareben (Casper & Smith,2002). zogierTi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, isini itanjebian dabali TviTSefasebisgan, cudi akademiuri moswrebisa da SiSebis gamo maSin, rodesac sxvebi aseT Sedegebs ar aCvene­ ben. bavSvebis mowifuloba da drois gankarvis stili xsnis am winaaRmdegobas. ufro na­ klebi saskolo asakis bavSvebs, vinc umeteswilad martoa, adaptaciis problemebi aqvs (Vandell & Posner 1999). rodesac bavSvebi sakmarisad didebi arian imisTvis, rom Tavs TviTon mixedon da aqvT bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli stilis gamocdileba, mSo­ blebi satelefono zaris meSveobiT amowmeben manZilidan. aseT bavSvebs gakveTilebis Semdeg Sin regularuli saqme elodeba, aqvT pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da kargad adaptirebulebi arian. da piriqiT, sakuTar Tavs minebebuli bavSvebi, savaraudod ufro xSirad eqcevian Tanatolebis zewolis qveS da advilad erTvebian asocialur qcevaSi (Coley,Morris,&Hernandez,2004; Steinberg,1986). 8-9 wlamde bavSvebis umravlesobas zedamxedveloba sWirdeba, radgan ar arian kom­ petenturni kritikuli saqmeebis mogvarebaSi (Galambos & Maggs,1991). siymawvilesa da adreuli mozardobisas, skolis Semdeg im programebze daswreba, romelic kargi profe­ siuli momzadebis mqone StatSia, ufrosi-bavSvis sasikeTo urTierToba, maTi poziti­ uri komunikacia da mastimulirebeli saqmianoba dakavSirebulia ukeTes emociur da so­ cialur morgebulobasTan (Pierce,Hamm,&Vandell,1999). da dabali ses-is mqone bavSvebi, romlebic monawileoben `Semdgomi mzrunvelobis~ gamamdidrebel programebSi ( skautingi, musika an xelovnebis gakveTilebi) iZlevian gansakuTrebul sargebels, muSaobis ukeTesi unaris, gamosworebuli akademiuri miRwevebis da naklebi qceviTi problemebis CaTvliT (Posner &Vandell,1994;Vandell,1999). samwuxarod, kargi programebi gansakuTrebiT cudad miewodeba dabali Semosavlis mqone moqalaqeebiT dasaxlebul ubnebs. 10-14 wlis `Sida qalaqis~ bavSvebze Catarebuli gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, maTi didi umravlesoba ar monawileobs Semdgomi mzrunvelo­ bis aqtivobebSi an raime sxva gakveTilebSi. amis magivrad isini uyureben televizors da yoveldRiurad oTxi an meti saaTis ganmavlobaSi usaqmod dayialoben (Shann,2001). am raionebSi gansakuTrebuli moTxovnaa kargad dagegmil programebze – iseTze, romelic uzrunvelyofs usafrTxo garemos, sasimovno unar-Cvevebis gamomamuSavebel aqtivo­ bebsa da ufrosebTan gulTbil urTierTobas.

785

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs gaimeoreT aRwere da axseni cvlilebebi da-Zmis urTierTobaSi adreuli bavSvobidan mo­

gamoiyeneT

daakavSireT

zardobamde. ra zegavlenas axdenen mSoblebi da-Zmis kavSiris xarisxze? mi­ uyene stivi da marisa ganqorwinebis Sua procesSi erTmaneTs ebrZvian. maTi 9 wlis vaJi devidi mtruladaa ganwyobili da urCia. riT SeuZliaT stivs da marisas devidis daxmareba? ganixile 1 TavSi mocemuli gamokvleva lavirebis unarze ( ixile gverdi 10). aris iseTi faqtorebi, romlebsac SeuZlia xeli Seuwyon lavirebis iseT un­ ars, romelic ganqorwinebasa da xelaxal qorwinebasTan sasikeTo morgebu­ lobas aviTarebs? pasuxi daasabuTeT. bronfenbreneris ekologiuri sistemebis Teoriis TiToeuli safexuri – mi­ krosistema, mezosistema, egzosistema, da makrosistema _ rogor moqmedebs bavSvis ganviTarebis Sedegebze, romelic ganpirobebulia dedis dasaqmebu­ lobiT da bavSze mzrunvelobiT?

mowyvladi ojaxebi: bavSvisadmi cudi mopyroba ojaxis cvlilebebis Sesaxeb diskusiisas gaviTvaliswineT rogorc ojaxis SigniT, ise ojaxis gareT arsebuli Zalian bevri faqtori, romelic garkveul rols asrulebs wvlili Seaqvs mSoblebis unaris CamoyalibebaSi, iyvnen gulTbilebi, Tanmimdevrulebi da adekvaturad momTxovnebi. radgan bavSvTan cudad mopyrobis Temas mivadeqiT, davi­ naxavT, rom rodesac efeqturi aRzrdis sasicocxlod aucilebeli mxardaWera uares­ deba, bavSvebi, iseve, rogorc mSoblebi, saSinlad zaraldebian.

SemTxvevebis sixSire da ganmartebebi bavSvis mimarT Zaladoba adamianis istoriasTan erTad iwyeba, magram es problema farTod mxolod am bolo dros gacnobierda da mkvlevarebma misi arsis gageba daisaxes miznad. SesaZloa xalxis interesi gaizarda, radgan bavSvebisadmi cudad mopyroba gan­ sakuTrebiT aqtualuria didi industriuli qveynebisaTvis. uaxlesi Sedegebis mixed­ viT 906,000 amerikeli (yoveli 1,000-dan12) da 136,000 kanadeli bavSvi (yoveli 1,000-dan 10) identificirebulebi iyvnen, rogorc msxverpli (Trocome & Wolfe,2002;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,2005).radgan SemTxvevebis umete­ soba daufiqsirebelia, savaraudod WeSmariti monacemebi bevrad ufro maRalia. bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis formebia: fizikuri Seuracxyofa: Zaladoba bavSvebze _ fexiT cema, kbena, SejanjRareba, Cqmeta an daniT daWra, rac fizikur dazianebs iwvevs. seqsualuri Zaladoba: mofereba, aqti, eqsgibicionizmi, komerciuli eqspluata­ cia an pornografiis produqciis gamoSveba da seqsualuri eqspluataciis sxva formebi. uaryofa: marcxi, uzrunvelyon bavSvis bazisuri saWiroebebi, rogoricaa sakvebi, tansacmeli. samedicino yuradReba, ganaTleba da zedamxedveloba. emociuri Seuracxyofa: qmedeba, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios seriozuli fsiqi­ kuri da qceviTi darRveva, socialuri izolaciis, ganmeorebiTi gaumarTlebeli, aralogikuri moTxovnis, dacinvis, gaqilikebis, daSinebisa da teroris CaTvliT.

786 dafiqsirebuli ugulebelyofis SemTxvevebis 40-50%, fizikuri Seuracxyofis daax­ loebiT 30 %, emociuri Seuracxyofa 10-20 %. magram es cifrebi mxolod miaxloebiTia, radgan bevri bavSvi Zaladobis erT saxeobaze mets ganicdis. precendentTa umravlesobis avtorebi Tavad mSoblebi arian SemTxvevaTa 80 procen­ tze metSi. sxva naTesavebi 7 procents Seadgenen. danarCeni mudmivad modis mSoblebis araoficialur partniorebze, skolis xelmZRvanelobaze, banakis mrCevlebsa da sxva ufrosebze. dedebi ugulebelyofaSi ufro xSirad arian CarTulebi, vidre mamebi. de­ disa da mamis mxridan fizikuri Seuracxyofis procentuli maCvenebeli erTnairia. gansakurebiT gulsaklavi SemTxvevebis 18 procentSi deda da mama erTad sCadiodnen Zaladobas. patara da skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi fizikuri, emociuri da seqsualuri Seuracxyofis didi riskis qveS imyofebian. TiToeul asakobriv jgufSi Zaladobis yvelanair saxeobas vxvdebiT (Trocome & Wolfe,2002;U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,2005).

bavSvis mimarT Zaladobrivi qcevis ganxorcielebis mizezebi adre Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, bavSvisadmi cudad mopyrobis fesvebi unda veZioT ufrosebis fsiqologiur darRvevebSi (Kempe et al., 1962). magram miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvis mimarT Zaladoba ufro tipuria SfoTvis mqone mSoblebis mxridan, male naTeli gaxda, rom erTjeradad moZalade pirovnebis tipi ar arsebobs. zogjer normaluri mSoblebic ki azianeben TavianT Svilebs. Tumca sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom im mSoblebma, romlebic bavSvobisas Zaladobis msxverplni iyvnen, TviTonac Zaladobas mimarTon. (Buchanan,1996;Simons et al.,1991). bavSvisadmi cudad mopyrobis arsis gasagebad mkvlevarebi miubrundnen socialur sistemis perspeqtivas ojaxis dagegmarebaSi. maT aRmoaCines, rom Zalian bevr sain­ tereso cvlads –iseTs, rogoricaa ojaxi, sazogadoeba da kuilturuli done Tavisi datvirTva aqvs. cxrili 14.3 ajamebs faqtorebs,romlebic asocirebulia fizikur da emociur SeuracxyofasTan da ugulebelyofasTan. bavSvis seqsualur Seuracxyofaze samsjelod momdevno gverdze ixileT socialuri sakiTxebis seqcia.

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ojaxi bavSvebi, romlebic TavianTi ATvisebebis gamo Znelad aRsazrdelebad yal­ ibdenian, savaraudod ufro xSirad xdebian Seuracxyofisa da Zaladobis samizne. Eeseni arian umwifari, udReurad naSobi an avadmyofi bavSvebi da isinic bavSvebi vi­ sac rTuli xasiaTi aqvs an uyuradReba, hiperaqtiuria an ganviTarebis sxva problemebi aqvs. bavSvis faqtori mxolod umniSvnelod zrdis misdami Seuracxyofis albaTobas (Sidebotham et al.,2003). amgvar bavSvebs cudad moepyrobian Tu ara, ZiriTadad damokide­ bulia mSoblebis qaraqterologiurATaviseburebebze. mSoblebi, romlebic cudad epyrobian bavSvebs, sxva mSoblebze uaresad floben da­ pirispirebis mogvarebis teqnikas da ver axerxeben saerTo miznis misaRwevad bavSvebis CarTvas TanamSroblobis procesSi. isini agreTve itanjebian Svilze mcdari azrisgan. magaliTad, maT cud qcevas xSirad ufro uaresad aRiqvamen, vidre es sinamdvileSia. Ta­ vianTi Svilebs miaweren miuRebel yofaqcevas, jiut an cud dispozicias, an ususurobas ganicdian mSoblis rolis Sesrulebisas. es aris is perspeqtivebi, romelTacAswrafad mivyavarT fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebasTan (Bugental & Happaney,2004;Haskett et al., 2003). rogorc ki Zaladoba daiwyeba, is swrafad xdeba urTierTobis mdgradi nawili. pa­ tara gaRizianeba, romelzec moZalade mSobeli reaqcias iZleva – magaliTad, Mmous­ venaroba an skolamdeli asakis bavSvi, romelic rZes gadaaqcevs da mSobels myisve ar daemorCileba _ SesaZloa male did gaRizianebaSi gadaizardos. skolamdel asakamde moZalade mSoblebs iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba SvilebTan da rodesac isini amas akeTe­ ben, iSviaTad ganicdian siamovnebasa da siyvaruls; komunikacia TiTqmis yovelTvis uaryofiTia (Wolfe,1999).

787 cxrili 14.3 bavSvis mimarT ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi faqtori

aRwera

mSoblis maxasiaTeblebi

fsiqologiuri aSliloba; alkoholis, narkotikebis, moxmareba; bavSvobaSi fizikuri Seuracxyofa; mkacri disciplinis aucile­ blobis rwmena. survili, daikmayofilos auxdeneli emociuri moTxovnilebebi bavSvis qcevis alogikuri eqspeqtaciebi axal­ gazrda asaki(umetesad 30 wlamde); ganaTlebis dabali done. bavS­ vis maxasiaTeblebi

udReuri an mZimed avadmyofi bavSvi

rTuli xasiaTi, uyuradRebo da zedmetad aqtiuri; ganviTarebis sxva problemebi. ojaxis maxasiaTeblebi

dabali Semosavali

usaxlkaroba, qorwinebis arastabiluroba. xSiri migracia; didi ojaxi erTmaneTze miyolebuli bavSvebiT. mravalricxovan ada­ mianebTan cxovreba; cudad organizebuli ojaxi. stabiluri sam­ saxuris nakleboba. didi cxovrebiseuli stresis sxva niSnebi.

sazogadoeba

Zaladobrivi da socialuri izolaciis situacia. parkis, bavSvis aRzrdis centrebis, skolamdeli programebis, rekreaciuli cen­ trebis an eklesiebis uqonloba, rac ojaxs daexmareboda.

kultura

problemebis mogvareba fizikuri Zalisa da iZulebis saSualebiT.

wyaroebi: Cicchetti & Toth, 2000; Wekerle & Wolfe, 2003.

mSoblebis umetesobas sakmarisi TviTkontroli aqvs, rom Svilebis cud yofaqcevasa an ganviTarebis problemebze reaqcia ZaladobiT ar gamoxatos. am garemoebebs sxva faq­ torebi uerTdeba da ukidures reaqcias iwvevs. umarTavi mSoblis stresi asocirebulia cud mopyrobasTan. moZalade mSoblebi stresul situaciaze Zlieri emociuri afeqtiT pasuxoben. iseTi stresorebi, rogoricaa dabali Semosavali da cudi ganaTleba (nakle­ bi, vidre saSualo skolis atestati), umuSevroba, xSiri gadasvla adgilidan adgilze, mSoblobis adreuli asaki, alkoholisa da narkotikebis moxmareba, colqmruli kon­ fliqti, xalxiT gadatvirTuli saxcovrebeli pirobebi da saxlis ukiduresi mouwes­ rigebloba saerToa Seracxmyofel ojaxebSi (Wekerle & Wolfe,2003). amgvari da situaci­ uri pirobebi zrdis risks, radgan mSoblebi metismetad daTrgunulebi iqnebian bavSvis aRzrdis bazisuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesasruleblad. isini TavianT frustracias imiTi gantvirTaven, rom uteven bavSvs.

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sazogadoeba moZalade mSoblebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia arc formaluri da arc araformaluri mxardaWera da xelSewyoba. am socialur izolacias sul cota ori mizezi aqvs. pirveli _ es aris maTi cxovrebis istoria _ bevrma amgvarma mSobelma iswavla, rogor ar unda endos da unda ganeridos adamianebs. maT ar gaaCniaT pozitiuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebisa da SenarCunebisTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi. meore mizezi is aris, rom mSoblebi, romlebic cudad epyrobian bavSvs,Dumeteswilad cxov­ roben arastabilur, dabali donis ubanSi, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs maT saTanadod ojaxisa da sazogadoebis kavSirebiT, iseTiT, rogoricaa parkebi, bavSvis aRzrdis cen­ trebi, skolamdeli programebi, rekreaciuli centrebi da religiuri instituciebi (Coulton,Korbin,&Su,1999). am mizezebis gamo maT akliaT kavSiri sxvebTan da stresuli mdgomareobis dros aravin hyavT, rom dasaxmareblad mimarTon. ufro metic, stresorebi asocirebulia Zaladobriv garemosa da mezoblobaSi cxovrebasTan, rac zrdis saxlis konfliqtze Zaladobriv reaqcias. gamokvlevaSi, ro­

788

socialuri sakiTxebi seqsualuri Zaladoba bavSvis mimarT bolo dromde bavSvis mimarT seqsualuri Za­ ladoba iSviaTobad ganixileboda. rodesac bavSvi TviTon acxadebda amis Sesaxeb, ufrosebi amas seri­ ozulad ar aRiqvamdnen. 1970-ian wlebSi profesio­ nalebis Zalisxmevam, mediis yuradRebasTan erTad, bavSvisadmi seqsualuri Zaladobis sakiTxi serio­ zul da farTod gavrcelebul problemad warmoaCi­ na. bolo dros amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 90.000 precendenti xolo kanadaSi 14.000 SemTxveva dafiq­ sirda. (Trocome & Wolfe,2002;U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,2005). Seuracxmyofelebisa da msxverplis daxasiaTeba seqsualuri Seuracxyofa Cadenila xolme orive sqesis bavSvebis mimarT, magram ufro xSirad eseni gogonebi arian. miuxedavad imisa, rom SemTxvevebis umetesoba ymawvilobisas fiqsirdeba, seqsualuri Zaladobis faqtebi ufro axalgazrda da ufros asakSic arsebobs. zogierTi msxverplisTvis Seura­ cxyofa iwyeba adreul asakSi da didi xnis ganmav­ lobaSi grZeldeba(Trickett & Putnam,1998). Cveulebriv, Zaladobis Camdeni mamakacia – mSobeli an is adamiani, romelsac mSobeli kar­ gad icnobs. xSirad es mama, maminacvalia an saxlSi mcxovrebi dedis sayvarelia. iSviaTad es aris biZa an ufrosi Zma, ufro iSviaTad dedebi, romlebic danaSauls ZiriTadad vaJebis mimarT idenen (Kolvin & Trowell,1996). moZaladeebi aiZuleben bavSvs, Caer­ Tos araerT misTvis saZulvel saqmianobaSi motyue­ biT, moqrTamviT, sityvieri daSinebiTa da fizikuri ZaldatanebiT. SeiZleba dagainteresoT, rogor xdeba, rom zrda­sruli adamiani, gansakuTrebiT mama an axlo naTesavi, seqsualurad Zaladobs bavSvze. bevri damnaSave uaryofs Tavis pasuxismgeblobas. isini Seuracxymyofel qmedebaSi brals sdeben TviTon msxverplis survils an macdunebel axalgazrdas.

Tumca, bavSvebs ar SeswevT unari, miiRon sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebis winaswar ganzraxuli cnobieri gadawyvetileba. ufros asakSi ki ar arian Tavi­ suflebi, rom Tqvan `diax~ an `ara~. amis magivrad, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba Seuracxmyofels visac aqvs pirovnuli midrekileba da pirovnuli maxasi­ aTeblebi, romlebic ganawyobs bavSvebis sqesobrivi eqspluataciisken. maT Zalian uWirT TavianTi im­ pulsebis gakontroleba da SesaZloa fsiqolo­ giuri darRvevac aReniSnebodeT alkoholisa da narkotikebis moxmarebis CaTvliT. isini irCeven xolme iseT bavSvebs, romlebic savaraudod ver daicaven Tavs an ar daujereben – imaT, vinc fizi­ kurad sustia, emociurad CamorCenili, socialu­ rad izolirebuli an uunarobiT daRdasmuli, is­ eTiT, rogoricaa sibrmave, siyrue an gonebrivi CamorCeniloba(Bolen,2001). bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis aRnusxuli SemTx­ vevebi dakavSirebulia siRaribesTan, arastabi­ lur qorwinebasa da amis Sedegad _ colqmruli kavSirebis SesustebasTan. bavSvebi, romlebic iseT ojaxSi cxovroben, romelsac mudmivad cva­ lebadi wevrebi da axali partniorebi hyavs – gan­ meorebiTi qorwinebebisa da ganqorwinebebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT mowyvladebi arian. magram SesaZloa ekonomikurad Zlieri da stabiluri ojaxis bavS­ vebic ki aRmoCndnen msxverplis rolSi, Tumca maT mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba savaraudod gamoZiebisgan imaleba (Putnam,2003). sqesobrivi Zaladobis Sedegebi sqesobrivad ASeuracxyofili bavSebis adapta­ ciis problemebi Zalian mZimea. depresia, dabali TviTSefaseba, undobloba ufrosebisadmi, mtruli damokidebuleba da brazi SeiZleba wlebis ganmav­ lobaSi arsebobdes Zaladuri epizodis merec. Cveu­ lebriv, ufro patara bavSvebi reagireben Zilis garTulebiT, madis dakargviTa da generalizebuli

melic Catarda sazafxulo banakSi, saskolo asakis bavSvebi, romlebic iuwyebodnen, rom smeniaT, gamoucdiaT an mowmeebi yofilan mezoblebis mier ganxorcielebuli Za­ ladobrivi qmedebebisa (iseTisa, rogoricaa cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba, daniT daWra da seqsualuri Tavdasxma), umetes SemTxvevaSi fizikuri Zaladobis msxverplni aRmoCndnen da sastikad iyvnen ugulebelyofilni (Lynch & Cicchetti,1998).

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farTo kulturuli konteqsti problemebiT mSoblebis gadatvirTulo­ bis SemTxvevaSi kulturuli faseulobebi, kanonebi da Cveulebebi, bavSvze Zalado­ bis ganxorcielebisTvis Zlieri maprovocirebeli faqtoria. sazogadoeba, romelic Zaladobas problemis mogvarebis misaReb gzad miiCnevs, platformas qmnis bavSvTa

789

SiSebiT. mozardebi SeiZleba gaiqcnen saxlidan da gamoavlinon suiciduri epizodebi, mieZalon nar­ kotikebs da CaerTon danaSaulebriv qcevaSi. yvela asakSi mudmivi Seuracxyofa, romelsac Tan erT­ vis Zaladoba, Zalis dataneba da axlo urTierToba moZaladesTan ( incesti), ufro Zlier daRs asvams. (Feiring,Taska & Lewis,1999;Tricket et al.,2001). sqesobrivad Seuracxyofili bavSvebi xSirad iseT sqesobriv codnasa da qcevas avlenen, ro­ melic maT asaks aRemateba. maT TavianTi Seuracx­ myofelebisgan SeiZleba iswavlon, rom seqsu­aluri `uvertiura~ yuradRebis mipyrobisa da jildos miRebis dasaSvebi gzaa. mozardobaSi, Seuracxyo­ fili axalgazrdebi xSirad xdebian ganurCevelni da adreuli mSobiarobis riskis winaSe dgebian. zrdasrul asakSi bavSvis sqesobrivi Seuracxyofa dakavSirebulia sqesobrivi danaSaulisTvis patim­ robis gazrdil procentTan (Friedrich et al.,2001;Salter et al.,2003). ufro metic, qalebi, romlebic seqsual­ uri Zaladobis samizne iyvnen, savaraudod irCeven iseT partniorebs, romlebic Zaladoben maTzec da maT Svilebzec. rogorc wesi, isini upasuxismgeblo dedebi arian, bavSvs cudad epyrobian da ugulebe­ lyofen (Planta,Egeland & Erikson,1989). maSasadame, sqesobrivi Zaladobis daRi Semdeg Taobaze gadadis.

ladoba da vis mimarTon dasaxmareblad, amcirebs Zaladobis risks. magram bavSvebis mimarT sqesobri­ vi Zaladobis sakiTxebze ganaTlebis Taobaze Zalian cota skola sTavazobs bavSvebs amgvar interven­ cias. axali zelandia erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelsac aqvs skolis saxelmwifo programaze dafuZnebuli prevenciuli programa, romelic sqesobriv Zalado­ bas exeba. bavSvebs da mozardebs usafrTxoebisTvis aswavlian, rom moZaladeebi iSviaTad arian ucxoebi. mSoblis CarTuloba ganamtkicebs imisa, rom skola da ojaxi erTad imuSavebs da bavSvebs TviTdacvis unar-Cvevebs Camouyalibebs. Sefasebebma gamoavli­ na, rom faqtobriv yvela axalzelandieli mSobeli da bavSvi mxars uWers am programas da bevr bavSvsac uSvela Zaladobis Tavidan acilebaSi da daexmara SemTxvevis gancxadebaSi (Briggs,2002).

imisTvis, rom usafrTxod viyoT, axali zelandiis erovnuli skolis bavSvTa Zaladobis prevenciul programaSi, maswavleblebi da policiis oficrebi TanamSromloben, rom bavSvebs aswavlon, rogor gamoicnon ufrosis Seuracxmyofeli qceva, raTaA bavSma Tavis dasacavi nabijebi gadadgas axali zelandiis policiis nebarTviT.

prevencia da mkurnaloba Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvis mkurnaloba Zne­ lia. ojaxis wevrebis reaqcia, SfoTva zianis Taoba­ ze, romelic bavSvs miadga, brazi Seuracxmyofelis misamarTiT da zogjer msxverplis mimarT mtruli ganwyoba, imis gamo, rom man es Tqva, SeiZleba gaiz­ ardos. radganac sqesobrivi Seuracxyofa Tavs iCens xolme ojaxis sxva seriozul problemebTan erTad, mSoblebTan da bavSvebTan, Cveulebriv xangrZlivi Terapiaa saWiro(Olafson & Boat,2000). msxverplis tanjvis Semcirebis saukeTeso gza seqsualuri Za­ ladobis prevenciis gagrZelebaa. dRes sasamarT­ loebi ufro mkacr sasjels adeben moZaladeebs da sasamarTloze bavSvebis mowmeobas ufro seriozu­ lad uyureben (ixile Tavi 7). saganmanaTleblo programebi, romlebic aswav­ lian bavSvebs, rogor gamoicnon seqsualuri Za­

SeuracxyofisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas aqvT kanonebi, romlebic icavs bavSvebs Zaladobisgan, mSoblebis mier fizikuri dasja far­ Todaa gavrcelebuli, rogorc me- 12 Tavidan davinaxeT. amasTan, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom orjer dauWira mxari skolis moxeleTa mier fizikuri sasjelis gamoyenebis uflebas. kanadis sisxlis samar­ Tlis federalur kodeqsSi disciplinis dasacavad fizikuri zomebis gamoyeneba gamar­ Tlebulia mSoblebis, maswavleblebisa da mzurnvelebis mxridan imdenad, ramdenadac aseTi Zalis gamoyeneba misaRebia, Tu Seqmnili viTarebis adekvaturia. am ganmartebis bundovanebis gamo, bevr eqsperts sjera, rom is stimuls aZlevs ufrosebs, raTa Tavs daesxan bavSvebs da icavs imaT, vinc ase iqceva (Justice fro Children and Youth,2003). marT­

790 lac kanadis sasamarTloebma Zleri gamaTraxeba, cema Tavsa da saxeSi, qamriTa da joxiT dundulebsa da fexebze dar­ tyma sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvanes. yoveli indusrializebuli qveyana, garda amerikis SeerTe­ buli Statebisa da kanadisa, ukve krZalavs skolaSi fizikuri sasjelis gamoyenebas (Center for Effective Discipline,2005). sa­ bednierod, amerikis zogierTma Statma da kanadis zogierTma provinciam miiRo kanoni, romelic amas krZalavs.

bavSvis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis Sedegebi Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvebis ojaxuri pirobebi auare­ sebs maTi emociuri TviTregulaciis ganviTarebas, empaTiasa da simpaTias, TviTaRqmas, socialur unar-Cvevebsa da akade­ miur motivacias. droTaAganmavlobaSi, am axalgazrdebs uv­ lindebaT seriozuli problemebi, iseTi, rogoricaa swavla da Segueba skolaSi warumateblobasTan, Zlieri depresia, agresiuli qceva, sirTuleebi megobrebTan, narkotikebis moxmareba da delinkventuroba (Bolger & Patterson, 2001). kana­ saxalxo momsaxurebis gancxadebebi, daSi Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom saSualo skolis is bilbordze ganTavsebulis msagvsad, exmareba moswavleebi, visac xSirad Seuracxyofdnen, ufro mZime dana­ moqalaqeebs Zaladobis Tavidan acilebaSi, SaulSi iyvnen CarTulebi, gauformebeli iaraRis tarebisa da problemis Taobaze xalxis ganaTlebis gziT sxvebze fizikuri Tavdasxmis CaTvliT (Wolfe et al., 2001). da imaze informirebulobiT, sad unda eZebon rogor viRebT zianis momtan Sedegebs? gaixseneT me-12 daxmareba. TavSi moyvanili msjeloba mSobeli Svilis mtruli urTier­ Tobis ciklis Sedegebze, romlebic gansakuTrebiT Zli­eria Seuracxyofili bavSvebisa da Zaladobis msxverpl­TaTvis. ojaxuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bavSvze Zaladobas­ Tan, aris Zaladoba meuRlis mimarT (Copx,Kotch,&Everson,2003). naTelia, rom Seura­ cxyofili bavSvebis ojaxSi didi albaTobaa imisa, rom isini agresias miiCneven prob­ lemis gadawyvetis gzad. ufro metic, mSoblebis mxridan damamcirebel mopyrobas _ dascinvas, gaqilikebas, uaryofas an daterorebas, Sedegad mosdevs dabali TviTSefaseba, momatebuli SfoTva, TviTdadanaSauleba, depresia da mcdeloba, rom Tavi aaridon ukidures fsiqologiur tkivils – drodadro imdenad Zliers, rom TviTmkvlelobac ki acdevinos mozards (Wolfe,1999). skolaSi, is bavSvebi visac cudad epyrobian, Zalian seriozul problemur­ nia disciplinis TvalsazrisiT. maTi daumorCilebloba, dabali motivacia da kognitu­ ri umwifroba xels uSlis akademiur miRwevebs – es aris is Sedegi, romelic yvelaze me­ tad amcirebs cxovrebiseuli warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas (Wekerle & Wolfe,2003). sabolood, ganmeorebiTi ZaladobiT gamowveuli travma dakavSirebulia centraluri nervulisistemis dazianebasTan _ eeg-ize Tavis tvinis talRis anomalur aqtivobas­ Tan, fmr-iT gamokvleva aCvenebs Tavis tvinis Semcirebul zomas da qerqis dazianebas nawiburovani sxeulisa da stresis hormonebis gamoyofis matebis CaTvliT (Cicchetti,2003 ;Kaufman&Charney,2001). es Sedegebi zrdis imis saSiSroebas, rom kognituri da emociuri problemebi gagrZeldeba.

bavSvis mimarT Zaladobis prevencia imis gamo, rom bavSvebisadmi cudad mopyroba ojaxis, Temisa da sazogadoebis SigniT xdeba, mcdeloba amis aRmosafxvrelad mimarTuli unda iyos TiToeul am doneze, risT­ visac bevri midgoma iqna SemoTavazebuli: maRali riskis mSoblebisTvis bavSvis aRzrdis efeqturi strategiis swavleba, saSualo skolis bavSvebisTvis gamocdilebis pirdapiri

791 gaziareba, ganviTarebis kursebi da farTo socaluri programa, romlis mizania dabali ses-is ojaxebis ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba. vnaxeT, rom ojaxebisTvis socialuri xelSewyobis uzrunvelyofa zedmiwevniT efeq­ turia mSoblis stresis mosaxsnelad. aseTi midgoma mkveTrad amcirebs bavSvis mimarT Zaladobas (Azar & Wolfe,1998). ndobiT savse urTierToba sxva adamianTan yvelaze mniS­ vnelovani faqtoria, rom dedebma,romelTac bavSvobaSi TviTon gamoscades Zaladoba, ar gaimeoron igive cikli TavianT SvilebTan (Egeland,Jacobvitz,&Sroufe,1998). Crdilo amerikuli organizacia `anonimuri mSoblebi~, romelis ZiriTadi mizania daexmaros moZalade mSoblebs, aiTvison mSoblobis konstruqciuli praqtika, amas socialuri daxmarebis meSveobiT akeTebs. misi adgilobrivi organizaciebi sTavazoben TviT _ dax­ marebis jgufebs Sexvedrebs, yoveldRiur satelefono saubrebsa da regularul viz­ itebs Sin, socialuri izolaciis Sesamcireblad da bavSvis aRzrdis pasuxismgebluri unar-Cvevebis dasanergad. ori Taobis midgoma adreul intervenciasTan miznad isaxavs, rogorc bavSvis, ise mSoblis kompetenturobis gaZlierebas (ixile me-8 Tavi, gverdi 343). amas SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamciros bavSvisadmi cudi mopyroba (Reynolds & Robertson,2003). `janmrTel _ ojaxebiani amerika~, programa, romelic daiwyo havaize da Semdeg 270 ad­ gilze gavrcelda mTels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, axdens cudi mopyrobis riskis qveS myofi ojaxebis identifikacias mSobiarobisa an bavSvis dabadebisas. sami wlis gan­ mavlobaSi TiToeuli ojaxi uzrunvelyofilia saxlSi vizitiT da gamocdili muSaki exmareba mSoblebs, martom gaarTvan Tavi kriziss, xels uwyobs bavSvis aRzrdis efeq­ turobas da mSoblebs amyofebs sazogadoebriv momsaxurebasTan kontaqtSi maTi da bavSvis moTxovnebis da saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad. gamokvlevaSi SemTxveviTobis principiT iqna SerCeuli riskis qveS myofi asobiT ojaxi saintervencio an sakontro­ lo jgufidan, maT Tvalyurs adevnebdnen droTa ganmavlobaSi da programis dadebiTi Sedegic iyo: meore wlis bolos, intervenciuli dedebi naklebad xSirad iyenebdnen Za­ ladobriv intervenciis praqtikas da aRniSnavdnen ufro met darwmunebulobasa da nak­ leb stress mSoblobisas (Daro & Harding,1999). saxlSi vizitisas kognituri komponentis damateba, mniSvnelovnad zrdis mis zegav­ lenas. rodesac vizitiorebi daexmarnen mSoblebs, SeecvalaT bavSvebis mimarT uaryofi­ Ti Sefaseba imiTi, rom aswavles amoecnoT Svilebis ganwyoba, koreqtivi SehqondaT araswor interpretaciaSi (magaliTad, bavSvi iqceva boroti ganzraxviT) da agvarebdnen bavSvis aRzrdis sxva problemebs –fizikurma sasjelma da Seuracxyofam mniSvnelovnad daiklo erTwliani intervenciis bolos (ixile cxrili 14.7). (Bugental et al.,2002). pozi­ tiuri Sedegebi gansakuTrebiT didi iyo Znelad aRsazrdeli, garTulebiT dabadebuli bavSvebis mSoblebisTvis. jer kidev bevr eqsperts miaCnia, rom bavSvebze Zaladobis Semcireba SeuZlebelia, imdenad, ramdenadac Zaladoba farTod aris gavrcelebuli da sastiki fizikuri sasje­ li misaRebia. garda amisa, siRaribesTan brZola da misi mravalferovani korelatebi – ojaxis stresi da dezorganizacia, araadekvaturi sakvebi da samedicino momsaxureba, Tineijeri mSoblebi, Cveulebrivze naklebi woniT dabadebuli bavSvebi da mSoblebis uimedoba –daicavs bevr bavSvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ufro meti SemTxveva aRwevs sasamarTlomde, vidre es iyo bolo aTwleulebSi, bavSvebze Zaladoba Znelad dasamtkicebel danaSaulTaArigs miekuTvneba. erTaderTi mowmeebi umeteswilad msxverpli bavSvebi an ojaxis erTguli sxva wevrebi arian. sasamarTlo procesebis drosac ki, rodesac samxili Zlieria, mosamarTleebi yoymanoben, gamoitanon saboloo ganaCeni, romelic Semdgomi dazianebisgan daicavs bavSvebs, anu samudamod wamoiyvanon bavSvi ojaxidan. arsebobs amgvari winaaRmdegobri­ vi damokidebulebis ramdenime mizezi. pirveli, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanada­ Si mTavrobis Careva ojaxis cxovrebaSi bolo saSualebaa. meore, ojaxis destruqciuli urTierTobebis miuxedavad, daCagruli bavSvebi da maTi mSoblebi Cveulebriv, erTmane­ Tze arian mijaWvulni. umeteswilad arc erTs ar unda gancalkeveba. da bolos, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da kanadis sasamarTlo sistema bavSvebs, ufro metad mSoblebis

bavSvebis cudad mopyrobaSi SemCneuli mSoblebis procentuli raodenoba

792 30

sqema 14.7

saxlSi intensiuri vizitis pirobaSi socialuri muSaki aramarto uzrunve­ lyofs socialuri daxmarebiT, waaxalisebs bavSvis aRzrdas da akavSirebs ojaxebs sazogadoebis resursebTan, aramed exmareba kidec riskis qveS myof mSoblebs, Secvalon negatiuri Sefasebebi Svilebis mimarT da gadaWran bavS­ vis aRzrdis problemebi. erTwliani intervenciis Semdeg kogniturma kompo­ nentma mkveTrad Seamcira fizikuri Zaladoba bavSvebze (dartyma, Sejan­ jRareba, cema, panRuris amortyma, kbena) saxlis araintensiur vizitebTan da araintervenciul kontrolTan SedarebiT.

25 20 15 10 5 0

saxlSi intensiuri vizitebi

sakuTrebad Tvlis, vidre uflebis mqone adamianebad da esec eR­ obeba sasamarTlo wesiT dakanonebul dacvas. intensiuri mkurnalobis miuxedavad, zogierTi mSobeli ute­ xia Tavis Zaladur qmedebaSi. 1,500 amerikeli da 100 kanadeli bav­Svi _ umeteswilad patara da skolamdeli asakisani _ yovel saxlSi vizitebis wels cudi mopyrobisgan iRupeba (Trocome & Wolfe,2002; U.S. Dearaintenkontroli siuri partment and Health and Human Services,2005). rodesac mSoblebi ver cvlian qcevas, erTaderTi gamarTlebuli qmedeba aris bavS­ vebisa da mSoblebis gancalkeveba da mSoblis uflebebis samarTlebrivi Sewyveta. bavSvis mimarT Zaladoba distresuli da Tavzardamcemi Temaa, gansakuTrebiT ma­ Sin, rodesac vacnobierebT, ramdenad xSirad xdeba im qvwynebSi, romlebsac individis Rirsebisa da RirebulebisTvis mniSvnelovnebis miniWebis pretenzia aqvT. mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga bolo ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebis mimarT Zalado­ bis sakiTxis gasagebad da Tavidan asaSoreblad.

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs gaimeoreT

gaimeoreT

daakavSireT

imsjeleT



axseniT rogor axdenen socialuri sistemis perspeqtivis Cvenebas ojaxis funqcionirebaze bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis gamomwvevi individualururi da socialuri faqtorebi? klerma Tavis 6 wlis qaliSvils uTxra, rom frTxilad yofiliyo da arasdros dalaparakeboda ucxoebs, arc tkbileuli gamoerTmia maTTvis. ratom aris kleris miTiTeba araadekvaturi gogonas seqsualuri Tavdasxmisgan dasaca­ vad? mas Semdeg, rac ganixilavT mozard mSoblebTan dakavSirebul faq­to­ rebs(ixile Tavi 5, gverdebi 211-213), axseniT, ratom xdeba es bavSvebis Seura­ cxyofis da ugulebelyofis riski. aRwereT Tqveni bavSvobisdroindeli mZime periodi, romelic Tqvens ojaxs gauvlia. gamocdilebis romeli aspeqtebi aZlierebda stress? romeli faq­ torebi dagexmaraT Tqven da Tqveni ojaxis wevrebs mZime periodis daZ­le­ vaSi?

Sejameba evoluciuri sawyisi

monadire da Semgrovebel winaprebs So­ ris.

imsjeleT evoluciur warmomavlobasa da ojaxis adaptaciur faseulobaze Cvens

rodesac bipedalizmi ganviTarda da xelebi gaTavisuflda sagnebis satare­

793

ojaxis funqciebi

CamoTvaleT funqciebi, romelsac Taname­ drove ojaxebi asruleben sazogadoebi­ sTvis. Tanamedrove ojaxebis pasuxismge­ bloba didad aris SezRuduli repro­ duqciiT, socializaciiTa da emociu­ ri mxardaWeriT. radgan sazogadoebis struqtura ufro rTuli gaxda, sxva in­ stituciebi ganviTarda maTTvis zogier­ Ti funqciis SesrulebaSi dasaxmareblad, magaliTad, iseTSi, rogoricaa bavSvebis ganaTleba da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis garantia. ojaxi - socialuri sistema

aRwereT socialuri sistemebis per­ speqtivis zegavl; ena socialur funq­ cionirebaze, ojaxis urTierTobebisa da garSemo myofi socialuri konteqstis WrilSi. amJamad mkvlevarebi ojaxs ganixi­ laven, socialuri sistemebis perspeqti­ vis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc interaqtiur urTierTobebis rTul wyebas, romelzec Tavis mxriv zegavlenas axdens ufro farTo socialuri konteqsti. ormxrivi zegavlenebi arsebobs iq, sadac yoveli ojaxis wevri sxvebze axdens zegavlenas – es aris Zalebis iseTi urTierTqmedeba, romelic mudmivad unda moergos ojaxis wevrebis individualurur ganviTare­ bas. sazogadoebis kavSirebi formaluri organizaciebisa da araformaluri so­ cialuri qselis meSveobiT bavSvebs da mSoblebs aZlevs socialuri daxmarebis garantias da amiT xels uwyobs ojaxis urTierTobas da bavSvebis warmatebul ganviTarebis.

socializacia ojaxis SigniT

imsjeleT Taviseburebebze, romelic ga­ nasxvavebs bavSvTaAaRrdis stilis umete­ sobas da xsnis, rogor argeben warmate­ buli mSoblebi bavSvis aRzrdas mis mzard kompetenturobas bavSvobis Sua periodSi da mozardobisas. bavSvis aRzrdis stilTa umetesobas ganasxvavebs sami Tviseba: 1. bavSvis mimRe­ bloba da bavSvis cxovrebaSi CarTuloba, emociuri kontaqtis dasamyareblad; 2. bavSvze kontroli momwifebuli qcevis Camosayalibeblad da 3. avtonomiis ga­ rantireba TviT-darwmunebulobis wasax­ aliseblad. avtoritaruli stili maRa­ lia mimReblobiT da CarTulobiT, xazs usvams did kontrols axsnis TanxlebiT da TandaTanobiT moicavs, Sesaferisi avtonomiis garantias. is aviTarebs kog­ nitur, emociur da socialur kompeten­ turobas adreuli bavSvobidan mozardo­ bamde.

JEFF GREENBERG PHOTOEDIT

blad, Cvenma winaprebma aRmoaCines, rom advili iyo TanamSromloba da Sromis ganawileba, gansakuTrebiT TavianTi pa­ tarebis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofisas. kac­ ma da qalma gansakuTrebuli pasuxismge­ bloba aiRes sakuTar Svilebze, radgan es RonisZieba gadarCenas uwyobda xels. naTesauri jgufebi gafarTovda, sxva ada­ mianebTan resursebisTvis konkurenciaSi ufro didi warmatebis sawindari gaxda.

avtoritaruli stili dabalia mim­ ReblobiTa da CarTulobiT, maRalia rogorc koerciuli, ise fsiqologouri kontroliT da zRudavs avtonomiis ga­rantirebis nacvlad. is dakavSire­ bulia bavSvis mSfoTvare, ukandaxeul, damokidebul qcevasTan, gansakuTrebiT go­gonebSi da brazTan, daumorCileblo­ basa da agresiasTan _ gansakuTrebiT biWebSi. nebadamrTveli stili maRalia mimReblobiT, dabalia kontroliT da ufro gaurkvevelia, vidre Sesaferisi av­ tonomiis garantireba. bavSvebs, romle­ bic am stils gamoscdian, rogorc wesi da­ bali TviT-kontroli da miRwevebi aqvT, mozardebSi ki es stili daumorCilebelia da asocialur qmedebas iwvevs. CaurTveli stili aerTianebs dabal mimReblobas daa CarTulobas mwiri kontroliTa da mcd­ elobiT, rom avtonomia garantirebuli iyos. rodesac es adre iwyeba, faqtobrivi ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti ziandeba.

794 bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli sti­li xels uwyobs momwifebulobas da morgebuloba sxvadasxva temperamentis bavSvebSi. magram dispoziciebis gamo zo­ gierT bavSvs sWirdeba meti xazgasma zo­ gierT avtoritetul Tvisebaze. droTaA­ ganmavlobaSi, urTierToba mSoblebisa da bavSvebis Tvisebebs Soris mzardad ormxirivi xdeba bavSvobis Sua periodSi warmatebuli mSoblebi erTvebian koregulaciaSi, ro­ melic avlens zogad Sexedulebas maSin, rodesac nebas aZleven bavSvs, TviTon miiRos gadawyvetileba. mozardobis pe­ riodis ganmavlobaSi momwifebuli avto­ nomia mSoblebis mier aris stimulirebu­ li. es imis garantiaa, rom axalgazrdebi TavianTi mzaobis Sesaferis damoukide­ blobas miiReben da amavdroulad Sein­ arCuneben gulTbil da daxmarebiT savse urTierTobas.

aRwereT bavSvis aRzrdis socialur-eko­ nomikuri da eTnikuri variaciebi, sim­ didrisa da siRaribis zegavlenis CaTv­ liT. avtoritetuli stili xelsayreli ganviTarebis winapirobaa. ses-is, eTniku­ robisa da ojaxis struqturis miuxeda­ vad, bavSvis aRzrdaSi arsebobs Tanamim­ devruli variaciebi. ufro maRali ses-is mqone mSoblebi ufro damyvavebelni da mastimulirebelni arian, ufro metad eyrdnobian siTbosa da axsnas. dabali sesis mqone mSoblebi iyeneben brZanebas, kri­ tikasa da fizikur sasjels. garda im saSualebebisa, romliTac mdidari mSoblebi uzrunvelyofen Tavi­ anT Svilebs yovelgvari upiratesobiT, xSirad hyavT iseTi axalgazrdebi, romle­ bic mozardobis dros avlenen gauarese­ bul problemebs, narkotikis moxmarebas, akademiur da qceviT problemebs. zedme­ ti miRweva wnexs da izolacia ufrosebis mxridan xazs usvams maT sirTules. rodesac ojaxebi siRaribis Tanmdevi mudmivi stresoris zegavlenis qveS imy­ ofebian, mSoblebi depresiulebi, gaRiz­ ianebulebi da dabneulebi xdebian. ami­ tom, mSiblebi naklebad arian CarTulebi bavSvis aRzrdaSi, ojaxSi matulobs

mtruli urTierTobebi, bavSvebs saxlSi cudi pirobebi aqvT swavlisTvis da maTi kognituri da emociuri keTildReoba zaraldeba. Cineli, laTinoamerikeli, aziis wynari okeanis kunZulebisa da afroamerikeli mSoblebi maRali kontrolisken arian midrekilni. rodesac es Serwymulia siT­ bosTan, maRali kontroli SeiZleba mis­ aRebi gaxdes. afroamerikel bavSebSi es kontroli asocirebulia kognitur da socialur kompetenturobasTan. magram, rodesac kontroli Warbi da metismetia da aRzrdis avtoritarul stilSi gada­ dis, maSin is bavSvis ganviTarebisTvis sa­ ziano xdeba. didi ojaxebi, romelSic erTi an meti ufrosi naTesavi cxovrobs mSobeli-bavS­ vis birTv ojaxTan erTad, eTnikur umci­ resobebSi Cevulebrivi movlenaa. didi ojaxis Tanadgoma icavs bavSvebs stresisa da dezorganizaciuli siRaribisgan.

BOB DAEMMRICH/ THE IMAGE WORKS

ojaxis cxovrebis stili da tranziciebi

aRwereT ojaxis sididis zegavlena bavS­ vis aRzrdaze da axseniT, rogor icvleba da-Zmis urTierToba asakTan erTad, ra zegavlenas axdens is ganviTarebaze. ojaxis sididem bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dramatulad iklo. magram farTod gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, ojaxis sidide da gviani dabadeba ar asustebs bavSvebis gamoc­ dilebas, ar Trgunavs maT gonierebas da ar amcirebs cxovrebiseul Sansebs. bavS­ vebis ik-sa da ojaxis sididisTvis mniSvn­ eloba ufro metad eniWeba im ars, rom da­ bali ik-s mqone dedebs bevri Svili hyavs. bevri bavSvi sul cota _ erT dasTan an ZmasTan erTad izrdeba. maTi sixSirisa da emociuri intensiurobis gamo da-Zmis

795 urTierToba aviTarebs socialuri kompe­ tenturobis bevr aspeqts. mSoblis siTbo xels uwyobs da-Zmis TanamSromlur kav­ Sirebs. mSoblebis CarTulobis naklebo­ ba, uxeSi kontroli da upiratesobis mini­ Weba zrdis da-Zmis konkurentulobas. da-Zmis konkurentuloba izrdeba bavSvo­ bis Sua asakSi, rodesac mSoblebis mxri­ dan Sedarebis gakeTeba xSiria. mozard­ obisas, da-Zmis urTierToba naklebad intensiuri xdeba, radgan axalgazrdebi avtonomiurobisTvis ibrZvian. magram, daZmas Soris mijaWvuloba umetesad mainc Zlieri rCeba.

GETTY IMAGES

IMAGE SOURCE/

miuxedavad imisa, rom da-Zmis urTier­ Tobas bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs, bavSvebi mxolod rogorc bavSvebi arian kargad morgebuli da-Zmas da maTi TviTSefaseba, akademuri miRwevebi da ganaTleba amiT mxolod igebs.

rogor cxovroben naSvilebi bavSvebi oja­xebSi, mamaTmaval da lesbosur oja­ xebSi da qorwinebaSi arasdros myofi mar­ toxela mSoblis ojaxSi? naSvileb bavSvebs meti saswavlo da emociuri problema aqvT, vidre sxva bavSvebsa da mozardebs. maTi cxovreba xSirad garTulebulia mounelebeli cno­ bismoyvareobiT Tavisi fesvebis Sesaxeb. zrdasruli asakisTvis umetesi naSvilebi bavSvebi ukve kargad arian Seguebulni da morgebulni Tavis yofas. rodesac mSoblebi exmarebian maT, gaigon TavianTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, gansxvavebul eT­ nikur jgufsa da kulturaSi gaSvilebu­ li axalgazrdebi, Ceulebriv, janmrTel pirovnebebad yalibdebian, rac aer­ Tianebs maTi dabadebisa da aRzrdis fons. homoseqsualTa da lesboselTa ojaxebze gamokvleva Semofarglulia mo­xaliseTaAmagaliTebiT. gamokvlevebi cxa­dyofs, rom homoseqsuali mSoblebis Svilebi ar gansxvavdebian heteroseq­ suali mSoblebis Svilebisgan gonebrivi sijansaRiT, sqesisadmi identifikaciiTa

da sqesobrivi orientaciiT. mozardobi­ sas homoseqsualTa ojaxis axalgazrdebs orive sqesis partniori hyavT. qorwinebaSi arasdros myofi dede­ bis Svilebis ekonomikuri sirTuliT ga­ mowveuli Semgueblobis problemebi aqvT. rodesac maT mamis siTbo da CarTulo­ ba aklia isini naklebad warmatebulnia skolaSi da ufro met asocialur qcevas avlenen, vidre pirvel qorwinebaSi myofi dabali ses-is mqone ojaxebis bavSvebi.

ra faqtorebi axdens zegavlenas ganqor­ winebuli da Sereuli ojaxis mimarT bavS­ vis Semgueblobaze? miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela bavSvs tkiviliT savse emociuri reaqcia aqvs mSoblebis ganqorwinebis periodis ganma­ vlobaSi, rTuli xasiaTis mqone bavSvebs, gansakuTrebiT biWebs, ufro meti akade­ miuri, emociuri da qceviTi sirTuleebi aReniSnebaT. droTaAganmavlobaSi gan­ qorwinebuli ojaxis Svilebi ukeTesad iqcevian, magram maTi qulebi adaptaciis sxvadasxva indikatoris mixedviT odnav ufro dabalia, vidre uwyvet qorwinebaSi myofi mSoblebis Svilebisa. mozardebis seqsualurobis, adreuli mSoblobisa da intimuri kavSirebis ganviTarebis prob­ lemebi Tavs ufro mogvianebiT iCens. ganqorwinebis Semdeg pozitiuri adap­taciis gauTvaliswinebeli faqtori warmatebuli mSoblobaa. arameurve mamas­ Tan kontaqti mniSvnelovania orive sqesis bavSvisTvis, biWebisTvis Sedegi ufro sa­ sikeToa, rodesac mama meurve mSobelia. ganqorwinebis mediacia da mSoblebis ganaTlebis programa exmareba bavSvebs adaptaciaSi imiT, rom ganqorwinebis msu­ rvel mSoblebs xels uwyobs uTanxmoebis mogvarebasa da bavSvis aRzrdaSi Tanam­ SromlobaSi. gaerTianebuli meurveo­ bis warmateba damokidebulia mSoblebis TanamSromlobaze, radgan Svilebi ufro kargad cxovroben, vidre martoxela meurve dedis ojaxSi. rodesac ganqorwinebuli mSoblebi axal urTierTobas awyoben Tanacxovre­ biT an xelaxali qorwinebiT, bavSvebi unda Seeguon Sereul an gadakeTebul ojaxs. ramdenad kargad cxovroben bavS­

796 vebi, damokidebulia imaze, romeli mSo­ beli qmnis axal urTierTobas, agreTve bavSvis asaksa da sqesze da Sereuli ojax­ is urTierTobebis sirTuleebze. mamisa da dedinacvlis ojaxebSi myof gogonebsa da ufros bavSvebs adaptaciis ufro meti problema aqvT.

LAURA DWIGHT/ PHOTOEDIT

nacvali mSoblebi, romlebic TavianT rolSi TandaTanobiT Sedian qmnian `mSo­ blebis koalicias~ bavSvis namdvil mSo­ belTan, romelic bavSvebs adaptaciaSi exmareba.

rogor zegavlenas axdens dedis dasaqme­ buloba da ori marCenalis ojaxi bavSvis ganviTarebaze? rodesac dedebi siamovnebas iReben TavianTi samuSaosgan, amasTanave mSob­ lis rolis erTgulebic rCebian, dedis dasaqmebuloba asocirebulia bavSvisT­ vis sasurvel SedegTan, ufro maRal TviTSefasebTan, ojaxTan da megobrebTan ufro dadebiT urTierTobebTan, gende­ rulad naklebad ganpirobebul stereo­ tipul rwmenasa da skolaSi ukeTes niS­ nebTan. magram rodesac dasaqmebuloba stresulia drois moTxovnebis an sxva mizezebis gamo, bavSvebi araefeqturi mSoblobis adaptaciis sirTulis riskis qveS arian. ori marCenalis ojaxSi, mamis mzaoba da survili, gainawilos bavSvis aRzrda, bavSvisTvis bevr pozitiur SedegTanaa dakavSirebuli. samsaxurSi xelSewyoba, iseTi rogoricaa naxevar ganakveTze muS­ aoba da mSoblis fasiani Svebuleba, ex­ mareba mSoblebs samuSaos moTxovnebis bavSvis aRzrdsTan SerwymaSi.

imsjeleT bavSvis movlis xarisxis zegav­ lenaze skolamdeli bavSvebis ganviTa­ rebaSi, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi bavSvze mzrunvelobis statusze sxva industria qveynebTan SedarebiT da TviTzrunvis daRze saskolo asakis bavS­ vebis adaptaciaze.

CrdiloeT amerikeli bavSvebi mzrun­ velobis sxvadasxvanair RonisZiebaTa zemoqmedebis qveS arian, rodesac maTi mSoblebi samuSaoze imyofebian. ojaxze dafuZnebuli mzrunvelobis SemcirebiTa da centris mzrunvelobis gazrdiT bavS­ vis asakis matebasTan erTad. skolamdeli asakis cudad movlil bavSvebs dabali qulebi aqvT kognitur da socialur unarebSi da maRali qulebi qcevaSi. zogierTi bavSvis movlis gare­ mos arastabilobac azianebs patara bavS­ vebis adaptaciis unars. rodesac jgufi mcirea, mzunvelibavSvis damokidebuleba mravalferova­ nia, xolo Tu aRmzdelebs kargi ganaTleba aqvT da Tavdadebulad zrunaven bavSve­ bze, maSin ufrosebi urTierTobas ufro gulisxmierad amyareben. amis Sedegad bavSvebi damakmayofileblad viTardebi­ an. imis gamo, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas bavSvze mzrunvelo­ bis saxelmwifo politika ar gaaCniaT, isini bevrad CamorCebian dasavleTis sxva qveynebs mzrunvelobiT bavSvis uzrunve­ lyofaSi, xarisxsa da xelmisawvdomobaSi. TviTmzrunveli anu sakuTar Tavze mzrunveli bavSvebi, romlebic saka­ marisad didebi arian, rom Tavis Tavs mixe­ don, mowmdebian da imarTebian Soridan da hyavT avtoritetuli mSoblebi, pasux­ ismgebelni da kargad adaptirebulebi. aRmoCndebian xolme dapiriqiT, bavSvebi romlebic sakuTari Tavis anabarad arian mitovebulebi, asocialuri qcevis riskis qveS imyofebian. bavSvebi maRali donis gakveTilebis Semdgom programiT iReben akademiur emociur da socialur sargeb­ els. mowyvladi ojaxebi: bavSvis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba

imsjeleT bavSvisadmi cudi mopyrobis mizezebsa da Sedegebze ganviTarebisa da saprevencio strategiebisTvis. bavSvebisadmi cudi mopyroba daka­ vSirebulia ojaxSi, sazogadoebisa da farTo kulturis SigniT arsebul faq­ torebTan. moZalade mSoblebi iyeneben araefeqtur disciplinas, aqvT negatiuri

797 Sexeduleba TavianT bavSvze da mSoblis rolSi. Tavs ususurad grZnoben. mSoblebis umarTavi stresi,socialuri izolacia, ubnis dezintegracia da Zaladoba didad zrdis Seuracxyofisa da ugulebelyofis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas. Tu sazoga­ doeba amarTlebs da iwonebs Zaladobas, rogorc problemis gadawyvetis saSuale­ bas, amiT bavSvze Zaladobas xels uwyobs. bavSvebs, romelTac cudad epyrobian, uziandebaT TviTregulaciis, empaTiisa da simpaTiis, TviTaRqmis, socialuri

unar-Cvevebisa da akademiuri motivaciis ganviTareba. garda amisa, Zaladobis Sede­ gad miRebuli travma dakavSirebulia Ta­ vis tvinis talRebis paTologiur aqtivo­ basa da stresze momatebul reaqciasTan. droTaAganmavlobaSi, bavSvebi avlenen adaptaciis seriozuli problemebis mTel speqtrs. bavSvze Zaladobis warmatebuli prevencia saWiroebs ojaxis, sazogadoe­ bisa da kulturis doneebis Zalisxme­ vas im programebis CaTvliT, romlebic aZliereben rogorc bavSvis, ise mSoblis kompetenturobas da iwveven socialuri Zaladobisa da siRaribis Semcirebas.

mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritaruli stili ( gv. 564) bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili (gv.564) avtonomia(gv.569). Sereuli an ganaxlebuli ojaxebi(gv.582) bavSvis aRzrdis stili (gv.563). koregulacia (gv.569). ganqorwinebis mediacia (gv.582).

didi ojaxebi(gv.573). gaerTianebuli meurveoba(gv.582). ojaxis birTvis erTeuli (gv.573). bavSvis aRzrdis rbili stili (gv.565). fsiqologiuri kontroli (gv.565). TviTmzrunveli bavSvebi (gv.587). socialuri sistemebis perspeqtiva(gv.559). bavSvis aRzrdis gulgrili stili (gv.