SCIENCE & TECH BIO & INFO TECH.
Augmented reality institute of india ▸ First such institute to be set up in Varanasi. ▸ stablished by the central government ▸in partnership with Eon Reality. ▸seen as the next big thing in the Internet revolution especially in learning and practical training space , will provide hands on training in various specialised fields. ▸ It will allow students from various ranges like skill schools, engineering, research, etc. to experience a different kind of learning before entering the real-world workplace.
AUGMENTED REALITY ▸reality +virtual reality = augmented reality,enhances your perception of reality. ▸real scene via any camera+ virtual info on disply= scene which has both information + reality.
AR ▸advantages include enhanced reality, 3D information on Assembly lines can futher enhance productivity. ▸better sophistication by using all the available options like sound, video etc by using algorthims.
BEDAQUILINE ▸It is a drug for multi-drug resistant TB patients
▸Bedaquiline will be given to multi-drug resistant TB patients with resistance to either all fluoroquinolone and/or ▸all second line injectable and extensive drug resistant TB. ▸considered as miracle drug. ▸most drug resistant TB in India arises from the failure of people to take their drugs properly, rather than from them becoming infected with an MDR TB strain. ▸So a high quality DOTS program, which includes supervising people taking their drugs should prevent the emergence of resistance. ▸DOTS-Plus refers to a DOTS service with additional elements for drug resistant TB.
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT ▸The project aims to write (create) a synthetic DNA rather than reading a DNA ▸ HGP-Write seeks to reduce the cost of engineering DNA segments synthetically in the laboratory ▸ Potential applications: Growing transplantable human organs, engineering cancer resistance, engineering immunity to viruses and accelerating vaccine & drug development using human cells and organs ▸ Concerns: This project raises concern over the extent to which human life can or should be engineered. It also raises troubling ethical concerns as this project has potential of creating children with no biological parents
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HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
▸The Human Genome Project (HGP) was a large, international and multi-institutional
effort that took 13 years [1990-2003] and $2.7 billion to produce a blueprint of the sequence of genes and spaces between genes that make up a typical human genome. ▸In 2016 Human Genome Project–write (HGP-write) is now underway to synthesise a human genome from scratch. ▸The original HGP was a “read” in that it used chemicals and instruments to decipher the genome for the first time. ▸ The new project is to write or build an artificial human genome with sophisticated bioengineering tools. ▸The potential benefits of HGP-write to India include providing new solutions to diseases like malaria, dengue and chikungunya.
▸ The tools, techniques and technologies that are going to be developed through HGP-write will be universally applicable to all organisms, especially at an earlier stage for organisms with smaller genomes (for example, viruses), towards building individual genes and genomes efficiently and in an inexpensive manner. USAGE - for eg. sending sterile mosquitoes into the environment, incapable of producing offspring after mating with their wild type mates and/or by building pathogen resistance in mosquitoes, both by genome engineering. Results from the initial experiments following field trials to release sterile mosquitoes have been very encouraging. CONCERNS - sterile, genetically-rewritten mosquitoes could create imbalances in ecological niches and wipe out entire populations of insects. Then there are the unintended side- effects of releasing modified mosquitoes into the wild, who which could transfer their genes to non-target species.
▸The human genome sequence is like a map of the human body. Through this map, we can tell what leads to what. We can use this map to predict mutations in the gene, like predicting how a certain person may get a certain disease. We can predict for instance, who will get the common bipolar disease or single nuclear polymorphism.
PROJECT - ReAnima looks for signs of neurological reactivation. Their focus will be on the upper spinal cord, which is the lowermost part of the brain stream that controls a person’s cardiorespiratory functions – breathing and a beating heart, primarily. ▸The project is a joint-venture between the Philadelphia-based biotech company Bioquark Inc, Revita Life Science and Anupam Hospital in Rudrapur, Uttarakhand. ▸plans to inject the central nervous system of around 20 braindead people with stem cells and give laser and median nerve stimulation. These techniques have sometimes revived patients from coma.
SCIENCE & TECH BIOTECH & INFO TECH
PATENT REGULATION FRAMEWORK & Issues Patent regulation framework ■ Indian Patent Office is administered by the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks. • CGPDTM reports to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion(DIPP) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. • It administers the Indian law of Patents, Designs and Trademarks. ■ US Trade Representative's Special 301 Review mostly puts India at the bottom of Patent regimes of the world. ■ Keeps India on the priority watch list. ■prepared annually by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR)
IPR ■Intellectual Property Rights provides a secure environment for investors, scientists, artists, designers, traders etc. to foster innovation and scientific temper. ■This innovation often has potential to yield astronomical returns and rewards to creators and users. ■Original inventors shall have rights to such profits. However it is imperative that society at large should also be benefited by such outcomes. Thus, IPR regime aims to strike balance between public and private rights. ■Patents are granted for 20 years on any new product or process to original creator. After expiry of 20 years such patents expire and generic industry can exploit what was once patented ■ For 20 years law guards private rights and then they make sure that innovation is thrown open to public, hence striking a balance.
CL Compulsory licensing - A compulsory license provides that the owner of a patent or copyright licenses the use of their rights against payment either set by law or determined through some form of adjudication or arbitration. ■ In essence, under a compulsory license, an individual or company seeking to use another’s intellectual property can do so without seeking the rights holder’s consent, and pays the rights holder a set fee for the license. ■ This is an exception to the general rule under intellectual property laws that the intellectual property owner enjoys exclusive rights that it may license – or decline to license – to others.
EVERGREENING OF PATENT ■ As long as a company has patent for a drug, others cannot manufacture it. ■But when the patent is about to expire, the company just slightly modifies the original drug formula to create a new drug and seeks patent for that new drug. This practice is known as everygreening. ■Under section 3(d) of Indian patent act Evergreening is prohibited. ■India, China, Brazil and South Africa are attempting to counter a push by the US and EU for more stringent global intellectual property rules. The four countries have called for intensive discussions at the World Trade Organization (WTO) on a United Nations report recommending rigorous definition of invention and criteria for granting of pharmaceutical patents.
